Effects of Potassium and Nitrogen Fertilizer Applications on Yield and Lodging of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Different Irrigation Regimes
Subject Areas : Journal of Crop EcophysiologyZahra Rabiei 1 , Naser Mohammadin Roshan 2 , Seyyed Mostafa Sadeghi 3 , Ebrahim Amiri 4 , HamidReza Doroudian 5
1 - Ph.D. Student of Agronomy, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran
2 - Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan,Iran
3 - Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran
4 - Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan,Iran
5 - Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan,Iran
Keywords: Yield, Rice, Potassium, Cellulose, Loading,
Abstract :
To evaluate the effects of potassium and nitrogen fertilizers on yield and lodging characteristics of Gilaneh rice cultivar under two irrigation regimes (permanent flooding and irrigation with to 10 days interval) a field split split plot experiment based on complete randomized block design with 3 replications in Rasht. Nitrogen and potassium fertilizers used were at the 0, 60 and 120 kg.ha-1 and 0, 80 and 160 kg.ha-1 as sub and sub sub factor, respectively. The results showed that the highest seed yield obtained about 3713 kg.ha-1 from permanent flooding with the application of 120 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer and 80 kg.ha-1 of potassium fertilizer and the lowest yield 634 kg.ha-1 from 10 days irrigation interval, without using of potassium and nitrogen fertilizers. The 10-day irrigation interval reduced the bending moment of the internode 4 by 40%. With increasing the rate of potassium fertilizer, the lodging index of intermediate 4 decreased, which was due to the increase of cellulose content by 60% in this intermediate. Increasing nitrogen and potassium fertilizers decreased the lodging index at internodes 3 and 4. Irrigation at 10 days intervals decreased plant height, internode bending moment, cellulose and hemicellulose and seed yield It increased lodging index of intermediate, butincreasing fertilizer levels in both irrigation regimes had adverse effect on the traits under study.
Akhgary, H. 2004. Rice; agronomy, ratooning, nutrition. Published: Islamic Azad University of Rasht (Iran). (In Persian).
Alhassan, I., and A.M. Saddiqe. 2016. Effects of irrigation frequency and nitrogen fertilizer application on yield and water use efficiency of lowland rice (Oryza sativa) in Northeastern Nigeria. MAYFEB Journal of Agricultural Science. 4: 20-27.
Allahgholipour, M., M. Kavousi, F. Majidi, M.R. Yazdani, N. Sharafi, and H. Shafie Sabet. 2018. Gilaneh, a new rice cultivar with origin of Iranian landrace varieties. Research Achievements for Field and Horticulture 7(2): 277-289. (In Persian).
Amano, T., Q. Zhu, Y. Wang, N. Inoue, and H. Tanaka. 1993. Case studies on high yields of paddy rice in Jiangsu province, China. II. Analysis of characters related to lodging. Journal Crop Science. 62 (2): 275–281.
Aminpanah, H., H. Sharifi, and A.A. Ebadi. 2018. Evaluation of drought stress response in some rice lines using stress tolerance indices. Iranian Journal of Crop Research. 16(1): 191-202. (In Persian).
2002. SAS. The SAS system for Windows. Release 9.0. SAS Inst., Cary, NC. US.
2019. Guilan meteorological quarterly statistics. 24 pp. (In Persian).
Asadi, A., N. Mohammadian Roshan, A. Fallah, and S. M. Sadeghi. 2013. Evaluation of the effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizers, silica and crop densities on rice index, yield and yield components of rice grain (Oryza sativa). National Passive Defense in Agriculture, Qeshm. (In Persian).
Asadi, R., A. Alizadeh, H. Ansari, M. Kavousi, and A. Amiri. 2016. The effect of water and nitrogen consumption on yield, yield components and water productivity in rice cultivation. Water Research in Agriculture. 30(2): 157-145. (In Persian).
Ashouri, M. 2012. The Effect of water saving irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on rice production in paddy fields of Iran. International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics. 2(1): 56-59.
