Theoretical Foundations And Measurement of Sports Intelligence: A Systematic Review (Author:Sara Abbasi)
Subject Areas : Health Sciences and Psychology
Keywords: Measurement , Sports Intelligence , Systematic Review,
Abstract :
Abstract Intelligence is one of the most controversial constructs made by scientists in the field of psychology,which has been highly regarded in other scientific fields. The connections of this structure with other structures of humanities and the performance of people have always been attractive. In this article, an attempt has been made to first systematically review the types of classical definitions presented for intelligence with an emphasis on the sports aspect, and then to define the structure of sports intelligence and its relationship with other structures by studying the factors affecting sports performance. In this perspective, the theoretical and practical efforts made to measure this structure have been passed. In total, ٤٥ researches related to sports intelligence and concepts close to it were examined in this research. According to the conducted investigations and the examination of different theories, we can name a structure called sports intelligence, or in other words effective cognitive functions in sports, which makes a person have higher innate skills in sports fields than others. Be This article is a beginning to explain this construct and provides practical approaches to measure the construct of spiritual intelligence in future studies.
References:
منابع
اسدی، نوید؛ گودرزی، محمود؛ سجادی، سیدنصرالله و علی دوست قهفرخی، ابراهیم (۱۳۹۶). بررسی موانع استعدادیابی در ورزش ایران. رویکردهای نوین در مدیریت ورزشی. ۵(۱۸) :۳۲-۲۳
اسکو، وحید و شجاعی، (۱۳۹۴). ورزش یک تفریح یا یک صنعت پر سود (مطالعه اقتصاد ورزشی): اولین همایش ملی علوم ورزشی نوین،ورزش حرفه اي و ارتقاء تندرستی. گنبد کاووس
امیری، مجتبی، نیری، شهرزاد، صفاری، مرجان، دلبری راغب، فاطمه. (1392). تبیین و اولویت بندی موانع فراروی خصوصی سازی و مشارکت بخش خصوصی در توسعة ورزش. نشریه مدیریت ورزشی, 5(4), 83-106.
براون، جیم (۱۳۸۴). استعدادیابی در ورزش. ترجمه ارشم، سعید و رادنیا، الهام. تهران: نشر علم و حرکت.
رابينز، استيفن، پي، (1384)، رفتار سازماني، ( ترجمه علي پارسيان، محمد اعرابي )، تهران، دفتر پژوهشهاي فرهنگي.
ARTISTIC, S. P. I. W. S., & AN, G. I. (2018). ICPESK 2017.
A. Cojocariu. (2011). Measurement of Reaction Time in Qwan Ki Do. Biology of Sport, 28(2), 139-143. DOI : 10.5604/947454
A. Cojocariu, & B. Abalasel. (2014). Does the reaction time to visual stimuli contribute to performance in judo. Archives of Budo, 10(1), 73-78.
B. Wang, W. Guo & C. Zhou. (2016). Selective enhancement of attentional networks in college table tennis athletes: a preliminary investigation. Peerj, 4, e2762. DOI : 10.7717/peerj.2762
B. C. Huijgen et al. (2015). Cognitive Functions in Elite and Sub-Elite Youth Soccer Players Aged 13 to 17 Years. PLoS One, 10(12), e0144580. DOI : https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144580
Bar-Eli, M., & Raab, M. (2006). Judgment and decision making in sport and exercise: rediscovery and new visions.
Blue, K. (2009). Smart golf: an exploratory study of sport intelligence in golf. Michigan State University.
B. Krenn, T. Finkenzeller, S. Würth & G. Amesberger (2018). Sport type determines differences in executive functions in elite athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 38, 72-79. DOI : 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.06.002
B. Holfelder, T. J. Klotzbier, M. Eisele & N. Schott. (2020). Hot and Cool executive function in elite-and amateur-adolescent athletes from open and closed skills sports. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 694. DOI : 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00694M. M. Shao, Y. H. Lai, A. M. Gong, Y. Yang, T. T. Chen & C. H. Jiang. (2020). Effect of shooting experience on executive function: differences between experts and novices. Peerj, 8, e9802. DOI : 10.7717/peerj.9802
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C. H. Wang, C. T. Yang, D. Moreau & N. G. Muggleton (2017). Motor expertise modulates neural oscillations and temporal dynamics of cognitive control. Neuroimage, 158, 260-270. DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.07.009
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D. Memmert, D. J. Simons & T. Grimme. (2009). The relationship between visual attention and expertise in sports. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(1), 146-151. DOI : 10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.06.002
D. Brevers et al. (2018). Proactive and Reactive Motor Inhibition in Top Athletes Versus Nonathletes. Perceptual and motor skills, 125(2), 289-312. DOI : 10.1177/0031512517751751
E. C. Chang et al. (2017). Relationship between mode of sport training and general cognitive performance. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 6(1), 89-95. DOI : 10.1016/j.jshs.2015.07.007
Elferink-Gemser, M. T., Faber, I. R., Visscher, C., Hung, T. M., De Vries, S. J., & Nijhuis-Van der Sanden, M. W. (2018). Higher-level cognitive functions in Dutch elite and sub-elite table tennis players. PloS one, 13(11), e0206151.
