Journal of Environmental Science and Technology: 10 (4)

Open Access Article

1 - Performance of areation systems (activated sludge) with fixed bed for the treatment of wastewater with high organic load
Amir Hesam Hassani Amir Hossein Javid Ali Torabian Seyed Morteza Hosseinian Amir Hayatbakhsh

This study was conducted to review the performance of aeration systems (activated sludge) with fixed bed for the treatment of wastewater with high organic load through the use of down flow and up flow aerated reactors. To this end, a plaxy tank with three sections was u More

This study was conducted to review the performance of aeration systems (activated sludge) with fixed bed for the treatment of wastewater with high organic load through the use of down flow and up flow aerated reactors. To this end, a plaxy tank with three sections was used; the sections include the down flow aerated reactor, the up flow aerated reactor, and the gravity sedimentation unit. These aerated reactors are equipped with media made of PVC, CROSS FLOW, with a specific surface equal to 81.34 m2/m3. The performance of the system was reviewed through COD concentrations of 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/l and with organic loadings equal to 16.32, 33.36, 50.40, 34.56, 44.64, 101.52, 63.12, 125.28 and 188.40 gr COD/m2.d. At the end of the performance steps of this study, it is shown that (1) with organic loadings equal to 16.32, 33.36 and 50.40 gr COD/m2.d and COD concentrations equal to 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/l, the average quantity percentages of COD removal were equal to 96.11, 87.93 and 69.67 percent, (2) with organic loadings equal to 34.56, 44.64 and 101.52 gr COD/m2.d and COD concentrations equal to 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/l, the average quantity percentages of COD removal were equal to 93.67, 83.67 and 61.67 percent, and (3) with organic loadings equal to 63.12, 125.28 and 188.40 gr COD/m2.d and COD concentrations equal to 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/l, the average quantity percentages of COD removal were equal to 89.17, 77.33 and 52.83 percent. The results show that with organic loadings equal to 34.56, 44.64 and 101.52 gr COD/m2.d, the optimum quantities of COD are removed. With a concentration equal to 1500 mg/l and the COD removal equal to 52.83%, the system can be used effectively for the pretreatment of wastewater with a high organic load. Also the maximum organic loading for the system is determined with organic loading equal to 188.40 gr COD/m2.d and COD concentration equal to 1500 mg/l. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Risk assessment of textile industry on workers exposed to noise pollution (case study: Borujerd Textile Factory)
Maryam Mohammadi Roozbahani Parvin Nassiri Ahmadreza Farzaneh Nejad

To assess the risks of Borujerd Textile Factory on the workers exposed to noise pollution, a cross- sectional study was conducted. Sixty workers of spinning and weaving halls, and staff members were randomly selected and audio metered in the two groups of case and contr More

To assess the risks of Borujerd Textile Factory on the workers exposed to noise pollution, a cross- sectional study was conducted. Sixty workers of spinning and weaving halls, and staff members were randomly selected and audio metered in the two groups of case and control. Then, the results were analyzed through t-test. In the next step, all of the subjects filled in a questionnaire, the results of which were analyzed through X². Also, the diagrams of hearing loss rate were drawn for 4 groups in terms of years of working experience (16) and its relation with working years. The results of the study indicated that all subjects suffered from hearing loss in both ears. The mean hearing threshold of all groups had the highest value in frequency bands 2, 4, and 8 KHz. With an increase in the working years up to more than 10 years, hearing loss in 1 KHz frequency band was also seen. The lowest hearing sensitivity was seen in frequency bands 250 and 500 Hz. It can be concluded that the higher the frequency of the received noise, the lower the hearing tolerance threshold would be.                                               Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Effective factors on NOx mitigation in a non-thermal plasma reactor
Rasoul Yarahmadi Seyed Bagher Mortazavi Mohammad Reza Omidkhah Hassan Asiliyan Ali Khavanin

The aim of the present study is to treat and eliminate NOx in plasma reactors under non-thermal, atmospheric conditions. In addition to its potentials for the reduction of energy consumption in the process of pollutants elimination, this technology has a special flexibi More