Bagheri, R.H., R. Mobasser, A. Ghanbari-Malidarreh, and S. Dastan. 2011. Effect of seedling age and potassium rates on morphological traits related-lodging, yield and yield components of rice (Oryza sativa) In Iran. American-Eurasian Journal Agriculture and Environmental Science. 11 (2): 261-268. (In Persian).
Bouman, B.A.M., S. Peng, A. R. Castaneda, and R. M. Visperas. 2005. Yield and water use of irrigated tropical aerobic rice systems. Agricultural Water Management. 74: 87-105.
Broomand, M., M. Esfahani, M.R. Alizadeh, and A. Alami. 2013. Evaluation of morphological characteristics related to lodging in native and improved rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars. Cereal Research. 3(3): 181-195. (In Persian).
Carmelita, M., R. Alberto, R. Wassmann, T. Hirano, A. Miyata, R. Hatano, A. Kumar, A. Padre, and M. Amante. 2011. Comparisons of energy balance and evapotranspiration between flooded and aerobic rice fields in the Philippines. Agricultural Water Management. 98: 1417-1430.
Dastan, S., M. Siavoshi, D. Zakavi, A. Ghanbari Malidarreh, R. Yadi, E. Ghorbannia Delavar, and A.R. Nasiri. 2012. Application of nitrogen and silicon rates on morphological and chemical lodging related characteristics in rice (Oryza sativa) at North of Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science. 4(6). 11-18. (In Persian).
Esfahani, M., S.M. Sadrzadeh, M. Kavousi, and A. Dabbagh Mohammadinasab. 2005. Effects of different amounts of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on the yield, yield components, and growth of Caspian rice cultivar. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 7(3):226-240. (In Persian).
Faraji, F., M. Esfahani, M. Kavousi, M. Nahvi, and B. Rabiee. 2017. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer quantities and manner on growth and yield indices of Caspian rice. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 43 (2): 333-323. (In Persian).
Farazi, M., M. Goldani, M. Nasiriyah Mahallati, A. Nezami, and J. Rezaei. 2018. The effect of foliar application of silica and potash in addition to soil application of potassium on quantitative and qualitative yield of sugar beet under moisture stress. Applied Research in Field Crops. 31(3): 1-19. (In Persian).
Farokh, A.R., M. Kavosi, A. Mehrdad lomar, T. Razavipour, and M, Rezaei. 2009. Influence of different levels of nitrogen and potassium on yield and its correlated traits in rice. Journal of Crop Breeding. 1(1): 54-66. (In Persian).
Fusheing, L. 2006. Potassium and water interaction. International Workshop on Soil Potassium and K Fertilizer Management. Guangxi University, Nanning, China. Pp:1-32.
Ghanbari, A., B. Fakheri, E. Amiri, and A. Tavassoli. 2014. Evaluation nitrogen and radiation use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under irrigation levels. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 8(1): 41-56. (In Persian).
Ghasemi Lemraski, M., G. Normohammadi, H. Madani, H. Heidari Sharifabad, and H.R. Mobaser. Effect of silicon and potassium foliar application and nitrogen rates on yield and yield components of Iranian rice cultivars, Tarom Hashemi and Tarom Mahalli. New Finding in Agriculture. 9(1): 47-66. (In Persian).
Ghasemi Minaei, A., H.R. Mobser, H. Madani, and S. Dastan. 2011. Results of silica and potassium application on morphological characteristics of loading quantitative yield of Tarom Hashemi rice. New Finding in Agriculture. 5(4): 423-67435. (In Persian).
Hoshikawa, K., and S.B. Wang. 1990. Studies on lodging in rice plant I: A general observation on lodged rice culms. Japan Journal Crop Science. 59(4): 809-814.
Htun, K.M.M., S.S. Thein, S.S. Toe, and K. Ngwe. 2017. Effects of different rates of potassium fertilizer on rice productivity with or without rice husk ash in Minbya soil. Journal of Agricultural Research. 4(1). 30-38.
Islam, M.S., S. Peng, R.M. Visperas, N. Erful, M.S.U. Bhuiya, and A.W. Julwquar. 2007. Lodging related morphological trait of hybrid rice in a tropical irrigated ecosystem. Field Crops Research. 101: 240-248.
