Design and validation of high school distributed leadership questionnaire
Subject Areas : Educationkhalil gholami 1 , younes Sahranavard Nashtifan 2 , Salahedin Ebrahimi 3 , Yaser Sayadi 4
1 - Associate Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
2 - PhD in Educational Management, Allameh Tabataba`i University, Tehran, Iran.
3 - PhD in Educational Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
4 - Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran
Keywords: Secondary Schools, Distributed Leadership, Standard Questionnaire,
Abstract :
Introduction: Distributed leadership is one of the most popular theories in school environments today. This theory has a great impact on the improvement and performance of schools, the effectiveness of teachers and, consequently, student outputs. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to construct and validate a scale for the study of distributed leadership in secondary schools. research methodology: The statistical population included all high school teachers in Kurdistan province. In the first stage, 377 people and 6 months later, 321 people were studied by random sampling from different regions. In the first stage, the data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, using principal component analysis of direct ablation rotation with SPSS 23 software. In the second stage, the data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and AMOS 23 software. Findings: The results of the present study showed that the questionnaire for the study of distributed leadership has a four-factor structure including: school improvement and teacher professional development, trust-based interaction, democracy, and comprehensive support, which are measured using 25 statements. This questionnaire was named "Distributed Leadership Scale of Secondary Schools". Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the constructed scale has suitable psychometric properties for use in educational research in the field of educational leadership.
Abbasian, Hossein. Abolghasemi, Mahmoud. & Ghahremani, Mohammad. (2014). Structural Analysis of the Effect of Distributed Leadership Style on Academic Progress of Tehran Middle School Boys. Journal of Research in Educational Systems, 8 (24), 81-106. (in Persian).
Abdollahi, H., Abbaspour, A., Sahranavard Nashtifani, Y., Mina`I, A., & Gholami, K. (2019). Exploring Factors of Organizational Contexts in order to Developing Distributed Leadership in Primary Schools, Quarterly Journal of New Thoughts on Education, 14(4), 7-38. (in Persian).
Abdollahi, H., Sahranavard Nashtifani, Y., Abbaspour, A., Mina`I, A., & Gholami, K. (2019). Distributed Leadership in Tehran’s Elementary Schools: A Qualitative Exploration of Cultural Domains, Quarterly Journal of Education, 35(3), 35-58. (in Persian).
Adams, D. (2018), Mastering Theories of Educational Leadership and Management, University of Malaya Press, Kuala Lumpur.
Bennett, N., Wise, C., Woods, P. A., & Harvey, J. A. (2003). Distributed Leadership: A Review of Literature. National College for School LeadershiP.
BISSESSAR, C. (2014). Collaborative Leadership and Motivation as Examples of Education for All Goals 1, 3, 4, and 6 at Work in Seven Schools in Trinidad. Research in Comparative and International Education, 9-1.
Bolden, R., Petrov, G., & Gosling, J. (2009). Distributed Leadership in Higher Education: Rhetoric and Reality. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 37(2) 257–277.
Brace, N., Kemp, R., & Rosemary, S. (2003). SPSS for psychologists: A guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows, vol. vii. L. Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, 287. (Translated by Khadijeh Aliabadi and Ali Samadi). Tehran: Doran.
Brown, C., Flood, J., Armstrong, P., MacGregor, S., & Chinas, C. (2020). Is distributed leadership an effective approach for mobilizing professional capital across professional learning networks? Exploring a case from England. Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 1-15.
Burke, K.M. (2010). Distributed leadership and shared governance in post-secondary education. Management in Education, 24 (2), 51–54.
Burks, K. (2020), “International school leaders: finding success through distributed leadership practices”, Kappa Delta Pi Record, 56 (2), 52-54.
Bush, T. (2014). Applying distributed leadership across contexts. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 42 (5) 601–602.
Bush, T. (2015). Understanding instructional Leadership. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 43 (4) 487–489.
Bush, T. (2018). Prescribing distributed leadership: Is this a contradiction? Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46 (4): 535–537.
