Modeling of Possible Dredging Effects of Khozeini Channel on the Water Renewal Time in Gorgan Bay,
Southeast of tmj nhe Caspian Sea
Subject Areas :
environmental management
saeed sharbaty
1
,
Sorena Nasimi
2
1 - Lecturere Dept. of Fisheries Gorgan University Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
2 - Assistant Prof., Islamic Azad University, Bandargaz Branch
Received: 2015-05-18
Accepted : 2016-04-20
Published : 2018-03-21
Keywords:
Ecological Modeling,
Renewal Time,
Gorgan Bay,
Khozeini Channel,
Mike21 FM,
Abstract :
Background and Objective: Water renewal time, one of the important indicators, is considered for estimation of health status of marine ecosystem. The Khozeini channel has been the second communicative ways of the Gorgan Bay with the Caspian Sea which is blocked by decreasing of sea water level and sedimentation in recent years. In this investigation, in order to considering of Khozeini channel possible dredging effects on the Water Renewal Time in the Gorgan Bay, the Hydrodynamic and Advection-Dispersion modules of two-dimensional Mike21 FM model were coupled simultaneously.
Method: The modeling on two triangular unstructured meshes and under two different open boundary conditions by including wind stress, water fluctuations in the mouth of Bandartorkaman-Ashoradeh and Khozeini channel, rivers input, evaporation and precipitation during index year were done. To determine the amount of dispersion coefficient in the Gorgan Bay, salinity modeling using Advection-Dispersion module of MIKE 21 FM were developed.
Findings: The results two-dimensional salinity modeling showed that the best of dispersion coefficients are 350 m2/s in Gorgan Bay. The results of calculating of the Integral Water Renewal amount under blocking Khozeini channel condition was 54 days and dredging channel condition a width of 170 m was 41 days.
Discussion and Conclusion: The best time for Water Renewal Time modeling in Gorgan Bay is the beginning trend of intering annual water level rising in the Caspian Sea. Renewal Time values are depending on hydrodynamic regime and salinity dispersion coefficient in Gorgan Bay. According to the common counterclockwise water circulation pattern in Gorgan Bay, Khozeini channel dredging reduces Integral Renewal Time of up to 13 days.
References:
Reference
Huang, W., Chen, X., Flannery, M.S., 2011. Critical flow for water management in a shallow tidal river based on estuarine residence time, Journal of Water Resource Management. 25, 2367-2385.
Monsen, N.E., Cloern, J.E., Lucas, L.V., Stephen, G.M., 2002. A Comment on the Use of Flushing Time, Residence Time, and Age as Transport Time Scales. Limnology and Oceanography. 47(5), 1545-1553.
Manoj, N.T., 2012. Estimation of Flushing Time in a Monsoonal Estuary using Observational and Numerical Approaches. Journal of Natural Hazards. 64, 1323-1339.
Shaha, D.C., Cho, Y.K., Kim, T.W., Valle-Levinson, A., 2012. Spatio-Temporal Variation of Flushing Time in the Sumjin River Estuary. Terrestrial. Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences. 23(1), 119-130.
Ji, Z.G., Hu, G., Shen, J., Wan, Y., 2007. Three-dimensional modeling of hydrodynamic processes in the St. Lucie Estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 73, 188-200.
S.Moore, W., O.Blanton, J., B.Joye, S., 2006. Estimates of flushing times, submarine groundwater discharge, and nutrient fluxes to Okatee Estuary, South Carolina. Geophysical Research. 111, 1-14.
Umgiesser, G., Canu, D.M., Cucco, A., Solidoro, C.A., 2004. Finite element model for the Venice Lagoon. Development, set up, calibration and validation. Journal of Marine Systems. 51(4), 123-145.
Gillibrand, P.A., 2001. Calculating exchange times in a Scottish fjord using a two-dimensional, laterally-averaged numerical model. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science. 53, 437–449.
De Brye, B., de Brauwere, A., Gourgue, O., Delhez, E., Deleersnijder, E., 2012. Water renewal timescales in the Scheldt Estuary. Marine Systems. 94, 74–86.