Jabran K., and B.S. Chauhan. 2015. Weed management in aerobic rice systems. Crop Protection. 78: 151-163.
Ju, X.T., G.X. Xing, X.P. Chen, S.L. Zhang, L.J. Zhang, X.J. Liu, Z.L. Cui, B. Yin, P. Christiea, Z.L. Zhu, and F.S. Zhang. 2009. Reducing environmental risk byimproving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems. Protection National Academic Science U. S. A. 106: 3041–3046.
Kashiwagi, T., H. Sasaki, and K. Ishimaru. 2005. Factors responsible for decreasing sturdiness of the lower part in lodging of rice (Oryza sativa). Journal of Plant Production Science. 8 (2): 166-172.
Kavousi, M., and M. Allahgholipour. 2017. Effect of dividend and nitrogen fertilizer on growth and grain yield of two rice cultivars (Oryza sativa. L) (Gilaneh and Abji Boji). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 2(19):165-180. (In Persian).
Khosravi, Y., S. Dastan, H. Mobaser, and M. Nasri. 2011. Effects of nitrogen stress and cycocel application on versus-related properties and yield of rice grains in Tarom Dilmani cultivar. Crop Production Research. 3(4): 409-419. (In Persian).
Kokubo, A., S. Kuraishi, and N. Sakurai. 1989. Culm strength of barley. Plant Physiology. 91: 876-882.
Kono, M. 1995. Physiological aspects of lodging. In: Matsuo, T., K. Kumazawa, K. Ishii, K. Ishihara, and H. Hirata, (Eds.). Science of the Rice Plant. Vol. 2. Physiology, Food and Agriculture Policy Research Center. Tokyo, Japan.
Leza, M.R.C., S. Peng, A.L. Sanico, R.M. Visperas, and S. Akita. 2001. Higher leaf area growth rate contributes to greater vegetative growth of F1 rice hybrids in the tropics. Journal of Plant Production Science. 4 (3): 184-188.
Li, H.J., X.J. Zhang, W.J. Li, Z.J. Xu, and H. Xu. 2009. Lodging resistance in japonica rice varieties with different panicle types. Chinese Journal of Rice Science. 23(2): 191-196.
Lopez, L.A.M., R.M. Rivera, O.R. Herrera, and W.T. Naval. 2019. Relatiohip between growth traits and yield formation in Indica-type rice crop. Agronomy Mesoam. 230(1):79-100.
Mahajana, G.B., Chauhanb, J. Timsinab, P.P. Singha, and K. Singha. 2012. Crop performance and water and nitrogen use efficiencies in dry seeded rice in response to irrigation and fertilizer amounts in northwest India. Field Crops Research. 134: 59–70.
Mahbub, M.A., M. Khanam, M.S. Rahman, M.A. Hossain, and A.R. Gomosta. 2006. Determination of lodging characters of some BRRI recommended rice varieties at three nitrogen levels during wet season in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Botany. 35: 117-124.
Malakouti, M. J. 2000. Requirement for inhibition of potassium depletion from the paddy land soils of North Country. Ministry of Agriculture publication. Technical Issue. No: 62. (In Persian).
Malakouti, J. 1999. Comprehensive method of diagnosis and the necessity of optimal use of chemical fertilizers. Fourth Edition. Tarbiat Modares University Scientific Works Publishing Office. 131p. (In Persian).
Mohammadi, S., M. Nahvi, and A. Mohadesi. 2013. The effect of irrigation interval on vegetative different stage on yield component in rice line and varieties. Agronomy Journal. 107: 108-114.
Mousavi, S.Gh., U.L. Mohammadi, R. Baradaran, M.J. Saghafe-Islami, and E. Amiri. 2015. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer amounts on morphological traits, yield and yield components of three rice cultivars. Iranian Journal of Crop Research. 13 (1). 146-152. (In Persian).
Pandey, V., and A. Shukla. 2015. Acclimation and tolerance strategies of rice under drought stress. Rice Science. 22(4). 147-161.