The aim of the present study is to treat and eliminate NOx in plasma reactors under non-thermal, atmospheric conditions. In addition to its potentials for the reduction of energy consumption in the process of pollutants elimination, this technology has a special flexibility in treating and reducing minor pollutants simultaneously.  In this study, for the effective conversion of NOx, the process of Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma is employed. The contact of electrons with the airflow containing NOx, radicals and active molecules are produced in a limited and controlled space. Then, conversion and treatment take place in the presence of propane. Among the effective factors on NOx conversion, variables such as temperature, space velocity, propane/NOx mole ratio, and voltage variations have been investigated in this study. Space velocity in the range of 11,000-23,000 per hour did not reveal any significant effect on NOx conversion. According to the obtained results, the optimum conditions for the conversion of NOx into N2, O2 and NO2 include a temperature of 180° C, equal propane/NOx mole ratio, and a voltage of 10 kilovolts (X-Conversion= 0.78; SD= 0.12). When the conditions for NOx conversion are a temperature of 180° C, equal propane/NOx mole ratio, and a voltage of 5 kilovolts, X-Conversion and SD will be 0.53 and 0.15, respectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Management of glass recycling in Tehran
Ghasem Ali Omrani Seyed Masood Monavari Seyed Ali Jozi Neda Zamani

Producing thousands of tons of glass wastes inTehran, caused by daily, industrial and commercial activities, has made recycling an inevitable issue. Burying or leaving these recyclable wastes in the suburbs is considered a factor causing environmental problems. Besides, More

Producing thousands of tons of glass wastes inTehran, caused by daily, industrial and commercial activities, has made recycling an inevitable issue. Burying or leaving these recyclable wastes in the suburbs is considered a factor causing environmental problems. Besides, the country’ wealth is wasted as a result of burying or burning such wastes. According to the statistics released by Tehran Municipality Recycling Organization, glass constitutes 2.2 percent of the total weight of solid wastes. Some 52,226 tons of glass is produced inTehranannually, of which unfortunately only a small amount is recycled and the rest is buried with other wastes. In fact, the average monthly rate of glass recycling is about 2 percent in the city ofTehran. Glass recycling leads to saving resources and raw materials, reducing energy consumption, cutting down expenses, decreasing landfills and environmental pollution such as air and water pollution as well as reducing the release of greenhouse gases, providing job opportunities, and increasing the cooperation and general knowledge of people. Recycling can be used to achieve the goal of sustainable development and preservation of resources and environment. Therefore, the authorities are expected to care for the proper, scientific recycling of glass waste and to prevent this valuable material from being buried or left in the environment.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - The effect of air pollution on the concentration of heavy metals in the soil of Mellat Park
Abdolreza Karbassi Faramarz Moatar Masood Monavari Saiedeh Sadat Mosayebi

Soil can register environmental pollution in itself, so the pollution of an area can be studied through the chemical analysis of its soil. In the present study, the soil ofMellatParkinTehranwas sampled. In total, 15 soil samples were collected. Using laboratory methods, More

Soil can register environmental pollution in itself, so the pollution of an area can be studied through the chemical analysis of its soil. In the present study, the soil ofMellatParkinTehranwas sampled. In total, 15 soil samples were collected. Using laboratory methods, the mean concentration of Pb, Zn, and Ni were obtained to be 145, 33, and 62 mg/kg, respectively. The results show that the concentration of Pb is much higher than the other elements in the area. When compared with its concentration in the crust of earth, the concentration of Pb inMellatParkproved to be higher; a finding which is due to the air pollution of the area. In the rest of the study, the biological accessibility of the elements (Pb, Zn, Ni) was determined. The amount of biological accessibility of various heavy metals in the soil of the studied area is as follows: Pb (55mg/kg) > Ni (37mg/kg) > Zn (16mg/kg) Based on cluster analysis, lead cannot have an organic origin because a low similarity quotient was established between organic elements and this metal.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Study of corrosion potential in drinking water distribution system of Ahvaz, using Lead and Copper Rule
Nematollah Jaafarzadeh Jasem Savari Amir Hesam Hassani Ghodratollah Shams Khoram Abadi

Lead and Copper Rule is one of the indirect methods which is applied to determine the corrosion potential in drinking water distribution networks.  The objective of this study is to determine the corrosion potential ofAhvazdrinking water distribution network. In th More

