The Journal of Islamic History and Civilisation: 2 (1)

Open Access Article

1 - Elements of Culture and Civilization in Works of Ikhwān-al-Ṣafā
سمانه عسکری سید عباس ذهبی

The age of Ikhwān-al-Ṣafā, was the age of introduction to andinteraction of different cultures and civilizations with each other.Ikhwān-al-Ṣafā noticed this variety; as that in their mental systemfactors such as variety of climate conditions, difference of naturalresour More

The age of Ikhwān-al-Ṣafā, was the age of introduction to andinteraction of different cultures and civilizations with each other.Ikhwān-al-Ṣafā noticed this variety; as that in their mental systemfactors such as variety of climate conditions, difference of naturalresources and wealth, method of exploitation of these resources, typeof food, clothing and variety tendencies toward industries, moralvariety of humans – that due to expectorant mater and health, effectsof months and stars, way of education – and also difference of varietyreligions – as a effective factor in social order and relation and moral– and too variety of political system of relative to religions anddifference of languages and words, different tendencies toward musicand finally science; Cause distinction between different societies andcreation of different cultures and civilizations. All of these factors areconnected to each other and affect each other. In the course of theseeffects what is more influential is the religious system. Manuscript profile

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2 - Local Competition in Bayhaq: Political Roots (3-7 AH)
مرتضی دانشیار

In the early Islamic centuries, Bayhaq region was a dependent ofNīshāpūr. In the first Islamic century when the Khurasan- Iraq- roadreplaced by Nīshāpūr-Bayhaq- Ray- Iraq highway, Bayhaq gainedincreasing commercial and military importance. So that, her safeguardbecame a More

In the early Islamic centuries, Bayhaq region was a dependent ofNīshāpūr. In the first Islamic century when the Khurasan- Iraq- roadreplaced by Nīshāpūr-Bayhaq- Ray- Iraq highway, Bayhaq gainedincreasing commercial and military importance. So that, her safeguardbecame a priority for governors of Khurasan. Since then Bayhaqexperienced both local uprisings and competitions as well. Presentstudy intends to examine causes of this instability. The findingssuggest that policy of governors of Khurasan in changing the seat ofthe Bayhaq region was a main cause of local competition and conflict. Manuscript profile

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3 - The Role of Iranian 'Ulama in Sunni Consolidation in Ayyubids Egypt
حسین مفتخری علیرضا اشتری تفرشی علی رجب لو محمد حسین منظور الاجداد

The collapse of Fatimids and the Ayyubids' coming to power in 567AH was the beginning of a process which transferred a lot ofachievements of Islamic civilization from Iran into Egypt. In otherword, the replacement of Isma'ili Fatimid Caliphate with a sunnisultanate loya More

The collapse of Fatimids and the Ayyubids' coming to power in 567AH was the beginning of a process which transferred a lot ofachievements of Islamic civilization from Iran into Egypt. In otherword, the replacement of Isma'ili Fatimid Caliphate with a sunnisultanate loyal to Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad caused constructiverelationships between the sunni Iran and the sunni Egypt. Animportant aspect of this relationship was the migration of some groupsof Iranian 'ulama into Egypt who were there mainly involved in therecently changed system of education and the new sunni court ofAyyubids. This migration not only transferred a lot of achievements ofIslamic civilization into Egypt, but also caused some political,intellectual and social evolutions there and introduced a new class ofsunni elite in Egyptian society. Manuscript profile

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4 - Ghazaniyyeh of Tabriz :the Symbol of Mongol Cultural Chang
پرویز علی پرویز علی شهرام یوسفی فر

Durig the 7th century Mongol tribes dominated vast part of EasternIslamic territory and political and social spheres .Those were thepeople with different language, culture, weather condition habits,decamping traditions and different architectural ideas.Even though they More

Durig the 7th century Mongol tribes dominated vast part of EasternIslamic territory and political and social spheres .Those were thepeople with different language, culture, weather condition habits,decamping traditions and different architectural ideas.Even though they had constituted towns near their capitals and hadapplied their culture to these cities, they were yet small ethnicminorities. But despite of this ethnic differentiation of Mongols incultural identity, their affability in Ghazankhan era resulted inselection of Islamic religion and this ethnic differentiation changeddrastically. This religious belief, with cultural identity that wasbasically Iranian, was reinforced and consolidated and Iranian–Islamiccultural fountain watered moguls' culture from architecture to religion.This cultural transition was resounded when Ghazaniyyeh of Tabrizwas constructed in Ilkhanids territory. Structure and functions of thistownship was the sign of great social, economical andpolitical changes that had happened among Moguls and it did not haveany counterpart in structural variety.This kind of tribal culture thatcould only be superior among nomadic tribes and in the field of battleand looting, it didn't have anything to offer in the field of culture,civilization and government and it faded little by little. Manuscript profile