Quampah, A., R.M. Wang, I.H. Shamsi, G. Jilani, Q. Zhang, S. Hua, and H. Xu. 2011. Improving water productivity by potassium application in various rice genotypes. International Journal Agriculture Biology. 13: 9–17.
Rezaei, A. 2010. Investigation of the effects of silica and potassium in two planting arrangements on agronomic and morphological characteristics of Tarom Mahali cultivar. Master Thesis in Agriculture. Islamic Azad University (Oryza stiva) affiliated to Vers in rice of Ghaemshahr Branch. 102 Pp. (In Persian).
Sadati Valojai, S.T., Y. Niknejad, H. Fallah and D. Barari Tari. 2021. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nano- fertilizers on growth and seed of two rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15(1): 37-56. (In Persian).
Sarmadnia, Gh., and A. Kochaki. 1990. Crop physiology. University of Mashhad Press. (In Persian).
Shomali, R., A.A. Abdolzadeh, G.R. Haddadchi, and H.R. Sadeghipour. 2007. Effect of different potassium and iron concentration on growth, ion contents and some biochemical parameters in rice (var. Tarem). Agronomy and Plant Breeding. 14(5):15-31. (In Persian).
Sommer, M., D. Kaczorek, Y. Kuzyakov, and J. Breuer. 2006. Silicon pools and fluxes in soils and landscapes- a review. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 169: 310-329.
Tabbal, D.F., B.A.M. Bouman, S.L. Bhuiyan, E.B. Sibayan, and M.A. Sattar. 2002. On-farm strategies for reducing water input in irrigated rice; case studies in the Philippines. Agriculture Water Management. 56. 93–112.
Velaei, A., M. Yousefi Deylami, M. Nasiri, and M. Omrani. 2018. Rice weed management executive instructions. Plant Protection Organization. 970958.
Wang, Zh., B. Weiyang, S. Sarah, H. Zhang, L. Liu, J. Yang, and J. Zhang. 2016. Grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of rice as influencedby irrigation regimes and their interaction with nitrogen rates. Field Crops Research. 193: 54–69.
Williams, J., and S.G. Smith. 2001. Correcting potassium deficiency can reduce rice stem diseases. Better Crop. 85: 7-9.
Yazdpour, H. 2014. The role of nanosilicon and other sources of silica in nitrogen and phosphorus absorption, wort index and quantitative and qualitative yield of rice (Oryza sativa). Ph.D. Thesis in Agriculture, Physiology of Crops. Agriculture and natural resources. Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran. 275 Pp. (In Persian).
Zaman, U., Z. Ahmad1, M. Farooq, S. Saeed, M. Ahmad, and A. Wakeel. 2015. Potassium fertilization may improve stem strength and yield of basnati rice grown on nitrogen-fertilized soils. Pakistan Journal Agriculture Science. 52(2): 437-443.
Zhong, C,. X. Cao, Zh. Bai, J. Zhang, L. Zhu, and J. Qianyu. 2017. Nitrogen metabolism correlates with the acclimation of photosynthesis toshort-term water stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 125: 52–62.
_||_Akhgary, H. 2004. Rice; agronomy, ratooning, nutrition. Published: Islamic Azad University of Rasht (Iran). (In Persian).
Alhassan, I., and A.M. Saddiqe. 2016. Effects of irrigation frequency and nitrogen fertilizer application on yield and water use efficiency of lowland rice (Oryza sativa) in Northeastern Nigeria. MAYFEB Journal of Agricultural Science. 4: 20-27.
Allahgholipour, M., M. Kavousi, F. Majidi, M.R. Yazdani, N. Sharafi, and H. Shafie Sabet. 2018. Gilaneh, a new rice cultivar with origin of Iranian landrace varieties. Research Achievements for Field and Horticulture 7(2): 277-289. (In Persian).
Amano, T., Q. Zhu, Y. Wang, N. Inoue, and H. Tanaka. 1993. Case studies on high yields of paddy rice in Jiangsu province, China. II. Analysis of characters related to lodging. Journal Crop Science. 62 (2): 275–281.