F. Qiu, Y. Pi, K. Liu, X. Li, J. Zhang & Y. Wu. (2018). Influence of sports expertise level on attention in multiple object tracking. Peerj, 6, e5732. DOI : 10.7717/peerj.5732
F. W. Meng, Z. F. Yao, E. C. Chang & Y. L. Chen. (2019). Team sport expertise shows superior stimulus-driven visual attention and motor inhibition. PLoS One, 14(5), e0217056. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0217056
Gill, Windle. (2014), Exercise, physical activity and mental well-being in later life, Reviews in Clinical Gerontology , Volume 24 , Issue 04 , November 2014, pp 319-325.
H. Nakamoto & S. Mori (2008). Sport-specific decision-making in a Go/NoGo reaction task: difference among nonathletes and baseball and basketball players. Perceptual and motor skills, 106(1), 163-170. DOI : 10.2466/pms.106.1.163-170
H. Heppe, A. Kohler, M. T. Fleddermann & K. Zentgraf. (2016). The Relationship between Expertise in Sports, Visuospatial, and Basic Cognitive Skills. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 904. DOI : 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00904
H. Alves et al. (2013). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in elite volleyball players. Frontiers in psychology, 4, 36. DOI : 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00036
J. S. Y. Chan, A. C. N. Wong, Y. Liu, J. Yu & J. H. Yan. (2011). Fencing expertise and physical fitness enhance action inhibition. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(5), 509-514. DOI : 10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.04.006
P. Furley & D. Memmert. (2010). Differences in spatial working memory as a function of team sports expertise: the Corsi Block-tapping task in sport psychological assessment. Perceptual and motor skills, 110(3), 801-808. DOI : 10.2466/pms.110.3.801-808
L. Chaddock, M. B. Neider, M. W. Voss, J. G. Gaspar & A. F. Kramer. (2011). Do athletes excel at everyday tasks? Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 43(10), 1920-1926. DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318218ca74
T. Vestberg, R. Gustafson, L. Maurex, M. Ingvar & P. Petrovic. (2012). Executive functions predict the success of top-soccer players. PLoS One, 7(4), e34731. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0034731
L. Nuri, A. Shadmehr, N. Ghotbi & B. Attarbashi Moghadam (2013). Reaction time and anticipatory skill of athletes in open and closed skill-dominated sport. European journal of sport science, 13(5), 431-436. DOI : 10.1080/17461391.2012.738712
J. Jacobson & L. Matthaeus. (2014). Athletics and executive functioning: How athletic participation and sport type correlate with cognitive performance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(5), 521-527. DOI : 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.05.005
L. Verburgh, E. J. Scherder, P. A. van Lange & J. Oosterlaan. (2014). Executive functioning in highly talented soccer players. PLoS One, 9(3), e91254. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0091254
T. Lundgren, L. Högman, M. Näslund, & T. Parling. (2016). Preliminary Investigation of Executive Functions in Elite Ice Hockey Players. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 10(4), 324-335. DOI : 10.1123/jcsp.2015-0030
K. Martin et al. (2016). Superior Inhibitory Control and Resistance to Mental Fatigue in Professional Road Cyclists. PLoS One, 11(7), e0159907. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0159907
Z. F. Yao. (2016). Diversity and Commonality of Cognitive Profile among Static, Strategic and Interceptive Sports-Expertise. Doctoral dissertation. National Central University, Taoyuan.
V. Bianco, F. Di Russo, R. L. Perri & M. Berchicci. (2017). Different proactive and reactive action control in fencers' and boxers' brain. Neuroscience, 343, 260-268. DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.006
K. F. Liao, F. W. Meng & Y. L. Chen. (2017). The relationship between action inhibition and athletic performance in elite badminton players and non-athletes. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 12(3), 574-581. DOI : 10.14198/jhse.2017.123.02
Laborde, S., Dosseville, F., & Allen, M. S. (2016). Emotional intelligence in sport and exercise: A systematic review. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 26(8), 862-874.
