Effect of Salinity on Viability of Wild Pistachio Seed (Pistacia vera L) in Khajeh Kalat Forest, Iran

Subject Areas : natural resorces

Hadi Fadaei ¹ , Vahid Etemad ² , Gholamhosein Moradi ³

1 - M.Sc., Graduated, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran.
2 - Associate Professor, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran.
3 - Assistant Professor, School of Natural Resources & Desert studies, Yazd University, Iran. *(Corresponding Author)

Received: 2017-01-27 Accepted : 2017-03-17 Published : 2020-04-20

Keywords: Wild Pistachio forest, Germination, Seed, Viability,

Abstract :

Background and Objective: The wide area of Iran is effected by salinity. So, study on salinity tolerance of plants are too important. Therefore this study was conducted to investigate effect of salinity on germination and viability of wild Pistachio seed. Method: Seed sampling was done randomly and based on land unit map. Before germination test, stratification treatment was performed on seeds for 6 weeks in 4 °C. Germination test was done as factorial and completely randomized deign in tree repetition. After salinity treatments, seed germination, shoot length, root length and algometric ratio was measured.    Findings: Results showed that salinity increasing was caused significantly decrease of seed viability, algometric ratio, root and stem length (p < 0.01). Also, increase of salinity in deferent altitude levels was caused significantly decrease of seed viability. Results of algometric ratio in different height and slope classes showed that there was not significant difference in zero salinity level and this ratio was significantly higher in this level comparing to other levels. Discussion and Conclusion: Regarding to results of this research, increase of salinity causing decrease of Pistachio growth and germination. Pistachio seed germination is more in higher altitude, while in some species altitude have opposite effect.

References:

1. Campbell, K.A., Hawkins, C.D.B., 2004. Effect of seed source and nursery culture on paper birch (Betula papyrifera) uprooting resistance and field performance. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 196(2-3), pp. 425–433.


2. Pessarakli M., 2010. Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress. 3rd edition. New York: CRC Press.


3. Dewan M.L., Famouri, J., 1964. The soils of Iran. Rome.


4. Tavili, A., Ghanbari, N., Yazdanshenas, H., 2015. The effect of drought and salinity stress on seed germination characteristic and seedling growth of Salsola crassa under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Research, Vol. 2(1), pp.15–25. (In Persian)


5. Zare, M., Mehrabi Oladi, A.A., Sharaf zadeh, S., 2007. Investigation of GA3 and Kinetin effects on seed germination and seedling growth of Wheat under salinity stress. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 12(4), pp. 855–865. (In Persian)


6. Ashraf, M., Foolad, M.R., 2005. Pre sowing seed treatment – Ashotgun approach to improve germination, plant growth, and crop yield under saline and non saline conditions. Advances in Agronomy, Vol. 88, pp. 223–265.


7. Ajmal Khan, M., Ungar, I.A., 1996. Influence of Salinity and Temperature on the Germination of Haloxylon recurvum Bunge ex. Boiss. Annals of Botany, Vol. 78(5), pp. 547–551.


8. Gulzar, S., Ajmal Khan, M., 2001. Seed Germination of a Halophytic Grass Aeluropus lagopoides. Annals of Botany, Vol. 87(3), pp. 319–324.


9. Rubio-Casal, A.E., Castillo, J.M., Luque, C.J., Figueroa, M.E., 2003. Influence of salinity on germination and seeds viability of two primary colonizers of Mediterranean salt pans. Journal of Arid Environments, Vol. 53(2), pp. 145–154.


10. Ajmal Khan, M., Gul, B., Weber, D.J., 2001. Influence of salinity and temperature on the germination of Kochia scoparia. Wetlands Ecology and Management, Vol. 9(6), pp. 483–489.


11. Javanmard, Z., Tabari, M., Eisvand, H.R., Ahmadloo, F., 2015. Effect of osmopriming on germination indices of salinity-affected seeds of Pinus eldarica Medw. Forest and Wood Products, Vol. 68(1), pp. 77–88. (In Persian)


12. Abtahi, A., 2001. Response of seedlings of two Pistachio cultivars to quantity and composition of soil salinity under greenhouse conditions. Journal of Water and Soil Science, Vol. 5(1), pp. 93–101.


13. Parsa A.A., Karimian, N., 1975. Effect of sodium chloride on seedling growth of two major varieties of Iranian Pistachio. Journal of Horticultural Science, Vol. 50(1), pp. 41–46.