Aminpanah, H., H. Sharifi, and A.A. Ebadi. 2018. Evaluation of drought stress response in some rice lines using stress tolerance indices. Iranian Journal of Crop Research. 16(1): 191-202. (In Persian).
2002. SAS. The SAS system for Windows. Release 9.0. SAS Inst., Cary, NC. US.
2019. Guilan meteorological quarterly statistics. 24 pp. (In Persian).
Asadi, A., N. Mohammadian Roshan, A. Fallah, and S. M. Sadeghi. 2013. Evaluation of the effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizers, silica and crop densities on rice index, yield and yield components of rice grain (Oryza sativa). National Passive Defense in Agriculture, Qeshm. (In Persian).
Asadi, R., A. Alizadeh, H. Ansari, M. Kavousi, and A. Amiri. 2016. The effect of water and nitrogen consumption on yield, yield components and water productivity in rice cultivation. Water Research in Agriculture. 30(2): 157-145. (In Persian).
Ashouri, M. 2012. The Effect of water saving irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on rice production in paddy fields of Iran. International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics. 2(1): 56-59.
Bagheri, R.H., R. Mobasser, A. Ghanbari-Malidarreh, and S. Dastan. 2011. Effect of seedling age and potassium rates on morphological traits related-lodging, yield and yield components of rice (Oryza sativa) In Iran. American-Eurasian Journal Agriculture and Environmental Science. 11 (2): 261-268. (In Persian).
Bouman, B.A.M., S. Peng, A. R. Castaneda, and R. M. Visperas. 2005. Yield and water use of irrigated tropical aerobic rice systems. Agricultural Water Management. 74: 87-105.
Broomand, M., M. Esfahani, M.R. Alizadeh, and A. Alami. 2013. Evaluation of morphological characteristics related to lodging in native and improved rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars. Cereal Research. 3(3): 181-195. (In Persian).
Carmelita, M., R. Alberto, R. Wassmann, T. Hirano, A. Miyata, R. Hatano, A. Kumar, A. Padre, and M. Amante. 2011. Comparisons of energy balance and evapotranspiration between flooded and aerobic rice fields in the Philippines. Agricultural Water Management. 98: 1417-1430.
Dastan, S., M. Siavoshi, D. Zakavi, A. Ghanbari Malidarreh, R. Yadi, E. Ghorbannia Delavar, and A.R. Nasiri. 2012. Application of nitrogen and silicon rates on morphological and chemical lodging related characteristics in rice (Oryza sativa) at North of Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science. 4(6). 11-18. (In Persian).
Esfahani, M., S.M. Sadrzadeh, M. Kavousi, and A. Dabbagh Mohammadinasab. 2005. Effects of different amounts of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on the yield, yield components, and growth of Caspian rice cultivar. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 7(3):226-240. (In Persian).
Faraji, F., M. Esfahani, M. Kavousi, M. Nahvi, and B. Rabiee. 2017. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer quantities and manner on growth and yield indices of Caspian rice. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 43 (2): 333-323. (In Persian).
Farazi, M., M. Goldani, M. Nasiriyah Mahallati, A. Nezami, and J. Rezaei. 2018. The effect of foliar application of silica and potash in addition to soil application of potassium on quantitative and qualitative yield of sugar beet under moisture stress. Applied Research in Field Crops. 31(3): 1-19. (In Persian).
Farokh, A.R., M. Kavosi, A. Mehrdad lomar, T. Razavipour, and M, Rezaei. 2009. Influence of different levels of nitrogen and potassium on yield and its correlated traits in rice. Journal of Crop Breeding. 1(1): 54-66. (In Persian).
Fusheing, L. 2006. Potassium and water interaction. International Workshop on Soil Potassium and K Fertilizer Management. Guangxi University, Nanning, China. Pp:1-32.
Ghanbari, A., B. Fakheri, E. Amiri, and A. Tavassoli. 2014. Evaluation nitrogen and radiation use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under irrigation levels. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 8(1): 41-56. (In Persian).
Ghasemi Lemraski, M., G. Normohammadi, H. Madani, H. Heidari Sharifabad, and H.R. Mobaser. Effect of silicon and potassium foliar application and nitrogen rates on yield and yield components of Iranian rice cultivars, Tarom Hashemi and Tarom Mahalli. New Finding in Agriculture. 9(1): 47-66. (In Persian).