Bush, T. (2019), “Distributed leadership and bureaucracy: changing fashions in educational leadership”, Educational Management, Administration and Leadership, 47 (1), 3-4.
Bush, T. and Glover, D. (2014), “School leadership models: what do we know?”, School Leadership and Management, 34 (5), 553-571.
Bush, T., & Ng, Y. M. (2019). Distributed leadership and the Malaysia Education Blueprint: From prescription to partial school-based. Journal of Educational Administration, 57 (3), 279-295.
Campbell, L.M. (2015), “Exploring the leadership experiences of principal-identified teacher leaders in American pk-12 Christian schools contextualized in a distributed leadership environment: told from the teacher leaders’ perspectives”, [Unpublished doctoral dissertation], The George Washington University.
Chitpin, S. (2020). Decision making, distributed leadership and the objective knowledge growth framework. International Journal of Educational Management, 34 (2), 217-231.
Choi, S., & Schnurr, S. (2014). Exploring distributed leadership: Solving disagreements and egotiating consensus in a ‘leaderless’ team. Discourse Studies, 16 (1) 3 –24.
Crawford, M. (2012). Solo and Distributed Leadership: Definitions and Dilemmas. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 40 (5) 610–620.
DeCoster, J. (1998). Overview of Factor Analysis. Retrieved from http://www.stat-elp.com/notes.html.
Elmore, R. (2004). School reform from the inside out: Policy, practice and performance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.
Feng, Y., Hao, B., Iles, P., & Bown. (2017). Rethinking distributed leadership: dimensions, antecedents and team effectiveness. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38 (2):284-302.
Grenda, J.P., & Hackmann, D. G. (2014). Advantages and Challenges of Distributing Leadership in Middle-Level Schools. NASSP Bulletin, 98 (1) 53 –74.
Gressick, J. & Derry, S.J. (2010), “Distributed leadership in online groups”, International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 5 (2), 211-236.
Gronn, P. (2000). Distributed Properties: A New Architecture for Leadership. Educational Management & Administration, 28 (3) 317–338.
Gumus, S., Bellibas, M.S., Esen, M. & Gumus, E. (2018). “A systematic review of studies on leadership models in educational research from 1980 to 2014”, Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 46 (1), 25-48.
Hairon, S., & WP Goh, J. (2015). Pursuing the elusive construct of distributed leadership: Is the search over? Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 43 (5) 693–718.
Harris, A. (2010), “Distributed leadership: current evidence and future directions”, in Bush, T., Bell, L. and Middlewood, D. (Eds), The Principles of Educational Leadership and Management, Sage, London, 55-69.
Harris, A. (2012). Distributed leadership: implications for the role of the principal. Journal of Management Development, 31(1)7-17.
Harris, A. (2013). Distributed Leadership: Friend or Foe? Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 41(5) 545–554.
Harris, A. (2014). Distributed Leadership and school Improvement: Leading or Misleading? Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 32 (1) 11–24.
Harris, A., & DeFlaminis, J. (2016). Distributed leadership in practice: Evidence, misconceptions and possibilities. Management in Education, 30 (4), 141–146.
Harris, A., & Muijs, D. (2004). Improving schools through teacher leadership. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). (Translated by Abbas Abbaspour and Younes Sahranvard Nashtifani). Tehran: Allameh Tabatabai University.
Hartley, D. (2015). Economic crisis, technology and the management of education: The case of distributed leadership. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 1–11.
Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor Retention Decisions in Exploratory Factor Analysis: a Tutorial on Parallel Analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7 (2), 191–205.
Heikka, J., Pitkäniemi, H., Kettukangas, T., & Hyttinen, T. (2021). Distributed pedagogical leadership and teacher leadership in early childhood education contexts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP IN EDUCATION, 24 (3), 333–348.
Heikka, J., Waniganayake, M., & Hujala, E. (2013). Contextualizing distributed leadership within early childhood education: Current understandings, research evidence and future challenges. Educational Management, Administration & Leadership, 41 (4), 30‒44.