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5 - Historiography of Ibn Aybak in Kanz al-Durar
اسماعیل چنگیزی

Kanz Al Durar wa Djami’ Al Ghurar, a general history in ninevolumes compiled by Ibn Aybak Al Dawadari, a lesser knownMamlukid historian, contains a comprehensiveaccount of the historyof ruling dynasties of Egypt from Islamic conquest to thetime of thewriter. His c More

Kanz Al Durar wa Djami’ Al Ghurar, a general history in ninevolumes compiled by Ibn Aybak Al Dawadari, a lesser knownMamlukid historian, contains a comprehensiveaccount of the historyof ruling dynasties of Egypt from Islamic conquest to thetime of thewriter. His close relation with Mamluks as a high ranking officialinthe court of Mamluk rulers facilitated his access to governmentaldocuments andarchives and made his work a well documented historyespecially on the tow lastvolumes which are dealing with events of hiscontemporary period. This historymainly consists on political, militaryand literary issues but Ibn Aybak has alsothe social, economical andcultural events in his consideration. The author of thepresent articlehas studied Kanz Al Durar from a critical view and evaluateditsimportance in historiography of Egypt under Mamluks. Manuscript profile

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6 - Search in Sources of Supply Ghulām and Kanīz in Qājār era
غلام حسین زرگری نژاد نرگس علیپور

In Qājār era, slaves (ghulāmān and kanīzān) were from various ethnicgroups such as African, Caucasian(Armanian, Georgian andCircassian) , Turkman, Afghan, Baluch, Kurd and even Fars.slavery through wars and sudden invasions usually has been themain source of ghulām and More

In Qājār era, slaves (ghulāmān and kanīzān) were from various ethnicgroups such as African, Caucasian(Armanian, Georgian andCircassian) , Turkman, Afghan, Baluch, Kurd and even Fars.slavery through wars and sudden invasions usually has been themain source of ghulām and Kanīz providence spacialy among Torksand the infidels in Caucasus and beyond.With removing Iran’ssovereignty in Caucasus by the Russians, the import of this group ofslaves to Iran decreased severely. instead, import of African slavethrough south of Iran,very increased.This process in spite of slavetrade prohibition treaties and the heavy hand of the British maritimeanti-slave patrols in Persian Gulf, continued until the middle of the14th century. This paper after denotes the centers and sources ofsupply slaves, has been analyzed and descripted this process inmentioned places Manuscript profile

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7 - Taxes and Expenditures of Provinces under the Qajars: Revenue and Expenditure Instruction of Bastām - Shāhrūd Region, 1877-1878
محمد علی کاظم بیگی سید مصطفی حسینی

Under the Qajars, the traditional society and economy of Bastam-Shahrud region remarkablly changed by internal and external forces.To enlight the developments, the present study readouts and analysesthe official instruction issued by the central government for revenuean More

Under the Qajars, the traditional society and economy of Bastam-Shahrud region remarkablly changed by internal and external forces.To enlight the developments, the present study readouts and analysesthe official instruction issued by the central government for revenueand expenditures of the region in 1877-1878. This work shows thatalong with developments in the local economy (trade and agriculture),while income of the central government was growing, the peasantrywere subject to more tax burden on the one hand, on the other handnothing of the increased revenue reached the treasuray, as localexpenditure exceeded the income. Manuscript profile

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8 - Salafiyan Takfiri or al-Djihaddiyyun: Origin and Ideas
سعید عدالت نژاد سید حسین نظا م الدینی

Salafiyan Takfiri are among the extremist groups of Muslims who areknown by this title, given to them by their opponents, due to theirparticular ideas. The group emerged in Egypt but then later appearedin other Muslim countries. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empirea More

Salafiyan Takfiri are among the extremist groups of Muslims who areknown by this title, given to them by their opponents, due to theirparticular ideas. The group emerged in Egypt but then later appearedin other Muslim countries. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empireand the emergence of new independent countries in the region in1924, economic, social, and political developments in later decadesgradually led to the idea of forming Islamic government as analternative to the Caliphate in Egypt. The adherents of this vision weresome Muslim groups who felt that their Islamic identity in suchconditions was subject to the danger of destruction. They who,generally speaking, stem from the Muslim of Brotherhood and wereunder their influence in attitudes, occupied the socio-politicalatmosphere of Egypt in the seventies and eighties. Among them, themost important groups of those are TanÛÐm al-Faniyya alÝAskariyya,DjamAÝa al-MuslimÐn or DjamAÝa al-TakfÐr wa al-Hijra, DjamAÝa al-Jihad. Introducing the ideas as well as the leadersof these groups, this paper tries to examine why they became wellknownas Salafiyan Takfiri or al-Djihaddiyyun. Manuscript profile

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