14. Behboodian, M.H., Walker, R.R., Torokfalvy, E., 1986. Effects of water stress and salinity on photosynthesis of Pistacho. Scientia Horticulturae. Vol. 29(3), pp. 251–261.


15. Zehtabian, G.R., Azarnivand, H., Sharifi Kashani, M.M., 2002. Effect of drought and salinity stress on three range species: Agropyron intermedium, Avena barbata and Panicum antidotale. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, Vol. 54(4), pp. 409–421. (In Persian)


16. Moradi, Gh., Fadaei, H., Etemad, V., Ghanbari, S., 2018. Effect of gibberellic acid and stratification on seed germination of wild pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) in Khajeh Kalat forest, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. Journal of Forest Research and Development, Vol. 4(3), pp. 319-330. (In Persian)


17. Heidari, M., Rahemi, M., 2003. Comparison of salinity effects on seed germination, growth and chemical composition of Pistacia mutica and two Pistacia vera cultivars seedlings. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, Vol. 10(2), pp. 357–370. (In Persian)


18. Sepaskhah, A.R., Maftoun, M., 1988. Relative salt tolerance of Pistachio cultivars. Journal of Horticultural Science, Vol. 63(1), pp. 157–162.


19. Moradi, Gh., Zahedi Amiri, Gh., 2012. Life forms of the plants in Irano-Tourani region and the situation of this region in the world. Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology, Vol. 16(3), pp. 77–91. (In Persian)


20. Moradi, Gh., Marvie Mohadjer, M.R., Zahedi Amiri, Gh., Shirvany, A., Zargham, N., 2010. Life form and geographical distribution of plants in Posthband region, Khonj, Fars Province, Iran. Journal of Forestry Research, Vol. 21(2), pp. 201-206.


21. ISTA, 1996. International Rules for Seed Testing. International Seed Testing Association.


22. Yosef-Zadeh, H., Spahbodi, K., Tabari, M., Jalali, Gh., 2007. Study of seed germination and efficiency of seedling of Maple (Acer velutinum Boiss.) seeds collected from 11 sites in Mazandaran forests. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Vol. 11(40), pp. 465-470. (In Persian)


23. Sepaskhah, A.R., Maftoun, M., Karimian, N., 1985. Growth and chemical composition of Pistachio as affected by salinity and applied iron. Journal of Horticultural Science, Vol. 60(1), pp. 115–121.


24. Al-Karaki, G.N., 2001. Germination, sodium and potassium concentrations of barley seeds as influenced by salinity. Journal of Plant Nutrition, Vol. 24(3), pp. 511–522.


25. Farkhah, A.S., Heydari Sharifabad, H., Ghorbanli, M., Shaker Bazarnou, H., 2003. Effects of salinity on seed germination of Salsola dendroides, Alhagi persarum and Aeluropus lagopoides. Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research, Vol. 10(2), pp. 1–14. (In Persian)


26. Rajabi, R., Postini, K., 2005. Effect of Nacl on thirty caltivars of bread whaet seed germination. Agricultural Science, Vol. 28(1), pp. 29–44. (In Persian)


27. Niu, X., Bressan, R.A., Hasegawa, P.M., Pardo, J.M., 1995. Ion homeostasis in NaCl stress environment. Plant Physiology, Vol. 109, pp. 735–742.


28. Moshtaghyan, M.B., Esmaeli Sharif, M., 1997. Effects of saline stress on germination and seedling growth of Nitraria shoberi. 2nd National Conference on Desertification and Method of Dedesertifcation, Kerman. (In Persian)


29. Rogers, M.E., Noble, C.L., Halloran, G.M., Nicolas, M.E., 1995. The effect of NaCl on germination and early seedling growth of Trifolium repens populations selected for high and low salinity tolerance. Seed Science and Technology, Vol. 23(2), pp. 227–228.


30. Asadi, F., Etemad, V., Moradi, Gh., Sepahvand, A., 2018. Effect of different irrigation and shade treatments on seedling production of Celtis caucasica Willd. Iranian Journal of Forest, Vol. 10(1), pp. 67-77. (In Persian)


31. Asadi, F., Etemad, V., Moradi, Gh., Sepahvand, A., 2018. Effect of irrigation and shade on biomass, leaf area and viability of Celtis caucasica Willd. Seedlings. Journal of Forest Research and Development, Vol. 4(3), pp. 331-345. (In Persian)