Homayeni Demirchi, A., Mirkamali, S.M., & Ezzati, M. (2015). Investigating the Relationship between Distributed Leadership and Scientific Optimism of Elementary Teachers in Public Boys' Schools in Tehran. Journal of Educational Leadership and Administration, 9 (4): 127-148. (in Persian).
Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 32, 179–185.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structural equation modeling: Sensitivity to underparametrized model misspicication. Psychological models, 3, 424–453.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structural analysis: Conventional criterai versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling, 6, 1–55.
Hulpia, H., Devos, G. & Rosseel, Y. (2009). Development and Validation of Scores on the Distributed Leadership Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 69 (6) 1013-1034.
Jaimes, I. J. (2009). Distributed leadership practices in schools: effect on the development of teacher leadership. Southern California: ProQuest LLC.
Jones, S., Harvey, M., Lefoe, G., & Ryland, K. (2014). Synthesising theory and practice: Distributed leadership in higher education. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 42 (5) 603–619.
Karriker, J.H., Madden, L.T., & Katell, L.A. (2017). Team Composition, Distributed Leadership and Performance: It’s good to Share. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 24(4), 507–518.
Klein, Powell. (2002). Easy guide to factor analysis, (translated by Seyed Jalal Sadrossadat and Asghar Mina`i). Tehran: Samt.
Liljenberg, M. (2015). Distributing leadership to establish developing and earning school organisations in the Swedish context. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 43 (1) 152–170.
Liu, L. (2021). Distributed leadership practices and student science performance through the four-path model: examining failure in underprivileged schools. Journal of Educational Administration, 1-21.
Liu, P. (2020). Motivating teachers’ commitment to change through distributed leadership in Chinese urban primary schools. International Journal of Educational Management, 34 (7), 1171-1183.
Lumby, J. (2013). Distributed Leadership: The Uses and Abuses of Power. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 41(5) 581–597.
Maruyama, G. M. (1998). Basics of structural equeation modeling. California: Sage Publications.
Mina`i, Asghar. (2007). investigating the factor structure of the Adult Adaptive Behavior Scale (): A secondary analysis. Quarterly Journal of Exceptional Children Research Institute, 3 (7), 163-176.
Mohammad, F., Abdollahi, B., & Azizi, M. (2017). Investigating the Mediating Role of Psychological Contract in the Relationship between Distributing Leadership and Knowledge Sharing. Organizational Behavior Studies Quarterly, 5 (4), 47-73. (in Persian).
Morettini, B. W., Luet, K. M., Vernon- Dotson, L. J., Nagib, N., & Krishnamurthy, S. (2018, Mar 29). Developing Teacher Leaders Using a Distributed Leadership Model: Five Signature Features of a School–University Partnership". In Teacher Leadership in Professional Development Schools, pp. 217-223.
Muthiah, V., Adams, D. & Abdullah, Z. (2020), “Distributed leadership and teachers’ affective commitment in international schools”, International Online Journal of Educational Leadership, 3 (2), 22-40.
Nasiri Valik Bani, F., & Ghanbari, E. (2016). Analysis of the Relationship between Distributed Leadership Style and Organizational Effectiveness of High Schools in Hamadan. Journal of Educational Research, 2(31), 110-132. (in Persian).
Nastizai, N., Kashanian, M., & Ghaeninejad, Z. (2018). The relationship between distributive leadership style and teachers' job performance and academic optimism. Journal of Career and Organization Counseling, 9 (31), 107-123. (in Persian).
Nawab, A., & Mujtaba Asad, M. (2020). Leadership practices of school principal through a distributed leadership lens: a case study of a secondary school in urban Pakistan. International Journal of Public Leadership, 16 (4), 411-422. (in Persian).
Oliveira, P., & Cunha, M. P. E. (2021). Centralized Decentralization, or Distributed Leadership as Paradox: The Case of the Patient Innovation’s COVID-19 Portal. JOURNAL OF CHANGE MANAGEMENT: REFRAMING LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICE, 21 (2), 203–221.