M. Alesi, A. Bianco, G. Luppina, A. Palma & A. Pepi (2016). Improving Children's Coordinative Skills and Executive Functions: The Effects of a Football Exercise Program. Perceptual and motor skills, 122(1), 27-46. DOI : 10.1177/0031512515627527
M. Schmidt, F. Egger, M. Kieliger, B. Rubeli & J. Schüler. (2016). Gymnasts and Orienteers Display Better Mental Rotation Performance Than Nonathletes. Journal of Individual Differences, 37(1), 1-7. DOI : 10.1027/1614-0001/a000180
M. M. Shao, Y. H. Lai, A. M. Gong, Y. Yang, T. T. Chen & C. H. Jiang. (2020). Effect of shooting experience on executive function: differences between experts and novices. Peerj, 8, e9802. DOI : 10.7717/peerj.9802
M. Yu & Y. Liu. (2020). Differences in executive function of the attention network between athletes from interceptive and strategic sports. Journal of Motor Behavior, 1-12. DOI : 10.1080/00222895.2020.1790486
Mihaela, P., Gabriela, G., Catalin, P., Gabriel, P., & Nicolae, E. (2013). Relationship between general intelligence and motor skills learning specific to combat sports. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 728-732.
Montesano, P., & Mazzeo, F. (2019). Sports activities in obese teenagers improve social inclusion and health. Sport Mont, 17(1), 55-60.
Nazarenko, L. D. (2013). The role of intelligence in sport. Theory and practice of physical culture, (10).
P. Jansen, J. Lehmann & J. Van Doren (2012). Mental rotation performance in male soccer players. PLoS One, 7(10), e48620. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0048620
P. Jansen & J. Lehmann (2013). Mental rotation performance in soccer players and gymnasts in an object-based mental rotation task. Advances in cognitive Psychology, 9(2), 92-98. DOI : 10.2478/v10053-008-0135-8
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منابع
اسدی، نوید؛ گودرزی، محمود؛ سجادی، سیدنصرالله و علی دوست قهفرخی، ابراهیم (۱۳۹۶). بررسی موانع استعدادیابی در ورزش ایران. رویکردهای نوین در مدیریت ورزشی. ۵(۱۸) :۳۲-۲۳
اسکو، وحید و شجاعی، (۱۳۹۴). ورزش یک تفریح یا یک صنعت پر سود (مطالعه اقتصاد ورزشی): اولین همایش ملی علوم ورزشی نوین،ورزش حرفه اي و ارتقاء تندرستی. گنبد کاووس
امیری، مجتبی، نیری، شهرزاد، صفاری، مرجان، دلبری راغب، فاطمه. (1392). تبیین و اولویت بندی موانع فراروی خصوصی سازی و مشارکت بخش خصوصی در توسعة ورزش. نشریه مدیریت ورزشی, 5(4), 83-106.
براون، جیم (۱۳۸۴). استعدادیابی در ورزش. ترجمه ارشم، سعید و رادنیا، الهام. تهران: نشر علم و حرکت.
رابينز، استيفن، پي، (1384)، رفتار سازماني، ( ترجمه علي پارسيان، محمد اعرابي )، تهران، دفتر پژوهشهاي فرهنگي.
ARTISTIC, S. P. I. W. S., & AN, G. I. (2018). ICPESK 2017.
A. Cojocariu. (2011). Measurement of Reaction Time in Qwan Ki Do. Biology of Sport, 28(2), 139-143. DOI : 10.5604/947454
A. Cojocariu, & B. Abalasel. (2014). Does the reaction time to visual stimuli contribute to performance in judo. Archives of Budo, 10(1), 73-78.
B. Wang, W. Guo & C. Zhou. (2016). Selective enhancement of attentional networks in college table tennis athletes: a preliminary investigation. Peerj, 4, e2762. DOI : 10.7717/peerj.2762
B. C. Huijgen et al. (2015). Cognitive Functions in Elite and Sub-Elite Youth Soccer Players Aged 13 to 17 Years. PLoS One, 10(12), e0144580. DOI : https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144580
Bar-Eli, M., & Raab, M. (2006). Judgment and decision making in sport and exercise: rediscovery and new visions.
