Examining the Effectiveness of the Cognitive-Emotional-Social Working Memory Training Intervention of on Cognitive Emotion Regulation of 5th Grade Female Elementary School Students in Tehran

Subject Areas : Educational Psychology

mozhgan Hassani ¹ , Mohammad Ali Nadi ² , Ilnaz Sajjadian ³

1 - Islamic Azad University Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch
2 - دانشیار گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشکده علوم‌تربیتی و روانشناسی، واحد اصفهان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان (خوراسگان)، ایران
3 - Isfahan

Received: 2019-06-18 Accepted : 2019-10-31 Published : 2019-11-22

Keywords: cognitive emotion regulation, Cognitive-emotional-social working memory training intervention,

Abstract :

The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the cognitive-emotional-social working memory training intervention on improving Cognitive Emotion Regulation in female students with poor performance in working memory. The research employed a pretest-posttest and follow-up semi-experimental research design with the control group. The statistical population consisted of all 5th grade female students of Tehran during the academic year 2016-2017. Those students with working memory impairment were selected via multi-stage cluster random sampling using the Wechsler Software Working Memory Scale (Khodadadi, Mashhadi and Amani, 2009). Then, from among them, 40 students were randomly selected and divided into two 20-participant experimental and control groups. The cognitive-emotional-social working memory training was performed in 20 sessions for the experimental group. Before and after the intervention and two months later (follow up), participants answered to the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski & et al, 2002). The research data were analyzed using ANCOVA. According to the results of the study, the cognitive-emotional-social working memory training significantly improved the Cognitive Emotion Regulation(P = 0.001).

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Brass, M., Ullsperger, M., Knoesche, T R., Von Cramon, D Y., & Phillips, N A. (2005). Who comes first? The role of the prefrontal and parietal cortex in cognitive control. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 17(9), 1367-1375.

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Hassani, M., Nadi, M., Sajjadian, I. (2017). Investigating Construct Validity of Emotional Working Memory via the Cognitive–Emotional-Social Working Memory Training Package in 5th Grade Female Elementary School Students in Tehran. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology,19(3),14-33. [In Persian].

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Kensinger E., Anderson, A., Growdon, J., Corkin, S. (2004). Effects of Alzheimer disease on memory for verbal emotional information. Neuropsychologia, 42(6), 791-800.

Kensinger, E A., & Corkin, S. (2007). Effect of negative emotional content on working memory and long-term memory. Emotion, 3, 378–393.

Khodadadi, M., Mashhadi, A., Amani, H. (2006). Working Memory Training Software. Tehran: Sina Behavioral Sciences Research Institute. 6, 177-183. [In Persian].

Kord Tamini, M., Mashhadi, A., Salehi Fedri, J., Hassani, J. (2016). Effectiveness of Emotional Working Memory Training on Improving Cognitive Control in individuals with High Trait Anxiety. Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 3(3-4), 31-40. [In Persian].

Levine, L J., & Pizarro, D A. (2004). Emotion and memory: A grumpy overview. SocialCognition, 22 (5), 530 -554.

Matejka, M., Kazzer, P., Seehausen, M., Bajbouj, M., Klann-Delius, G., Menninghaus, W. et al. (2013). Talking about emotion: Prosody and skin conductance indicate emotion regulation. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(260), 1-13.

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Melby-Lervag, M., & Hulme, C. (2013)."Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review".Developmental psychology, 49(2), 270.

Mezzacappa, E., & Buckner, J. C. (2010). Working memory training for children with attention problems or hyperactivity: A school-based pilot study. School Mental Health, 2(4), 202-208.

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Mirzei, S., Hasani, J. (2015). The effectiveness of life skills training in cognitive emotion regulation strategies of adolescents. JNKUMS, 7 (2), 405-417. [In Persian].

Moradi, A., Hassani, J., Akbari, E. (2015). The Effect of Emotional Experiences Induction on the Executive Functions of Attention and Working Memory with Regard to Depressive Continumm. Neuropsychology, 1(1),7-25. [In Persian].

