Evaluation of Soils Contamination around Aluminum Smelting Plant of Arak City by Aluminum, Iron, Manganese and Lead

Subject Areas : soil pollution

hanieh saberi kerahrodi ¹ , ahmad golchin ² , parisa alamdari ³

1 - M.Sc., Soil Science Departement, University of Zanjan,Iran
2 - Proffessor, Soil Science Departement, University of Zanjan,Iran
3 - Assistant Proffessor, Soil Science Departement, University of Zanjan,Iran*(Corresponding Authors)

Received: 2015-06-20 Accepted : 2016-01-10 Published : 2020-04-20

Keywords: Pollution intensity, Heavy Metals, Aluminum factory,

Abstract :

Background and Objective: With increase in the number of factories and industrialized cities, soil contamination is becoming an environmental problem in recent century. Considering the industrial activities of Arak city, the aims of this study was to evaluate metal contamination status of soils around Aluminum smelting factory of this city. Method: Ten composite samples were taken from the surface layers (0-15) of soils located in north-west and north-east directions of the factory with a distance interval of 1 km and up to a distance of 5 km from the factory. Total concentration of aluminum, iron, manganese and lead were extracted from the soil samples by acid and determined using ICP device. To determine the pollution intensity of the soils studied, contamination coefficient, degree of contamination, index of geo accumulation and enrichment factor were calculated for the soil samples. Findings: The results showed that the pollution intensities of soils by aluminum, iron, manganese and lead were higher in North West direction compared to North East direction and the total concentration of these elements were 41316.5, 23282.1, 567.13 and 71.04 mg/kg soil respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the contamination coefficients calculated for the soil samples, the pollution intensity of the soils, in the north-west direction, was considerable for aluminum and moderate for iron, manganese and lead and indicated that industrial activities of the factory caused moderately soil pollution by metals.

References:

1. Malakouti, M.J., 2005. Sustainable agriculture and increasing yield by optimizing fertilizer use in Iran.Tehran. Iran (In Persian).


2. Micó, C., Recatalá, L., Peris, M. and Sánchez, J., 2006. Assessing heavy metal sources in agricultural soils of a European Mediterranean area by multivariate analysis. Chemosphere, Vol. 65(5), pp. 863-872.


3. Wu, C. and Zhang, L., 2010. Heavy metal concentrations and their possible sources in paddy soils of a modern agricultural zone, southeastern China. Environmental Earth Sciences, Vol. 60 (1), pp. 45-56.


4. Kim, I.S., Choi, Y.S. and Jang, A., 1997. Remediation of polluted soil and sediment: perspectives and failures. In Proceedings of First International Conference on Contaminated Restoration, Ljublijan, Slovenia. pp. 83-90.


5. Yaron, B., Calvet, R. and Prost, R., 1996. Soil pollution: processes and dynamics. Springer Science and Business Media.


6. Wang, J., Zhang, C.B. and Jin, Z.X., 2009. The distribution and phytoavailability of heavy metal fraction in rhizosphere soils of paulowniu fortune (seem) Hems near a Pb/Zn smelter in Guangdong, PR China. Geoderma. Vol. 148, pp. 299-306.


7. Nikolić, Đ., Milošević, N., Živković, Ž. Mihajlović, I., Kovačević, R. and Petrović, N., 2011. Multi-criteria analysis of soil pollution by heavy metals in the vicinity of the Copper Smelting Plant in Bor (Serbia). Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society. Vol. 76 (4), pp. 625-641.


8. Wei, Y-L., 1996. Distribution study of priority pollutant PAHs from a laboratory aluminium-can chip smelting furnace. Journal of Hazardous Materials. Vol. 49, Pp. 267–80.


9. Nowak, P. and Brus, R., 1996. Doświadczalne i kliniczne aspekty neurotoksycznego działania glinu. Podst. Hig. Med. Dośw.  Vol. 50, pp. 621-633.‏


10. Perk, M., 2006. Soil and Water Contamination: From Molecular to Catchment Scale. Taylor and Francis group plc, London, UK.


11. Faiz, Y., Tufail, M., Javed, M.T. and Chaudhry, M.M., 2009. Road dust pollution of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn along Islamabad Expressway, Pakistan. Microchemical Journal, Vol. 92(2), Pp. 186-192.


12. Oliva, S.R. and Espinosa, A.F., 2007. Monitoring of heavy metals in topsoils, atmospheric particles and plant leaves to identify possible contamination sources. Microchemical Journal, Vol. 86(1), pp.  131-139.


13. Abrahim, G. M. S. and Parker, R. J., 2008. Assessment of heavy metal enrichment factors and the degree of contamination in marine sediments from Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 136, pp. 227-238.