Lead and Copper Rule is one of the indirect methods which is applied to determine the corrosion potential in drinking water distribution networks.  The objective of this study is to determine the corrosion potential ofAhvazdrinking water distribution network. In this study, 76 sample sites were selected. The sites were the inlets and outlets ofAhvazwater treatment plants as well as the consumers’ houses cold water taps. The samples were taken after a minimum detention time of 6 hours. The concentration of lead, zinc and copper was determined through atomic absorption technique. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software version 11.5 for statistical tests. The averages of six rounds of corrosion measurement are as follows: lead (8.48 μg/l), copper (168 μg/l), and zinc (3180 μg/l). Also, 16.67 and 27.27 percent of the samples have concentrations higher than USEPA standards for lead (15 μg/l) and zinc (5,000 μg/l), respectively, and lower than the standard (1300 μg/l) for copper in drinking water ofAhvaz. According to Lead and Copper Rule, since 10 percent of the samples have lead and zinc concentrations higher than USEPA standards, the drinking water of Ahvaz is considered corrosive, and the possibility of leakage of heavy metals such as lead and zinc into the city’s drinking water exists. The results of the study revealed that Lead and Copper Rule could be used easily for the determination of corrosion potential in drinking water distribution networks; therefore, with the application of this method, there is no need for the imprecise and complicated calculations of the existing routine methods. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Mathematical modeling for the phytoremediation of oil-contaminated soils
Faraz Montazerolsedgh Reza Ezzatian Soheila Yaghmaei

In recent years, the use of plants for soil remediation has been of much interest. Much effort has been put into lab work to obtain experimental data, but despite the great importance of theoretical aspect, less attention has been paid to this issue. The present study i More

In recent years, the use of plants for soil remediation has been of much interest. Much effort has been put into lab work to obtain experimental data, but despite the great importance of theoretical aspect, less attention has been paid to this issue. The present study is an effort to investigate the theoretical and mathematical concepts governing this process. Basic definitions are presented briefly. Also, the governing mechanisms are discussed. After presenting the continuity and mass transfer equations, first the validity of the obtained equations is verified in a real example with experimental data. Then, the equations are solved numerically and the results are studied and discussed. The findings show that variables such as root length (as an index of plant species), humidity, soil texture and the other parameters, which appear in the equations, affect the process. Moreover, by the proper selection of plants, the operation provided a model which can predict the result of phytoremediation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Assessment of agricultural damages resulting from flood occurrence using HEC-RAS and Arc View
Hossein Hekmatifar Mehrdad Nazariha Saeed Givechi

The selection of a proper measure for flood control depends initially on the technical aspects of flood and floodplain, and then on economic aspects. Since in the cost-benefit analysis of flood control plans, flood mitigation is one of the most important benefits, it is More

The selection of a proper measure for flood control depends initially on the technical aspects of flood and floodplain, and then on economic aspects. Since in the cost-benefit analysis of flood control plans, flood mitigation is one of the most important benefits, it is necessary to refine flood damage assessment measures. In this research study, the agricultural damages to Qarasoo floodplain have been assessed for different flood control plans. The study is done on a length of 29.5 kilometers on both sides of the river. The flood control plans which are studied here are: modifying the river’s bed, dredging the river’s bed, and a combination of the two. These are simulated using HEC-RAS and ARC VIEW software and the damage related to each plan is assessed. The results show that there is not a significant difference between dredging on the one hand and the combination of modifying and dredging plans on the other hand, although the difference was expected to be great. This could be due to the improper selection of a new path in the modifying plan. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Acid vapor control in aluminum anodizing industry and designing a proper ventilation system
Seyed Mostafa Khezri Nabiollah Mansuri Farideh Atabi Azadeh Sedghinia

Parallel with man’s achievements in different aspects of technology, aluminum anodizing industry has improved a lot, but like other progressive industries, it has caused destructive effects on the environment, as well. In fact, aluminum anodizing industry is hazar More