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Nicola, M. (2013). Is Emotional Working Memory Training a new Avenue of AD Treatment? Areview. Journal of aging and disease, 5 (11), 35 – 40.

Owen, A. M., McMillan, K. M., Laird, A R., & Bullmore, E. (2005). N‐back working memory paradigm: A meta‐analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies. Human brain mapping, 25(1), 46-59.

Pelosi, L., Slade, T., Blumhardt, L. D., & Sharma, V. K. (2000). Working memory dysfunction in major depression: an event-related potential study. Clinical Neurophysiology, 111(9), 1531-1543.

Price, J L. & Drevets, W C. (2012). Neural circuits underlying the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Trends in cognitive sciences, 16(1), 61-71.

Prins, P., Brink, E.T., Dovis, S., Ponsioen, A., Geurts, H M., Vries, M., & Oord, S. (2013). “Braingame Brian”: Toward an Executive Function Training Program with Game Elements for Children with ADHD and Cognitive Control Problems. Gamesfor Health Journal, 2(1), 44-49.

Ramesh, S., Samimi, Z., Mirdoraghi, F., Heirati, H., Parooei, M. (2015). The Effectiveness of Emotional Working Memory Training on Improvement of Symptoms of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Psychological Studies Faculty of Education and Psychology, 12(3), 32-46. [In Persian].

Redick, T S., Calvo, A., Gay, C E., & Engle, R W. (2011). "Working memory capacity and go/no-go task performance: selective effects of updating, maintenance, and inhibition". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 37(2), 308.

Redick, T S., Shipstead, Z., Harrison, T L., Hicks, K L., Fried, D E., Hambrick, D Z., Michael, J K., & Engle, R W.  (2013). No evidence of intelligence improvement after working memory training: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(2), 359-379.

Richter, K. M., Mödden, C., Eling, P., & Hildebrandt, H. (2015). Working memory training and semantic structuring improves remembering future events, not past events. Neurorehabilitation and neural repair, 29(1), 33-40.

Roughan, L., & Hadwin, J. A. (2011). The impact of working memory training in young people with social, emotional and behavioral difficulties. Learning and Individual Differences, 21(6), 759-764.

Sadeghi A., Rabiee, M., & Abedi, M. (2011). The validity and reliability of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). Journal of Developmental Psychology. 7(28), 47-55. [In Persian].

Sarp N & Tosun A. (2011), Duygu ve otobiyografik bellek [Emotion and autobiographical memory], sikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 3 (3), 446-465.

Samimi, Z., Hasani, J., Kord Tamini, M., & Parooi, M. (2016). The Effectiveness of Emotional Working Memory Training on Execution Functions of Adolescents with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Iranian Psychologists. 13(49), 95-115. [In Persian].

Samimi, Z., Ramesh, S., kord tamini, M. (2016). The Effectiveness of Emotional Working Memory Training on Improvement Behavioral Inhibition of People with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. JCP, 4 (3), 1-10. [In Persian].

Samimi, Z., Hasani, J., Kord Tamini, M., Afzoon, J. (2015). The Effectiveness of Emotional Working Memory Training in cognitive and affective Control of Adolescents with Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Jcmh, 2 (3), 21-37. [In Persian].

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Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol, Rev 30, 217–237.

Amone-P’Olak, K., Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V. (2007). Adolescents caught between fires: Cognitive emotion regulation in response to war experiences in Northern Uganda, J of Adolesc, (30), 655-669.

Anderson, L., Shimamura, A.P. (2005). Influence of emotion on context memory while viewing film clips. American Journal of Psychology, 118 (30), 323 – 337.

Baddeley, A. D. (2001). "Is working memory still working"? American Psychologist, 56(11), 851.

Baddeley, A., Hitch, G.J. (1974). Working Memory. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in research and theory, New York: Academic Press, Vol. v III, p. 47 - 90.

Baddeley, A. D. (2003). Working memory: looking back and looking forward. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 4, 829-839.

Baddely, A.D. (2007). Working memory, thought and action. Oxford: Oxford university press.