Ghasemi Minaei, A., H.R. Mobser, H. Madani, and S. Dastan. 2011. Results of silica and potassium application on morphological characteristics of loading quantitative yield of Tarom Hashemi rice. New Finding in Agriculture. 5(4): 423-67435. (In Persian).
Hoshikawa, K., and S.B. Wang. 1990. Studies on lodging in rice plant I: A general observation on lodged rice culms. Japan Journal Crop Science. 59(4): 809-814.
Htun, K.M.M., S.S. Thein, S.S. Toe, and K. Ngwe. 2017. Effects of different rates of potassium fertilizer on rice productivity with or without rice husk ash in Minbya soil. Journal of Agricultural Research. 4(1). 30-38.
Islam, M.S., S. Peng, R.M. Visperas, N. Erful, M.S.U. Bhuiya, and A.W. Julwquar. 2007. Lodging related morphological trait of hybrid rice in a tropical irrigated ecosystem. Field Crops Research. 101: 240-248.
Jabran K., and B.S. Chauhan. 2015. Weed management in aerobic rice systems. Crop Protection. 78: 151-163.
Ju, X.T., G.X. Xing, X.P. Chen, S.L. Zhang, L.J. Zhang, X.J. Liu, Z.L. Cui, B. Yin, P. Christiea, Z.L. Zhu, and F.S. Zhang. 2009. Reducing environmental risk byimproving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems. Protection National Academic Science U. S. A. 106: 3041–3046.
Kashiwagi, T., H. Sasaki, and K. Ishimaru. 2005. Factors responsible for decreasing sturdiness of the lower part in lodging of rice (Oryza sativa). Journal of Plant Production Science. 8 (2): 166-172.
Kavousi, M., and M. Allahgholipour. 2017. Effect of dividend and nitrogen fertilizer on growth and grain yield of two rice cultivars (Oryza sativa. L) (Gilaneh and Abji Boji). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 2(19):165-180. (In Persian).
Khosravi, Y., S. Dastan, H. Mobaser, and M. Nasri. 2011. Effects of nitrogen stress and cycocel application on versus-related properties and yield of rice grains in Tarom Dilmani cultivar. Crop Production Research. 3(4): 409-419. (In Persian).
Kokubo, A., S. Kuraishi, and N. Sakurai. 1989. Culm strength of barley. Plant Physiology. 91: 876-882.
Kono, M. 1995. Physiological aspects of lodging. In: Matsuo, T., K. Kumazawa, K. Ishii, K. Ishihara, and H. Hirata, (Eds.). Science of the Rice Plant. Vol. 2. Physiology, Food and Agriculture Policy Research Center. Tokyo, Japan.
Leza, M.R.C., S. Peng, A.L. Sanico, R.M. Visperas, and S. Akita. 2001. Higher leaf area growth rate contributes to greater vegetative growth of F1 rice hybrids in the tropics. Journal of Plant Production Science. 4 (3): 184-188.
Li, H.J., X.J. Zhang, W.J. Li, Z.J. Xu, and H. Xu. 2009. Lodging resistance in japonica rice varieties with different panicle types. Chinese Journal of Rice Science. 23(2): 191-196.
Lopez, L.A.M., R.M. Rivera, O.R. Herrera, and W.T. Naval. 2019. Relatiohip between growth traits and yield formation in Indica-type rice crop. Agronomy Mesoam. 230(1):79-100.
Mahajana, G.B., Chauhanb, J. Timsinab, P.P. Singha, and K. Singha. 2012. Crop performance and water and nitrogen use efficiencies in dry seeded rice in response to irrigation and fertilizer amounts in northwest India. Field Crops Research. 134: 59–70.
Mahbub, M.A., M. Khanam, M.S. Rahman, M.A. Hossain, and A.R. Gomosta. 2006. Determination of lodging characters of some BRRI recommended rice varieties at three nitrogen levels during wet season in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Botany. 35: 117-124.