Rafigh, h., & Nemati, S. (2015). Preparing and practicing a Model to Investigate the Distributed Leadership Style of Principals and its Relationship with the empowerment of Human Resources at District Two of Sanandaj’s Secondary Schools. Journal of Modern Thoughts of Education, 10 (4), 37-41. (in Persian).
Rasouli, S., Nikpay, I., & Farahbakhsh, S. (2018).The Effect of Principals’ Distributed Leadership on Organizational Commitment of Teachers with Mediating Role of Organizational-based Self-esteem in Khorramabad Elementary Schools. Journal of Management and planning in educational systems. 10(1), 103-132. (in Persian).
Ross, L., Lutfi, G.A., & Hope, W.C. (2016). Distributed Leadership and Teachers’ Affective Commitment. NASSP Bulletin, 100(3), 159–169.
Sammut, R., Briffa, B., & Curtis, E. A. (2021). Distributed leadership and nurses’ job satisfaction: a survey. Leadership in Health Services, 34 (1), 37-51.
Spillane, J. P., & Diamond, J. B. (2016). School leadership and management from a distributed perspective: A 2016 retrospective and prospective. Management in Education, 30 (4), 147–154.
Spillane, J.P. (2016). Distributed Leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Spillane, J.P., Healey, K., & Parise, L. (2011) A distributed perspective on learning leadership. In: Robertson, J, Timperley, H (Eds) Leadership and Learning. London: SAGE, 159–168.
Sun, A., & Xia, J. (2018). Teacher-perceived distributed leadership, teacher self-efficacy and job satisfaction: A multilevel SEM approach using the 2013 TALIS data. International Journal of Educational Research, 92:87-97.
Sun, A., & Xia, J. (2018). Teacher-perceived distributed leadership, teacher self-efficacy and job satisfaction: A multilevel SEM approach using the 2013 TALIS data. International Journal of Educational Research, (92), 87-97.
Thien, L. M., Adams, D., & Koh, H. M. (2021). Nexus between distributed leadership, teacher academic optimism and teacher organisational commitment: a structural equation modelling analysis. International Journal of Educational Management, 35 (4), 830-847.
Thien, L.M. & Chan, S.Y. (2020), “One-size-fits-all? A cross-validation study of distributed leadership and teacher academic optimism”, Educational Management Administration and Leadership.
Thien, L.M. (2019), “Distributive leadership functions, readiness for change and teachers’ affective commitment to change: a partial least squares analysis”, Sage Open, 9, 21-15.
Tian, M., Risku, M, & Collin, K. (2016). A meta-analysis of distributed leadership from 2002 to 2013: Theory development, empirical evidence and future research focus. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 44 (1), 146–164.
Torres, D. (2019). Distributed leadership, professional collaboration, and teachers’ job satisfaction in U.S. schools. Teaching and Teacher Education, (79), 111-123.
Waniganayake, M., Rodd, J., & Gibbs, L. (Eds.). (2015). Thinking and learning about leadership: Early childhood research from Australia, Finland and Norway. Sydney: Community Child Care Cooperative NSW.
Woods, P.A., Bennett, N., Harvey, J.A., & Wise, C. (2004). Variabilities and Dualities in Distributed Leadership. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 32 (4), 439–457.
Yassini, Ali. Abbasian, Abdolhossein., & Yassini, Tahereh. (2013). the role of managers' distributive leadership style on the job performance of high school teachers in Mehran: Presenting a model. Quarterly Journal of New Approaches in Educational Management, 1 (13), 33-50. (in Persian).
Zahedbabalan, A., & karimianpour, G. (2019). The Effect of distributed leadership and psychological capital on commitment to change: the mediating role of self-efficacy of change. Transformation management journal, 10 (2), 1-20. (in Persian).
Zeinabadi, Hassan Reza., & Mohammadi, Fayegh. (2013). Consequences of school leadership distribution: A special look at teachers' organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Research in Educational Systems, 7 (22), 79-100. (in Persian).
_||_