Banich, M T., Mackiewicz, K L., Depue, B. E., Whitmer, A J., Miller, G A., & Heller W. (2009). Cognitive control mechanisms, emotion and memory: a neural perspective with implications for psychopathology. Neurosci Biobehav, Rev. 33(5), 613- 30.

Bargh, J A., & Williams, L E. (2007). The no conscious regulation of emotion. Handbook of emotion regulation, 1, 429Á445.

Brass, M., Ullsperger, M., Knoesche, T R., Von Cramon, D Y., & Phillips, N A. (2005). Who comes first? The role of the prefrontal and parietal cortex in cognitive control. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 17(9), 1367-1375.

Cowan, N. (2011). “The focus of attention as observed in visual working memory tasks: Making sense of competing claims”. Neuropsychological, 49, 1401-1406.

DongenBoomsma, M., Vollebregt, M A., Buitelaar, J K., & Slaats Willemse, D. (2014). Working memory training in young children with ADHD: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(8), 886- 896.

Duncan, J. (2010). The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: mental programs for intelligent behavior. Trends in cognitive sciences, 14(4), 172-179.

Edelstein, R S., Ghetti, S., Quas, J.A., Goodman, G.S., Alexander, K.W., Redlich, A.D., Cordon, I.M. (2005). Individual differences in emotional memory: Adult attachment and long – term memory of child sexual abuse. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 31 (11), 1537- 46.

Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., Schroevers, M.J., Somsen, G.A. (2008). Posttraumatic growth after a myocardial Infarction: a matter of personality, psychological health, or cognitive coping? J Clin Psychol Med Setting, 15: 270-7.

Gilbert, D. T. & Wilson, T. D. (2000). Miswanting: Some problems in the forecasting of future affective states. Cambridge University Press, PP.550-564.

Goldenberg, A., Halperin, A., van Zomeren, M & Gross, J J. (2016). The Process Model of Group-Based Emotion: Integrating Intergroup Emotion and Emotion Regulation Perspectives. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20(2), 118-141.

Gross, J J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. New York, NY: Guilford Press. p. 3-24.

Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review. Review of general psychology, 2(3), 271- 299.

Groth-Marnat G. (2009). Handbook of psychological assessment. John Wiley & Sons.

Hassani, M., Nadi, M., Sajjadian, I. (2017). Investigating Construct Validity of Emotional Working Memory via the Cognitive–Emotional-Social Working Memory Training Package in 5th Grade Female Elementary School Students in Tehran. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology,19(3),14-33. [In Persian].

Kajbaf, M B., Lahijanian, Z., Abedi, A. (2010). A Comparison of Memory Profile in Normal Children and Children with Learning Disabilities in Dictation, Mathematics and Reading. Advances in Cognitive Science. 12 (1), 17-25. [In Persian].

Kelly, A. C. & Garavan, H. (2005). Human functional neuroimaging of brain changes associated with practice. Cerebral Cortex, 15(8), 1089-1102.

Kensinger E., Anderson, A., Growdon, J., Corkin, S. (2004). Effects of Alzheimer disease on memory for verbal emotional information. Neuropsychologia, 42(6), 791-800.

Kensinger, E A., & Corkin, S. (2007). Effect of negative emotional content on working memory and long-term memory. Emotion, 3, 378–393.

Khodadadi, M., Mashhadi, A., Amani, H. (2006). Working Memory Training Software. Tehran: Sina Behavioral Sciences Research Institute. 6, 177-183. [In Persian].

Kord Tamini, M., Mashhadi, A., Salehi Fedri, J., Hassani, J. (2016). Effectiveness of Emotional Working Memory Training on Improving Cognitive Control in individuals with High Trait Anxiety. Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 3(3-4), 31-40. [In Persian].

Levine, L J., & Pizarro, D A. (2004). Emotion and memory: A grumpy overview. SocialCognition, 22 (5), 530 -554.

Matejka, M., Kazzer, P., Seehausen, M., Bajbouj, M., Klann-Delius, G., Menninghaus, W. et al. (2013). Talking about emotion: Prosody and skin conductance indicate emotion regulation. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(260), 1-13.