Huang, W., 2007. Hydrodynamic modeling of flushing time in a small estuary of North Bay, Florida, USA. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 74, 722-731.
Ouillon, S., Fraunie, P., Jouon, A., Douillet, P., 2006. Calculations of hydrodynamic time parameters in a semi-opened coastal zone using a 3D hydrodynamic model. Continental Shelf Research. 26, 1395–1415.
Sheldon, J.E., Alber, M., 2006. The Calculation of Estuarine Turnover Times Using Freshwater Fraction and Tidal Prism Models: A Critical Evaluation. Estuaries and Coasts. 29(1), 133–146.
Stamou, I., Katsiris, I.K., Moutzouris, C.I., Tsoukala, V.K., 2004. Improvement of marina design technology using hydrodynamic models. Global Network of Environmental Science and Technology. 6(1), 63-72.
Sadrinasab, M., Kampf, J., 2004. Three-dimensional flushing times of the Persian Gulf. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, 301-305.
Darvishsefat, A., 2006. Atlas of protected areas of Iran. Assistance of ecology and biodiversity. Iranian Environmental Protection Organization. 157p.
Shahryari, A., Kabir, M.J. Golfirozy, K. 2008. Evaluation of microbial pollution of Caspian Sea at the Gorgan Gulf. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 10(2): 69-73. (in Persian)
Ghangherme, A.A. 2012. Fluctuations in the Caspian Sea and environmental factors affecting it. Report of the research project, National Center for Caspian Sea Studies, 117p. (in Persian)
Manual of MIKE21 FM. 2007. Coastal Hydraulic and Oceanography Hydrodynamic Module. Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI Software). pp. 74-85.
Gross, E.S., Bonaventura, L., Rosatti, G., 2002. Consistency with Continuity in Conservative Advective Schemes for Free Surface Models. Numerical Methods in Fluids. 38, 307-327.
Sako Consulting Engineers, 2007, Bandaretorkman port complementary studies, Report of the research project, 68 p. (in Persian)
Smith, S.D., Bank, G., 2007. Variation of the sea drag coefficient with wind speed. Meteorological Society, 101, 665-673.
Mohammadkhani, H., 2012. Preparation and implementation of Gorgan Bay aquaculture. Report of the research project. Water Reservoir Research Center of Gorgan, second chapter, hydrologic section, 314 p. (in Persian)
Lahijani, H., Ardakani, H.A., Bani-Naderi, E.M. 2009. Sedimentary and Geochemical Indices of Gorgan Bay sediments. Journal of Oceanography, 1(1): 45-55. (in Persian)
Dix, J.K., Lambkin, D.O., Cazenave, P.W., 2007. Development of a Regional Sediment Mobility Model for Submerged Archaeological Sites. University of Southampton, English Heritage ALSF Report number: 5224, 14p
Smagorinsky, J., 1963. General circulation Experiments with the primitive equations, Monthly Weather Review. 91, 91-164.
Vanderborght, J.P., Folmer, I.M., Aguilera, D.R., Uhrenholdt, T., Regnier, P., 2007. Reactive-transport modelling of C, N, and O2 in a river–estuarine–coastal zone system: Application to the Scheldt estuary, Journal of Marine Chemistry, 106, 92-110.
Arneborg, L., 2004. Turnover times for the water above sill level in Gullmar Fjord. Continental Shelf Research. 24, 443–460.
Koutitonski, V.G., Guyondet, T., A., Courtenay, S.C., Bohgen, A., 2004. Water Renewal Estimates for Aquaculture Developments in the Richibucto Estuary, Canada. Estuaries. 27(5), 839–850.
Rahimipour, H. 2005. Hydrodynamic study of flow and prediction of erosion and sedimentation pattern in Gorgan Bay. Report of the research project, Jihad Water and Energy Research Co, 246 p. (in Persian)
Morovati, H., Torabiazad, M., and Mehrfar, H. 2009. Study and formulation of heat budget under severe winds in Gorgan Bay, Journal of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, 63: 19-31. (in Persian)
Sharbaty, S., and Hoseini, S.S. 2010. Two-Dimensional Simulation of the Gorgan Bay Flow Pattern during a One-Year Period, Research Report. Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 29p. (in Persian)
Shabani, A., Sharbaty, S., and Hoseini, S.S. 2012. Simulation of the effects of retrieval of the creeping channel on the flow pattern in the Gorgan Bay, Research Report. Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 95p. (in Persian)
Brenes, C.L., Hernandez, A., Ballesteros, D., 2007. Flushing time in Perlas Lagoon and Bluefields Bay, Nicaragua. Investigations Marinas. 35(1), 89-96.