14. Moore, F., Kargar, S. and Rastmanesh, F., 2013. Heavy metal concentration of soils affected by Zn-smelter activities in the Qeshm Island, Iran. Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran, Vol. 24(4), pp. 339-346.


15. Ipeaiyeda, A.R., Umo, N.S. and Okojevoh, G.E., 2012. Environmental Pollution Induced By an Aluminium Smelting Plant in Nigeria. Glo. J. Sci. Front. Res. Chem. 12:1.


16. Iwegbue, C.M.A., Bassey, F.I., Tesi, G.O., Nwajei, G.E. and Tsafe, A.I., 2013. Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils around Cassava Processing Mills in Sub-Urban Areas of Delta State, Southern Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, Vol. 21(2), pp. 96-104.


17. Etim, E.U. and Onianwa, P.C., 2013. Heavy Metal Pollution of Topsoil in the Vicinity of an Industrial Estate Co-Located with a Housing Estate in Southwestern Nigeria.


18. Moslempoor, M.E., Shahdadi, S., & naemi, R. 2012. Evaluation of toxic metal contamination around Khash Cement Plant in southeastern Iran. The first national conference on environmental protection and planning, Hamedan, Shahid Mofteh University (In Perisian).


19. Hseu, Z. Y., Chen, Z. S., Tsai, C. C., Tsui, C. C., Cheng, S. F., Liu, C. L., & Lin, H. T. 2002. Digestion methods for total heavy metals in sediments and soils. Water, air, and soil pollution, 141(1-4), 189-205.


20. Klute, A., 1986. Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Physical and mineralogical methods, (2nd Ed), Soil Science Society of American., Madison, Wisconsin, USA, and PP: 1189.


21. Walkley, A. and Black, I.A., 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil science, Vol. 37 (1), pp. 29-38.


22. Carter, M.R., 1993. Soil sampling and method of analysis. Canadian Society of Soil Science, Lewis Publishers.


23. Houba, V.J.G., Lexmond, T.M., Novozamsky, I. and Vander Lee, J.J., 1996. State of the art and future developments in soil analysis for bioavailability assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 178 (1), pp. 21-28.‏


24. Ergin, M., Saydam, C., Basturk, O., Erdem, E. and Yoruk, R., 1991. Heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments from the two coastal inlets (Golden Horn Estuary and Izmit Bay) of the northeastern Sea of Marmara. Chem. Geo, Vol. 91 (3), pp. 269–285.


25. Hakanson, L., 1980. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14 (8), pp. 975–1001.


26. Tijani, M.N. and Onodera, S., 2009. Hydro geochemical Assessment of metals contamination in an urban drainage system: A case study of Osogbo Township, SW-Nigeria". J. Water Resource and Protection, vol .3, pp 164-173.


27. Mendiola, L. M. and Guadalupe, L., 2008. Environmental Assessment of an Active Tailings Pile in the State of Mexico.


28. Huu, H.H., Rudy, S. and Damme, A.V., 2010. Distribution and contamination status of heavy metals in estuarine sediments near Cau Ong harbor, Ha Long Bay, Vietnam. Geol. Belgica, Vol.13, pp. 37-47.


29. Sutherland, R.A. 2000. Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Environmental Geology, 39: 6. 611-627.


30. Rubio, B., Nombela, M.A. and Vilas, F., 2000. Geochemistry of major and trace elements in sediments of the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain) an assessment of metal pollution, Marine Pollution Bulletin,Vol. 40 (11), pp. 968-980.


31. Payande, Kh. and Landi, A. 2007. Investigating the amount and impact of heavy metals resulting from the production activities of Ahwaz steel and rolling mills on soil quality, crop health and presenting phytoremediation method as a solution to improve it, 10th Congress of Soil Sciences, Karaj (In Persian).


32. Kabata-Pendias, A. and Mukherjee, A.B., 2007. Trace element from soil to human. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, p550.


33. Sparks, D.L., 2003. Environmental Soil Chemistry. Second Edition, Academic Press, p18.


34. Lindsay, W.L., 1979. Chemical equilibria in soils. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.


35. Goodarzi, F., Sanei, H. Labonte, L. and Duncan, W.F., 2003. Deposition of trace element in the trail region, British, Columbia. An Assessment of the environmental effect of a base metal smelter on land. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 573.


36. Solgi E., Esmaili-Sari, A., Riyahi-Bakhtiari, A. and Hadipour, M., 2012. Soil contamination of metals in the three industrial estates, Arak, Iran. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.Vol. 88(4), pp. 634-638.