Mathe, M. (2009). When emotion intensifies memory interference. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 51, chapter 3, 101 – 118.

Melby-Lervag, M., & Hulme, C. (2013)."Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review".Developmental psychology, 49(2), 270.

Mezzacappa, E., & Buckner, J. C. (2010). Working memory training for children with attention problems or hyperactivity: A school-based pilot study. School Mental Health, 2(4), 202-208.

Miller, E. K. (2000). The prefrontal cortex and cognitive control. Naturereviews neuroscience, 1(1), 59-65.

Mirzei, S., Hasani, J. (2015). The effectiveness of life skills training in cognitive emotion regulation strategies of adolescents. JNKUMS, 7 (2), 405-417. [In Persian].

Moradi, A., Hassani, J., Akbari, E. (2015). The Effect of Emotional Experiences Induction on the Executive Functions of Attention and Working Memory with Regard to Depressive Continumm. Neuropsychology, 1(1),7-25. [In Persian].

Narimani, M., Ariapooran, S., Abolghasemi, A., Ahadi, B. (2012). Effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction and emotion regulation training in the affect and mood of chemical weapons victims. J Arak Uni Med Sci, 15 (2), 107-118. [In Persian].

Nicola, M. (2013). Is Emotional Working Memory Training a new Avenue of AD Treatment? Areview. Journal of aging and disease, 5 (11), 35 – 40.

Owen, A. M., McMillan, K. M., Laird, A R., & Bullmore, E. (2005). N‐back working memory paradigm: A meta‐analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies. Human brain mapping, 25(1), 46-59.

Pelosi, L., Slade, T., Blumhardt, L. D., & Sharma, V. K. (2000). Working memory dysfunction in major depression: an event-related potential study. Clinical Neurophysiology, 111(9), 1531-1543.

Price, J L. & Drevets, W C. (2012). Neural circuits underlying the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Trends in cognitive sciences, 16(1), 61-71.

Prins, P., Brink, E.T., Dovis, S., Ponsioen, A., Geurts, H M., Vries, M., & Oord, S. (2013). “Braingame Brian”: Toward an Executive Function Training Program with Game Elements for Children with ADHD and Cognitive Control Problems. Gamesfor Health Journal, 2(1), 44-49.

Ramesh, S., Samimi, Z., Mirdoraghi, F., Heirati, H., Parooei, M. (2015). The Effectiveness of Emotional Working Memory Training on Improvement of Symptoms of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Psychological Studies Faculty of Education and Psychology, 12(3), 32-46. [In Persian].

Redick, T S., Calvo, A., Gay, C E., & Engle, R W. (2011). "Working memory capacity and go/no-go task performance: selective effects of updating, maintenance, and inhibition". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 37(2), 308.

Redick, T S., Shipstead, Z., Harrison, T L., Hicks, K L., Fried, D E., Hambrick, D Z., Michael, J K., & Engle, R W.  (2013). No evidence of intelligence improvement after working memory training: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(2), 359-379.

Richter, K. M., Mödden, C., Eling, P., & Hildebrandt, H. (2015). Working memory training and semantic structuring improves remembering future events, not past events. Neurorehabilitation and neural repair, 29(1), 33-40.

Roughan, L., & Hadwin, J. A. (2011). The impact of working memory training in young people with social, emotional and behavioral difficulties. Learning and Individual Differences, 21(6), 759-764.

Sadeghi A., Rabiee, M., & Abedi, M. (2011). The validity and reliability of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). Journal of Developmental Psychology. 7(28), 47-55. [In Persian].

Sarp N & Tosun A. (2011), Duygu ve otobiyografik bellek [Emotion and autobiographical memory], sikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 3 (3), 446-465.

Samimi, Z., Hasani, J., Kord Tamini, M., & Parooi, M. (2016). The Effectiveness of Emotional Working Memory Training on Execution Functions of Adolescents with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Iranian Psychologists. 13(49), 95-115. [In Persian].

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