Blue, K. (2009). Smart golf: an exploratory study of sport intelligence in golf. Michigan State University.
B. Krenn, T. Finkenzeller, S. Würth & G. Amesberger (2018). Sport type determines differences in executive functions in elite athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 38, 72-79. DOI : 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.06.002
B. Holfelder, T. J. Klotzbier, M. Eisele & N. Schott. (2020). Hot and Cool executive function in elite-and amateur-adolescent athletes from open and closed skills sports. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 694. DOI : 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00694M. M. Shao, Y. H. Lai, A. M. Gong, Y. Yang, T. T. Chen & C. H. Jiang. (2020). Effect of shooting experience on executive function: differences between experts and novices. Peerj, 8, e9802. DOI : 10.7717/peerj.9802
C. H. Wang et al. (2013). Open vs. closed skill sports and the modulation of inhibitory control. PLoS One, 8(2), e55773. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0055773
C. H. Wang, C. L. Tsai, K. C. Tu, N. G. Muggleton, C. H. Juan & W. K. Liang. (2015). Modulation of brain oscillations during fundamental visuo-spatial processing: A comparison between female collegiate badminton players and sedentary controls. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 121-129. DOI : 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.10.00
C. N. Chiu, C. Y. Chen & N. G. Muggleton. (2017). Sport, time pressure, and cognitive performance. Progress in Brain Research, 234, 85-99. DOI : 10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.06.007
C. H. Wang, C. T. Yang, D. Moreau & N. G. Muggleton (2017). Motor expertise modulates neural oscillations and temporal dynamics of cognitive control. Neuroimage, 158, 260-270. DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.07.009
D. Moreau, J. Clerc, A. Mansy-Dannay & A. Guerrien. (2012). Enhancing Spatial Ability Through Sport Practice. Journal of Individual Differences, 33(2), 83-88. DOI : 10.1027/1614-0001/a000075
D. Memmert, D. J. Simons & T. Grimme. (2009). The relationship between visual attention and expertise in sports. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(1), 146-151. DOI : 10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.06.002
D. Brevers et al. (2018). Proactive and Reactive Motor Inhibition in Top Athletes Versus Nonathletes. Perceptual and motor skills, 125(2), 289-312. DOI : 10.1177/0031512517751751
E. C. Chang et al. (2017). Relationship between mode of sport training and general cognitive performance. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 6(1), 89-95. DOI : 10.1016/j.jshs.2015.07.007
Elferink-Gemser, M. T., Faber, I. R., Visscher, C., Hung, T. M., De Vries, S. J., & Nijhuis-Van der Sanden, M. W. (2018). Higher-level cognitive functions in Dutch elite and sub-elite table tennis players. PloS one, 13(11), e0206151.
F. Qiu, Y. Pi, K. Liu, X. Li, J. Zhang & Y. Wu. (2018). Influence of sports expertise level on attention in multiple object tracking. Peerj, 6, e5732. DOI : 10.7717/peerj.5732
F. W. Meng, Z. F. Yao, E. C. Chang & Y. L. Chen. (2019). Team sport expertise shows superior stimulus-driven visual attention and motor inhibition. PLoS One, 14(5), e0217056. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0217056
Gill, Windle. (2014), Exercise, physical activity and mental well-being in later life, Reviews in Clinical Gerontology , Volume 24 , Issue 04 , November 2014, pp 319-325.
