Investigating the effect of Scenedesmus acuminates algae extract on healing wounds infected with Staphylococcus aureus in a rat model

Subject Areas : Journal of Comparative Pathobiology

هومن Akasheh, ¹ , علیرضا Jahandideh ² , امیر اقبال Khajerahimi ³ , شاپور Kakoolaki ⁴ , سعید Hesaraki ⁵

1 - Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 - Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3 - Department of Food hygiene and Aquatic Animal Health Science, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
4 - Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Iranian Fisheries Research Organization, Tehran, Iran.
5 - Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

Received: 2022-10-13 Accepted : 2023-01-01 Published : 2023-01-01

Keywords: Algae, Scenedesmus acuminatus, Wound Healing, Staphylococcus aureus, CD68,

Abstract :

The purpose of this study is to use a seaweed called Scenedesmus acuminates to reduce infection and heal wounds. Sixty rats were divided into four treatment groups, and sampling was done on the third, seventh, and fourteenth days after wound formation. No treatment was done on the first group, the control group. The second group was treated with 25% zinc oxide as the drug of choice. The third and fourth groups were treated with 3% and 7% Scenedesmus acuminates seaweed ointment. The back wounds of mice were infected with 50 microliters of 2x108 CFU/mL Staphylococcus containing suspension. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry (CD68) were performed to compare the number of macrophages on tissue samples. On the third day after wounding, macrophages (CD68) were present in the algae group by 7% more than in the other groups. On the seventh day, fibroplasia and collagen synthesis in the algae group was 7% better than in the other two groups. On the 14th day, the accumulation of new blood vessels in the algae was 7% more than the others. The best result regarding the CD68 (macrophage) molecule expression level was seen in the 7% algae group on the 7th and 14th days. On the third, seventh, and fourteenth days, when macrophages are helpful, algae groups were better than others. The use of algae ointment can reduce the bacterial load of the wound and is better than the administration of zinc oxide. 

References:

10. 
    
    
    
    1. 
       
       
       
       1. Enoch S, Leaper DJ. Basic science of wound healing. Surgery (Oxford). 2008;26(2):31-7.
       
       
       2. Belachew TF, Asrade S, Geta M, Fentahun E. In vivo evaluation of wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of 80% methanol crude flower extract of Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) JF Gmel in mice. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2020;2020.
       
       
       3. Bao P, Kodra A, Tomic-Canic M, Golinko MS, Ehrlich HP, Brem H. The Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Wound Healing. Journal of Surgical Research. 2009;153(2):347-58.
       
       
       4. Parastan R, Kargar M, Solhjoo K, Kafilzadeh F. Staphylococcus aureus biofilms: Structures, antibiotic resistance, inhibition, and vaccines. Gene Reports. 2020;20:100739.
       
       
       5. Negut I, Dorcioman G, Grumezescu V. Scaffolds for Wound Healing Applications. Polymers. 2020;12(9):2010.
       
       
       6. Kannan M, Pushparaj A, Dheeba B, Nageshwari K, Kannan K. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of marine algae Gracilaria corticata and Spirulina platensis. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2014;6(11):312-18.
       
       
       7. Namvar F, Baharara J, Mahdi AA. Antioxidant and anticancer activities of selected persian gulf algae. Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB. 2014;29(1):13-20.
       
       
       8. Athitya L, Bharath V, Nellore J, Prakash P. Screening of Gracilaria corticata Extracts for Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2018;11(9):3848-50.
       
       
       9. Nagaoka M, Shibata H, Kimura-Tagaki I, Hashimoto S, Aiyama R, Ueyama S, et al. Anti-ulcer effects and biological activities of polysaccharides from marine algae. Biofactors. 2000;12(1/4):267-74.
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       10. Arguelles E. Proximate analysis, antibacterial activity, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of a green microalga Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turpin) Brébisson. Asian J Microbiol, Biotechnol Environ Sci. 2018;20(1):150-8.
       
       
       11. Wu D, Wei D, Du M, Ming S, Ding Q, Tan R. Targeting Antibacterial Effect and Promoting of Skin Wound Healing After Infected with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus for the Novel Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine. 2021;16:4031-44.
       
       
       12. Khoo R, Jansen S. The Evolving Field of Wound Measurement Techniques: A Literature Review. Wounds. 2016;28(6):175-81.
       
       
       13. Nisbet HO, Nisbet C, Yarim M, Guler A, Ozak A. Effects of three types of honey on cutaneous wound healing. Wounds: a Compendium of Clinical Research and Practice. 2010;22(11):275-83.
       
       
       14. Oliveira GA, Carissimi E, Monje-Ramírez I, Velasquez-Orta SB, Rodrigues RT, Ledesma MTO. Comparison between coagulation-flocculation and ozone-flotation for Scenedesmus microalgal biomolecule recovery and nutrient removal from wastewater in a high-rate algal pond. Bioresource technology. 2018;259:334-42.
       
       
       15. Anand V, Kashyap M, Ghosh A, Kiran B. Spectroscopic insights exploring triacylglyceride accumulation in Scenedesmus sp. via biomolecular transitions. Bioresource Technology Reports. 2020;12:100593.
       
       
       16. Adolph S, Jung V, Rattke J, Pohnert G. Wound Closure in the Invasive Green Alga Caulerpa taxifolia by Enzymatic Activation of a Protein Cross-Linker. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2005;44(18):2806-8.
       
       
       17. Madkour FF, Hassan MM, Abdo W, Khalil WF. Wound healing activity of brown algae plus polyherbal extract in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research. 2013;3(3):102-8.
       
       
       18. Premarathna AD, Ranahewa TH, Wijesekera SK, Wijesundara RRMKK, Jayasooriya AP, Wijewardana V, et al. Wound healing properties of aqueous extracts of Sargassum illicifolium: An in vitro assay. Wound Medicine. 2019;24(1):1-7.
       
       
       19. Akashe H, Jahandideh A, Khajehrahimi A, Kakoolaki S, Hesaraki S. The Effect of Gracilaria Corticata and Scenedesmus Acuminates Extract Mixture on the Healing of Wounds Contaminated with Staphylococcus in the Rat Model. Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine. 2022;10(1):e70-e.