Assessing the Environmental Risks of De-icing Materials Used in Winter Operations (A case of Study of the Hydrochemical Quality of Hamedan-Bahar Basin)
Subject Areas : Water and EnvironmentAmir Jamshidi 1 , Amir Reza Goodarzi 2 , Parisa Razmara 3
1 - Ph.D. Student, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
2 - Associated Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran. *(Corresponding Author)
3 - Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
Keywords: ecological risks, Winter operation, de-icing substances, Groundwater pollution,
Abstract :
Background and Objective: Despite the wide application of de-icing substances to the roadways, the sewage produced can have negative impacts on local ecosystems. Hence, the present study was conducted for assessing the effects of road salt use throughout the winter in Hamedan on the hydro-chemical quality of Hamedan-Bahar basin. Hamedan is one of the major tourist destinations and one of the main agricultural poles in Iran, and thus, its water resources contamination may pose serious risk to the health of the whole country. Method: The modeling of under-ground water flow paths in the study area revealed that the flow of rain and snow water in the city is mainly towards Hamedan-Bahar basin (as one of the main drinking water and agricultural water supplies in the region). Therefore, the 24 wells in the study area were sampled and the hydro-chemical characteristics of the obtained water samples as well as their changing trends over the past 10 years were determined and analyzed. Findings: The results indicated a gradual increase in the minerals and solid materials in the water of the basin. This, considering the meaningful correlation values obtained (R2≥0.89) between the salt contents and Cl- and Na+ concentrations, could be attributed to the use of de-icing materials. The rate of pollutants in some of the samples was found to be 10 times as much as the permissible national standard and international values. Moreover, based on the Wilcox diagram, the water in most stations could be classified as C3S1 (decreasing the soil fertility and resulting in ecophysiological abnormalities in crops) and even as C4S1 (completely harmful for irrigation). A similar distribution of de-icing compounds and arsenic were observed in the under-ground water of the basin. Discussion and Conclusion: The increase in the pollution and the decline in hydro-chemical properties of the basin due to the accumulation of de-icing materials, not only pose direct hazardous effects to human health and agricultural lands but can also intensify the mobility of the heavy metals in soil-water profiles of the region. Therefore, it is suggested that winter operations in the city be planned and carried out using modern methods and facilities (such as anti-icing program, eco-friendly deicers, asphalt mixture with anti-icing additives, hydronic heating pavement), so that the negative environmental impacts can be controlled as much as possible.
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- Mirzanamadi R, Hagentoft CE, Johansson P, Johnsson J. (2018). Anti-icing of road surfaces using hydronic heating pavement with low temperature. Cold regions science and technology, 145, 106-118.
- Zítková J, Hegrová J, Anděl P. (2018). Bioindication of road salting impact on Norway spruce (Picea abies). Transportation Research Part D, 59, 58-67.
- Chen J, Ma X, Wang H, Xie P, Huang W. (2018). Experimental study on anti-icing and deicing performance of polyurethane concrete as road surface layer. Construction and Building Materials, 161, 598-605.
- Kolesar KR, Mattson CN, Peterson PK, May NW, Prendergast RK, Pratt KA (2018). Increases in wintertime PM2.5 sodium and chloride linked to snowfall and road salt application. Atmospheric Environment, 177, 195-202.
- Wyman DA, Koretsky CM. (2018). Effects of road salt deicers on an urban groundwater-fed kettle lake. Applied Geochemistry, 89, 265-272.
- Lee BD, Choi YS, Kim YG, Kim IS, Yang EI. (2017). A comparison study of performance and environmental impacts of chloride-based deicers and eco-label certified deicers in South Korea. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 143, 43-51.
- Robinson HK, Hasenmueller EA. (2017). Transport of road salt contamination in karst aquifers and soils over multiple timescales. Science of The Total Environment, 603, 94-108.
- Oh SJ, Choi GG, Kim JS. (2017). Production of acetic acid-rich bio-oils from the fast pyrolysis of biomass and synthesis of calcium magnesium acetate deicer. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 124, 122-129.
- Stets EG, Lee CJ, Lytle DA, Schock MR. (2018). Increasing chloride in rivers of the conterminous US and linkages to potential corrosivity and lead action level exceedances in drinking water. Science of The Total Environment, 613, 1498-1509.
- Coldsnow KD, Mattes BM, Hintz WD, Relyea RA. (2017). Rapid evolution of tolerance to road salt in zooplankton. Environmental pollution, 222, 367-373.
- Novotny, EV, Murphy, D, Stefan, HG. (2008). Increase of urban lake salinity by road deicing salt. Science of the Total Environment, 406(1-2), 131-144.
- Thunqvist, EL. (2004). Regional increase of mean chloride concentration in water due to the application of deicing salt. Science of the total environment, 325, 29-37.
- Hintz WD, Relyea RA. (2017). Impacts of road deicing salts on the early-life growth and development of a stream salmonid: Salt type matters. Environmental pollution, 223, 409-415.
- Mohammadi S, Panahi F. (2017). Evaluation of the effect of de-icing salt along snowy road on vegetation composition and diversity (Case Study: mountain road of Godar Kafanooieh of Baft as the roof of Iranian desert). Iranian J. of Ecohydrology, 4, 509-521. (In Persian)
- Prosser RS, Rochfort Q, McInnis R, Exall K, Gillis PL. (2017). Assessing the toxicity and risk of salt-impacted winter road runoff to the early life stages of freshwater mussels in the Canadian province of Ontario. Environmental Pollution, 230, 589-597.