Wang, Y., Ridd, P.V., Heron, M.L., Stieglitz, T.C., Orpin, A.L., 2007. Flushing time of solutes and pollutants in the central Great Barrier Reef lagoon, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research. 58, 778–791.
Trowbridge, P., 2007. Hydrologic Parameters for New Hampshire’s Estuaries. Technical Report, NHEP Coastal Scientist, New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services.172 p.
Herzfeld, M., Parslow, J., Andrewartha, J., Sakov, P., Webster, I.T., 2004. Hydrodynamic Modelling of the Port Curtis Region, National Library of Australia, Report number: 7, 51 p.
_||_
Reference
Huang, W., Chen, X., Flannery, M.S., 2011. Critical flow for water management in a shallow tidal river based on estuarine residence time, Journal of Water Resource Management. 25, 2367-2385.
Monsen, N.E., Cloern, J.E., Lucas, L.V., Stephen, G.M., 2002. A Comment on the Use of Flushing Time, Residence Time, and Age as Transport Time Scales. Limnology and Oceanography. 47(5), 1545-1553.
Manoj, N.T., 2012. Estimation of Flushing Time in a Monsoonal Estuary using Observational and Numerical Approaches. Journal of Natural Hazards. 64, 1323-1339.
Shaha, D.C., Cho, Y.K., Kim, T.W., Valle-Levinson, A., 2012. Spatio-Temporal Variation of Flushing Time in the Sumjin River Estuary. Terrestrial. Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences. 23(1), 119-130.
Ji, Z.G., Hu, G., Shen, J., Wan, Y., 2007. Three-dimensional modeling of hydrodynamic processes in the St. Lucie Estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 73, 188-200.
S.Moore, W., O.Blanton, J., B.Joye, S., 2006. Estimates of flushing times, submarine groundwater discharge, and nutrient fluxes to Okatee Estuary, South Carolina. Geophysical Research. 111, 1-14.
Umgiesser, G., Canu, D.M., Cucco, A., Solidoro, C.A., 2004. Finite element model for the Venice Lagoon. Development, set up, calibration and validation. Journal of Marine Systems. 51(4), 123-145.
Gillibrand, P.A., 2001. Calculating exchange times in a Scottish fjord using a two-dimensional, laterally-averaged numerical model. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science. 53, 437–449.
De Brye, B., de Brauwere, A., Gourgue, O., Delhez, E., Deleersnijder, E., 2012. Water renewal timescales in the Scheldt Estuary. Marine Systems. 94, 74–86.
Huang, W., 2007. Hydrodynamic modeling of flushing time in a small estuary of North Bay, Florida, USA. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 74, 722-731.
Ouillon, S., Fraunie, P., Jouon, A., Douillet, P., 2006. Calculations of hydrodynamic time parameters in a semi-opened coastal zone using a 3D hydrodynamic model. Continental Shelf Research. 26, 1395–1415.
Sheldon, J.E., Alber, M., 2006. The Calculation of Estuarine Turnover Times Using Freshwater Fraction and Tidal Prism Models: A Critical Evaluation. Estuaries and Coasts. 29(1), 133–146.
Stamou, I., Katsiris, I.K., Moutzouris, C.I., Tsoukala, V.K., 2004. Improvement of marina design technology using hydrodynamic models. Global Network of Environmental Science and Technology. 6(1), 63-72.
Sadrinasab, M., Kampf, J., 2004. Three-dimensional flushing times of the Persian Gulf. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, 301-305.
Darvishsefat, A., 2006. Atlas of protected areas of Iran. Assistance of ecology and biodiversity. Iranian Environmental Protection Organization. 157p.