Parallel with man’s achievements in different aspects of technology, aluminum anodizing industry has improved a lot, but like other progressive industries, it has caused destructive effects on the environment, as well. In fact, aluminum anodizing industry is hazardous because it requires contact with sulfuric acid. The aim of the present study was to control sulfuric acid mist during the process of aluminum anodizing in a factory located in Alborz Industrial Estate. Following sampling, it was found that the concentration of sulfuric acid mists was 8 times higher than the standard level (standard level: 1mg/m3). In order to control the diffusion of sulfuric acid mist in the workshops and the areas where the workers breathe, a local ventilation system, based on the velocity-pressure method and according to the balancing of branches, was put into operation. The implemented hood was chosen based on the standards stated in the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) guidelines. And the rate of required standard volumetric flow (scfm) for open-surface tanks was calculated to be equal to 1050 ft3/min for each hood. Consequently, based on the psychometric status of the studied workshop and the actual volumetric flow rate, the rate of required volumetric flow for each hood was considered to be 1239cfm. The whole system was divided into four independent ventilation units, two of which were equipped with 12 hoods (9 with unidirectional suction and 3 with bidirectional suction) and the others with 9 hoods (all with unidirectional suction). In order to resist against corrosion, steel 316 was selected as the constructing material of the canals, and in order to purify the exhaust air, following the necessary evaluations, mist eliminator scrubber system was selected. Also, to provide the required driving force, Back Ward centrifugal fan was considered. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Solid wastes separation considering environmental economic aspects: technical vs. traditional system (case study: Tehran district 20)
Hassan Karimzadegan Seyed Masoud Monavari Reza Naghavi Afsaneh Hassani

Solid wastes separation at the source of production --"producer source separation plan"-- has been carried out since 1374 in the districts of Tehranwith various methods to increase recycling efficiency. District 20 ofTehran is one of the districts that attempted to impl More

Solid wastes separation at the source of production --"producer source separation plan"-- has been carried out since 1374 in the districts of Tehranwith various methods to increase recycling efficiency. District 20 ofTehran is one of the districts that attempted to implement these projects at that time. In this district, about 70% of the recycling has been performed through the traditional system and 30% through the technical system since 1383. The present study aimed to compare the two methods considering environmental economic aspect. To this end, the Solid Wastes Separation Plan was implemented inTehran district 20 in the year 1384. The results revealed that the project’s profits, consistent with the technical and administrative system in the first year of implementation (1384), turned out to be negative, but the profits of dry solid  wastes collected through the traditional system were positive. In the years 1385 and 1386 (the second and third years of implementation), 50% and 100% of the households were included in the producer source separation plan, respectively. Moreover, the project’s profits in 1385 and 1386 were estimated to be 1.6 % and 3.3% higher than that of 1384, respectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - A new model for evaluation of Iran’s ecological capabilities to establish service and civil development application (case study: district 22 of Tehran
Seyed Ali Jozi Sahar Rezaian

Abstract Ecological capability evaluation is to realize the potentialities of a land in the form of expected and achievable applications. This study is aimed to design a new model for service and civil development application to be employed in the evaluation of the coun More

Abstract Ecological capability evaluation is to realize the potentialities of a land in the form of expected and achievable applications. This study is aimed to design a new model for service and civil development application to be employed in the evaluation of the country’s ecological capability studies. To this end, first the frequency of sustainable and unsustainable ecological factors inIranwas identified. Then, theDelphimethod which is a branch of phase theory methods was used. Prioritization of effective ecological factors and assessment of the frequency value of each factor were made by completing 750 questionnaires for desired branches (Delphigroup). The gathered data were analyzed using SPSS software version 11.0. After being designed, the model was introduced to the geographical information system using Arc info program. The model’s sensitivity analysis test was done with the purpose of determining the extent to which favorable responses are affected by certain changes in the target function through Simplex method using lingo software. This model is used in the evaluation of ecological capability at the time of analyzing the ecological resources of the field under examination and after preparing the map of environmental units. In fact, environmental units map is considered as the fundamental map in ecological capability evaluation studies. To asses the capabilities of the new method, ecological capability of District 22 in the city ofTehranwas evaluated as a case study and the service and civil development application map was prepared using Arc view GIS 3.2a program. The results of the study show that the points given to environmental units vary from zero to sixty-five. Such restricting factors as the existence of some environmental units along the river bank, fold passages, and hilly areas prevent these units from being allocated to service and civil development applicati Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Production of ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae from byproduct of sugar industry in a batch fermentation system
Farshid Ghorbani Habibollah Younesi Abbas Esmaeili Sari Seyed Mahmoud Ghasempouri Malihe Amini Ali Daneshi

A great amount of agricultural wastes are produced in Iran, which can be converted into suitable sources of ethanol production. Molasses is one of the cheapest and most frequent carbon sources which are available for ethanol production. This application, besides prevent More