- Nasri HR, Nadafiyan H. (2008). Modeling of nitrate pollutant transfer of groundwater in the range of drinking water wells of Hamadan. Iranian Journal of Geology, 2(6), 87-98. (In Persian)
- Zare Abyaneh H, Bayat Varkeshi M, Akhavan S, Mohammadi M. (2011). Estimation of Nitrate in Hamedan-Bahar Plain Groundwater Using Artificial Neural Network and the Effect of Data Resolution on prediction Accuracy. Journal of Environmental study, 37, 129-140. (In Persian)
- Wilde FD, Radtke DB, Gibs J, Iwatsubo RT. (1998). National field manual for the collection of water-quality data. US Geological Survey Techniques in Water-Resources Investigations, Book 9.
- American Society for Testing and Materials (2014). Book of standards volume: 11.01.
- Perera N, Gharabaghi B, Howard K. (2013). Groundwater chloride response in the Highland Creek watershed due to road salt application: A re-assessment after 20 years. Journal of Hydrology, 479, 159-168.
- Müller, B. and Gächter, R., (2012). Increasing chloride concentrations in Lake Constance: characterization of sources and estimation of loads. Aquatic sciences, 74, 101-112.
- Bäckström, M., Karlsson, S., Bäckman, L., Folkeson, L. and Lind, B., (2004). Mobilisation of heavy metals by deicing salts in a roadside environment. Water research, 38, 720-732.
- Schuler M., Relyea R.A. (2017). A Review of the Combined Threats of Road Salts and Heavy Metals to Freshwater Systems. BioScience, 68, 327-335.
- Wu J, Kim H. (2017). Impacts of road salts on leaching behavior of lead contaminated soil. J. of hazardous materials, 324: 291-297.
- Sun H, Alexander J, Gove B, Koch M. (2015). Mobilization of arsenic, lead, and mercury under conditions of sea water intrusion and road deicing salt application. Contaminant Hydrology, 180, 12-24.
- Touzandejani M, Soffianian A, Mirghaffari N, Soleimani M. (2017). Assessment of Arsenic Contamination Probability of Groundwater in Hamedan-Bahar Basin Using Geostatistical Methods. Journal of Water and Soil, 31, 874-885 (Persian).
- Ministry of Energy of Iran (2010). Environmental Criteria of Treated Waste Water and Return Flow Reuse No. 535.
- Acharya S, Sharma SK, Khandegar V. (2018). Assessment of groundwater quality by water quality indices for irrigation and drinking in South West Delhi, India. Data in Brief, 18, 2019-2028.
- Koretsky, C. M., MacLeod, A., Sibert, R. J., & Snyder, C. (2012). Redox stratification and salinization of three kettle lakes in southwest Michigan, USA. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 223(3), 1415-1427.
- Garg VK, Suthar S, Singh S, Sheoran A, Jain S. (2009). Drinking water quality in villages of southwestern Haryana, India: assessing human health risks associated with hydrochemistry. Environmental Geology, 58(6): 1329-1340.
- Goodarzi AR, Salimi M. (2015). Stabilization treatment of a dispersive clayey soil using granulated blast furnace slag and basic oxygen furnace slag. Applied Clay Science, 108, 61-69.
- Cunningham MA, Snyder E, Yonkin D, Ross M, Elsen T. (2008). Accumulation of deicing salts in soils in an urban environment. Urban Ecosystems, 11, 17-31.
- World Health Organization (2017). Guideline for drinking-water quality: 4th edition, ISBN 978-92-4-154995-0.
- Baek MJ, Yoon TJ, Kim DG, Lee CY, Cho K, Bae YJ. (2014). Effects of Road Deicer Runoff on Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities in Korean Freshwaters with Toxicity Tests of Calcium Chloride (CaCl2). Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 225(6), 1961.
- ISIRI 1053. Drinking water-Physical and chemical specifications,. 5th Revision: ICS:13.060.020 (Persian).
- Iqbal J, Nazzal Y, Howari F, Xavier C, Yousef A. (2018). Hydrochemical processes determining the groundwater quality for irrigation use in an arid environment: The case of Liwa Aquifer, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 7, 212-219.
- Fay L, Shi X. (2012). Environmental impacts of chemicals for snow and ice control: state of the knowledge. Water. Air, & Soil Pollution, 223, 2751-2770.
- Farokhneshat F, Rahmani AR, Samadi MT, Soltanian AR. (2016). Non-Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal of Lead, Chromium and Zinc in Drinking Water Supplies of Hamadan in Winter 2015. Sci. J. of Hamadan University of Medical Sci., 23, 25-33.
- Rahmani AR, Sedehi M. (2005). Predication of groundwater level changes in the plain of Hamedan-Bahar using time series model. Journal of Water and Wastewater, 15, 42-49. (InPersian)
- Munck IA, Bennett CM, Camilli KS, Nowak RS. (2010). Long-term impact of de-icing salts on tree health in the Lake Tahoe Basin: Environmental influences and interactions with insects and diseases. Forest ecology and management, 260, 1218-1229.
- Swedish Environmetal Protection Agency (2000). Environmental Quality Criteria for Groundwater Report 5051.
- Sun, W., Lu, G., Ye, C., Chen, S., Hou, Y., Wang, D., ... Oeser M. (2018). The State of the Art: Application of Green Technology in Sustainable Pavement. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, Article ID 9760464, 1-19.
- Comité technique 2.4 (2015). Snow and Ice databook 2014. ISBN : 978-2-84060-355-9.
- Mirzanamadi R, Hagentoft CE, Johansson P, Johnsson J. (2018). Anti-icing of road surfaces using hydronic heating pavement with low temperature. Cold regions science and technology, 145, 106-118.