H. Nakamoto & S. Mori (2008). Sport-specific decision-making in a Go/NoGo reaction task: difference among nonathletes and baseball and basketball players. Perceptual and motor skills, 106(1), 163-170. DOI : 10.2466/pms.106.1.163-170
H. Heppe, A. Kohler, M. T. Fleddermann & K. Zentgraf. (2016). The Relationship between Expertise in Sports, Visuospatial, and Basic Cognitive Skills. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 904. DOI : 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00904
H. Alves et al. (2013). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in elite volleyball players. Frontiers in psychology, 4, 36. DOI : 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00036
J. S. Y. Chan, A. C. N. Wong, Y. Liu, J. Yu & J. H. Yan. (2011). Fencing expertise and physical fitness enhance action inhibition. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(5), 509-514. DOI : 10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.04.006
P. Furley & D. Memmert. (2010). Differences in spatial working memory as a function of team sports expertise: the Corsi Block-tapping task in sport psychological assessment. Perceptual and motor skills, 110(3), 801-808. DOI : 10.2466/pms.110.3.801-808
L. Chaddock, M. B. Neider, M. W. Voss, J. G. Gaspar & A. F. Kramer. (2011). Do athletes excel at everyday tasks? Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 43(10), 1920-1926. DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318218ca74
T. Vestberg, R. Gustafson, L. Maurex, M. Ingvar & P. Petrovic. (2012). Executive functions predict the success of top-soccer players. PLoS One, 7(4), e34731. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0034731
L. Nuri, A. Shadmehr, N. Ghotbi & B. Attarbashi Moghadam (2013). Reaction time and anticipatory skill of athletes in open and closed skill-dominated sport. European journal of sport science, 13(5), 431-436. DOI : 10.1080/17461391.2012.738712
J. Jacobson & L. Matthaeus. (2014). Athletics and executive functioning: How athletic participation and sport type correlate with cognitive performance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(5), 521-527. DOI : 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.05.005
L. Verburgh, E. J. Scherder, P. A. van Lange & J. Oosterlaan. (2014). Executive functioning in highly talented soccer players. PLoS One, 9(3), e91254. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0091254
T. Lundgren, L. Högman, M. Näslund, & T. Parling. (2016). Preliminary Investigation of Executive Functions in Elite Ice Hockey Players. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 10(4), 324-335. DOI : 10.1123/jcsp.2015-0030
K. Martin et al. (2016). Superior Inhibitory Control and Resistance to Mental Fatigue in Professional Road Cyclists. PLoS One, 11(7), e0159907. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0159907
Z. F. Yao. (2016). Diversity and Commonality of Cognitive Profile among Static, Strategic and Interceptive Sports-Expertise. Doctoral dissertation. National Central University, Taoyuan.
V. Bianco, F. Di Russo, R. L. Perri & M. Berchicci. (2017). Different proactive and reactive action control in fencers' and boxers' brain. Neuroscience, 343, 260-268. DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.006
K. F. Liao, F. W. Meng & Y. L. Chen. (2017). The relationship between action inhibition and athletic performance in elite badminton players and non-athletes. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 12(3), 574-581. DOI : 10.14198/jhse.2017.123.02
Laborde, S., Dosseville, F., & Allen, M. S. (2016). Emotional intelligence in sport and exercise: A systematic review. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 26(8), 862-874.
M. Alesi, A. Bianco, G. Luppina, A. Palma & A. Pepi (2016). Improving Children's Coordinative Skills and Executive Functions: The Effects of a Football Exercise Program. Perceptual and motor skills, 122(1), 27-46. DOI : 10.1177/0031512515627527
M. Schmidt, F. Egger, M. Kieliger, B. Rubeli & J. Schüler. (2016). Gymnasts and Orienteers Display Better Mental Rotation Performance Than Nonathletes. Journal of Individual Differences, 37(1), 1-7. DOI : 10.1027/1614-0001/a000180
M. M. Shao, Y. H. Lai, A. M. Gong, Y. Yang, T. T. Chen & C. H. Jiang. (2020). Effect of shooting experience on executive function: differences between experts and novices. Peerj, 8, e9802. DOI : 10.7717/peerj.9802
M. Yu & Y. Liu. (2020). Differences in executive function of the attention network between athletes from interceptive and strategic sports. Journal of Motor Behavior, 1-12. DOI : 10.1080/00222895.2020.1790486
Mihaela, P., Gabriela, G., Catalin, P., Gabriel, P., & Nicolae, E. (2013). Relationship between general intelligence and motor skills learning specific to combat sports. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 728-732.
Montesano, P., & Mazzeo, F. (2019). Sports activities in obese teenagers improve social inclusion and health. Sport Mont, 17(1), 55-60.
Nazarenko, L. D. (2013). The role of intelligence in sport. Theory and practice of physical culture, (10).
P. Jansen, J. Lehmann & J. Van Doren (2012). Mental rotation performance in male soccer players. PLoS One, 7(10), e48620. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0048620
P. Jansen & J. Lehmann (2013). Mental rotation performance in soccer players and gymnasts in an object-based mental rotation task. Advances in cognitive Psychology, 9(2), 92-98. DOI : 10.2478/v10053-008-0135-8
P. Lesiakowski, T. Zwierko, & J. Krzepota. (2013). Visuospatial attentional functioning in amateur boxers. Journal of Combat Sports and Martial Arts, 4(2), 141-144. DOI : 10.5604/20815735.1090659
Rosslee, G. J. (2014). Defining and developing a theory of sport intelligence (Doctoral dissertation).
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