A great amount of agricultural wastes are produced in Iran, which can be converted into suitable sources of ethanol production. Molasses is one of the cheapest and most frequent carbon sources which are available for ethanol production. This application, besides preventing molasses from entering the environment, produces a clean fuel which is compatible with nature. The main goal of this study was to produce ethanol as a clean and environment-friendly fuel. To this end, the biosynthesis of ethanol was conducted by Saccharomyces cerevisiae PTCC5010, using cane molasses as substrate through batch fermentation processes. Experiments were carried out at the ambient temperature (25o C) and pH 4.5. Batch ethanol production was carried out with 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 gl-1 of cane molasses. The total sugar consumption, maximum ethanol production, and productivity at 50 gl-1 of molasses were 93.27%, 9.3 g ethanol/l molasses,and 0.24 g ethanol/g total sugar,respectively. However, the maximum cell dry weight and biomass yield were 5.15 g CDW/l and 0.18 g CDW/g total sugar, respectively. The results showed that the applied substrate could indeed support the production of a sustainable biofuel. These alternatives exhibited comparable biological activity in comparison with the fuels obtained using more costly biomasses. . Also, ethanol can be substituted with fossil fuels because of the low pollution produced as a result of its combustion Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the execution of Forest Principles in the northern forests of Iran
Naser Moharamnejad Amir Mafi

During the earth summit in 1992, countries developed a series of principles for sustainable exploitation of forests. These principles are the first global consensus on sustainable forest use; however, they are not legally binding. The present study aims to determine the More

During the earth summit in 1992, countries developed a series of principles for sustainable exploitation of forests. These principles are the first global consensus on sustainable forest use; however, they are not legally binding. The present study aims to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the execution of Rio Forest Principles in Caspian forests, northern forests ofIran, from 1992 to 2002. This goal was pursued through studying forest developments as well as analyzing the schemes performed by theIranianForest, Rangeland and Watershed Management Organization against Forest Principles. As the authority of Caspian forests, this organization performs many schemes and projects to conserve, preserve and recover forests. The results of the study show that this organization has achieved set standards in this regard. Statistics show that there has been a growth in the number of rangers and in the equipment for the protection of Caspian forests; however, the figures regarding the occurrences of fires, log smuggling and overgrazing prove that such growth has not been sufficient. Persistence of livestock in the forests, persistence of scattered pastoral households, depletion of forest area, lack of non-log production, lack of participation on the part of the young generation and women, log smuggling and unwise log exploitation, lack of NGOs awareness of Forest Principles, and lack of attention to the customs, culture and knowledge of the local community are among the weaknesses and threats of executing Forest Principles in the country’s northern forests. Meanwhile, efficient performance of schemes pertaining to recovering and protecting forests and forest utilization under the supervision of Forest, Rangeland and Watershed Management Organization of Iran, persistence of plenty of environmental NGOs in Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan  provinces, existence of a national equivalent for Forest Principles, cooperation of forest residents who deal with forest utilization, and courses for forest users and watershed residents are some of the strengths and opportunities of executing Forest Principles in the northern forests of Iran. Considering the above-mentioned issues, the following managerial approaches are proposed: to improve public efficiency (public participation); to increase international participation in forest management (technical and financial cooperation); to improve local educational plans in order to emphasize environmental considerations; to improve environmental and natural resources institutes; and to establish environmental database. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Environmental sustainability in urban open spaces: quality assessment of residential quarters in Tabriz
Seyed Bagher Hosseini Razieh Rezazadeh Mohammad Bagheri Hamid Reza Azemati Abdolhamid Ghenbaran

One of the sustainable urban design strategies is to emphasize the micro scale urban spaces. The purpose of this study is to explore the environmental sustainability in urban space and assessment of three residential quarters inTabriz. Five main criteria of sustainable More

One of the sustainable urban design strategies is to emphasize the micro scale urban spaces. The purpose of this study is to explore the environmental sustainability in urban space and assessment of three residential quarters inTabriz. Five main criteria of sustainable urban design (movement, energy, spatial form, ecology, and design and development) were selected for assessment. In a field study, the selected quarters were scored by a professional research team and the findings were assessed comparatively. Maghsodieh historical quarter got the top score for movement, energy, and design and development criteria. Organic urban pattern, neighborhood facilities, connected streets, revitalized historical buildings, urban spaces for walking, environmental adaption, and local identity are among the main physical characteristics of this quarter. Roshdieh quarter, due to its designed green open spaces, biodiversity, green landscapes, and natural views, got the top score in ecology criterion. Both Maghsoodieh and Roshdieh got the top score in spatial form criterion because of self-sufficiency, mixed applications, and diverse public spaces. Golpark quarter, having urban spaces which lack design as well as having serious environmental problems, got low scores in all five criteria. This study shows that most open spaces of new residential quarters suffer from the lack of environmental design. Moreover, they cannot satisfy the needs and desires of their users. The strategies of thermal comfort, natural light, sound and wind comfort, and enhancement of the quality of urban landscape can help improve the environmental sustainability of urban quarters. New ideas such as walking ways, green ways, green bridges, bicycle and skate lines, urban and neighborhood parks as well as health and sport areas are all of practical use.     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - The study of Tehran gas stations pollution and its effect on the surface water
Amir Hesam Hassani Golnaz Sajadi Naeini