Shahryari, A., Kabir, M.J. Golfirozy, K. 2008. Evaluation of microbial pollution of Caspian Sea at the Gorgan Gulf. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 10(2): 69-73. (in Persian)
Ghangherme, A.A. 2012. Fluctuations in the Caspian Sea and environmental factors affecting it. Report of the research project, National Center for Caspian Sea Studies, 117p. (in Persian)
Manual of MIKE21 FM. 2007. Coastal Hydraulic and Oceanography Hydrodynamic Module. Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI Software). pp. 74-85.
Gross, E.S., Bonaventura, L., Rosatti, G., 2002. Consistency with Continuity in Conservative Advective Schemes for Free Surface Models. Numerical Methods in Fluids. 38, 307-327.
Sako Consulting Engineers, 2007, Bandaretorkman port complementary studies, Report of the research project, 68 p. (in Persian)
Smith, S.D., Bank, G., 2007. Variation of the sea drag coefficient with wind speed. Meteorological Society, 101, 665-673.
Mohammadkhani, H., 2012. Preparation and implementation of Gorgan Bay aquaculture. Report of the research project. Water Reservoir Research Center of Gorgan, second chapter, hydrologic section, 314 p. (in Persian)
Lahijani, H., Ardakani, H.A., Bani-Naderi, E.M. 2009. Sedimentary and Geochemical Indices of Gorgan Bay sediments. Journal of Oceanography, 1(1): 45-55. (in Persian)
Dix, J.K., Lambkin, D.O., Cazenave, P.W., 2007. Development of a Regional Sediment Mobility Model for Submerged Archaeological Sites. University of Southampton, English Heritage ALSF Report number: 5224, 14p
Smagorinsky, J., 1963. General circulation Experiments with the primitive equations, Monthly Weather Review. 91, 91-164.
Vanderborght, J.P., Folmer, I.M., Aguilera, D.R., Uhrenholdt, T., Regnier, P., 2007. Reactive-transport modelling of C, N, and O2 in a river–estuarine–coastal zone system: Application to the Scheldt estuary, Journal of Marine Chemistry, 106, 92-110.
Arneborg, L., 2004. Turnover times for the water above sill level in Gullmar Fjord. Continental Shelf Research. 24, 443–460.
Koutitonski, V.G., Guyondet, T., A., Courtenay, S.C., Bohgen, A., 2004. Water Renewal Estimates for Aquaculture Developments in the Richibucto Estuary, Canada. Estuaries. 27(5), 839–850.
Rahimipour, H. 2005. Hydrodynamic study of flow and prediction of erosion and sedimentation pattern in Gorgan Bay. Report of the research project, Jihad Water and Energy Research Co, 246 p. (in Persian)
Morovati, H., Torabiazad, M., and Mehrfar, H. 2009. Study and formulation of heat budget under severe winds in Gorgan Bay, Journal of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, 63: 19-31. (in Persian)
Sharbaty, S., and Hoseini, S.S. 2010. Two-Dimensional Simulation of the Gorgan Bay Flow Pattern during a One-Year Period, Research Report. Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 29p. (in Persian)
Shabani, A., Sharbaty, S., and Hoseini, S.S. 2012. Simulation of the effects of retrieval of the creeping channel on the flow pattern in the Gorgan Bay, Research Report. Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 95p. (in Persian)
Brenes, C.L., Hernandez, A., Ballesteros, D., 2007. Flushing time in Perlas Lagoon and Bluefields Bay, Nicaragua. Investigations Marinas. 35(1), 89-96.
Wang, Y., Ridd, P.V., Heron, M.L., Stieglitz, T.C., Orpin, A.L., 2007. Flushing time of solutes and pollutants in the central Great Barrier Reef lagoon, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research. 58, 778–791.
Trowbridge, P., 2007. Hydrologic Parameters for New Hampshire’s Estuaries. Technical Report, NHEP Coastal Scientist, New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services.172 p.
Herzfeld, M., Parslow, J., Andrewartha, J., Sakov, P., Webster, I.T., 2004. Hydrodynamic Modelling of the Port Curtis Region, National Library of Australia, Report number: 7, 51 p.