Malakouti, M. J. 2000. Requirement for inhibition of potassium depletion from the paddy land soils of North Country. Ministry of Agriculture publication. Technical Issue. No: 62. (In Persian).
Malakouti, J. 1999. Comprehensive method of diagnosis and the necessity of optimal use of chemical fertilizers. Fourth Edition. Tarbiat Modares University Scientific Works Publishing Office. 131p. (In Persian).
Mohammadi, S., M. Nahvi, and A. Mohadesi. 2013. The effect of irrigation interval on vegetative different stage on yield component in rice line and varieties. Agronomy Journal. 107: 108-114.
Mousavi, S.Gh., U.L. Mohammadi, R. Baradaran, M.J. Saghafe-Islami, and E. Amiri. 2015. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer amounts on morphological traits, yield and yield components of three rice cultivars. Iranian Journal of Crop Research. 13 (1). 146-152. (In Persian).
Pandey, V., and A. Shukla. 2015. Acclimation and tolerance strategies of rice under drought stress. Rice Science. 22(4). 147-161.
Quampah, A., R.M. Wang, I.H. Shamsi, G. Jilani, Q. Zhang, S. Hua, and H. Xu. 2011. Improving water productivity by potassium application in various rice genotypes. International Journal Agriculture Biology. 13: 9–17.
Rezaei, A. 2010. Investigation of the effects of silica and potassium in two planting arrangements on agronomic and morphological characteristics of Tarom Mahali cultivar. Master Thesis in Agriculture. Islamic Azad University (Oryza stiva) affiliated to Vers in rice of Ghaemshahr Branch. 102 Pp. (In Persian).
Sadati Valojai, S.T., Y. Niknejad, H. Fallah and D. Barari Tari. 2021. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nano- fertilizers on growth and seed of two rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15(1): 37-56. (In Persian).
Sarmadnia, Gh., and A. Kochaki. 1990. Crop physiology. University of Mashhad Press. (In Persian).
Shomali, R., A.A. Abdolzadeh, G.R. Haddadchi, and H.R. Sadeghipour. 2007. Effect of different potassium and iron concentration on growth, ion contents and some biochemical parameters in rice (var. Tarem). Agronomy and Plant Breeding. 14(5):15-31. (In Persian).
Sommer, M., D. Kaczorek, Y. Kuzyakov, and J. Breuer. 2006. Silicon pools and fluxes in soils and landscapes- a review. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 169: 310-329.
Tabbal, D.F., B.A.M. Bouman, S.L. Bhuiyan, E.B. Sibayan, and M.A. Sattar. 2002. On-farm strategies for reducing water input in irrigated rice; case studies in the Philippines. Agriculture Water Management. 56. 93–112.
Velaei, A., M. Yousefi Deylami, M. Nasiri, and M. Omrani. 2018. Rice weed management executive instructions. Plant Protection Organization. 970958.
Wang, Zh., B. Weiyang, S. Sarah, H. Zhang, L. Liu, J. Yang, and J. Zhang. 2016. Grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of rice as influencedby irrigation regimes and their interaction with nitrogen rates. Field Crops Research. 193: 54–69.
Williams, J., and S.G. Smith. 2001. Correcting potassium deficiency can reduce rice stem diseases. Better Crop. 85: 7-9.
Yazdpour, H. 2014. The role of nanosilicon and other sources of silica in nitrogen and phosphorus absorption, wort index and quantitative and qualitative yield of rice (Oryza sativa). Ph.D. Thesis in Agriculture, Physiology of Crops. Agriculture and natural resources. Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran. 275 Pp. (In Persian).
Zaman, U., Z. Ahmad1, M. Farooq, S. Saeed, M. Ahmad, and A. Wakeel. 2015. Potassium fertilization may improve stem strength and yield of basnati rice grown on nitrogen-fertilized soils. Pakistan Journal Agriculture Science. 52(2): 437-443.
Zhong, C,. X. Cao, Zh. Bai, J. Zhang, L. Zhu, and J. Qianyu. 2017. Nitrogen metabolism correlates with the acclimation of photosynthesis toshort-term water stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 125: 52–62.