The issue of non-point pollution sources is among the topics which are studied in the world at the present time. Gas stations are an example of such sources the pollution of which can affect the environment, especially the area around them and in rainy weather. In this More

The issue of non-point pollution sources is among the topics which are studied in the world at the present time. Gas stations are an example of such sources the pollution of which can affect the environment, especially the area around them and in rainy weather. In this research, the gas stations located in the city of Tehran were identified. Then, among the city’s 104 gas stations, 9 were selected in the different parts of the city and their contamination level was studied. The tests of pH, EC (Electrical Conductivity), TSS (Total Suspended Solid), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), and TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) were performed in three time periods, from October to February, on the samples of the 9 gas stations. The samples were taken from the surface water channels around the gas stations. The results demonstrated that the areas of gas stations were polluted due to their fuel run-off. The concentration of COD and TSS of the samples were 110 to 1140 mg/lit and 100 to 800 mg/lit, respectively. The amount of TPH detected in the samples was high in flat areas. The maximum contamination level occurred in November (a rainy month). The results also indicated that gas stations played an important role in polluting the surface water around stations and discharging hydrocarbon compounds in the environment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - A new design algorithm for modeling and comparative evaluation of compound regenerative fuel cell (RFC) systems
Hossein Ghadamian Farideh Atabi Hassnali Ozgoli

The results of calculation, modeling and engineering design of RFCs reveal that energy carrier change, from electrical to cold chemical combustion in the fuel cell section, is considered as an internal energy production and significantly increases the produced energy in More

The results of calculation, modeling and engineering design of RFCs reveal that energy carrier change, from electrical to cold chemical combustion in the fuel cell section, is considered as an internal energy production and significantly increases the produced energy intensity rate and the performance coefficient of the system. By connecting photovoltaic system to electrolyze/fuel cell units and using the energy produced in photovoltaic section, the internal energy generation for a multiple case system with 1 kW capacity will be 2.302 kW, and the energy produced in the RFC complex will increase so that the efficiency of the total integrated system will be 29.45%. In this article, the general performance of the system and its related sub-systems together with capacity studies has been investigated. Then, using electrolyze formulation, fuel cell, and photovoltaic cells separately, modeling has been carried out with non-linear algorithms, and system integration has been done with GAMS software. Also, a step-by-step approach to the calculation and engineering design of the RFC is presented. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Production of nano choline stearate soap by surface activators and adding it to gasolin as an emission reduction agent
Arsia Khanfekr Mani Azadmand Morteza Amroni Hossaini

Oxidation and polymerization of olefin and heavy aromatic compounds of gasoline cause precipitation in carburetors, injection systems, and combustion compartments of engines. Imperfect combustion of fuel leads to an increase in the amount of emitted gases (CO, NOX and H More

Oxidation and polymerization of olefin and heavy aromatic compounds of gasoline cause precipitation in carburetors, injection systems, and combustion compartments of engines. Imperfect combustion of fuel leads to an increase in the amount of emitted gases (CO, NOX and HC). To prevent precipitation and reduce the pollution of such engines, choline stearate soap which is synthesized as nano structure, has been studied as a new additive cleaning agent. In this study, the researchers chose a suitable surface activator and by using it, they prepared a permanent emulsion from the nano soap. Then, the emulsion was added to gasoline in different amounts, and the pollution test was carried out for the emitted gases. The results show that applying nano choline stearate as an oxidizing compound with a high cleaning capacity results in an average decrease of 30-50% of the two important pollutants (CO & HC) depending on the type of automobile and the amount of emulsion used in its fuel; however, it does not have any positive effect on an increase or decrease in the amount of NOX.   Manuscript profile

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