Effect of Row Spacing and Herbicide Application on Weed Control, Photosynthetic Pigments and Rapeseed Grain and Oil Yield

Subject Areas : Journal of Crop Ecophysiology

morteza noralizadeh otaghsara ¹ , Ali Nakhzari Moghadam ² , Ebrahim Gholamalipour Alamdari ³ , Mehdi Mollashahi ⁴ , Valiollah Rameah ⁵

1 - Ph.D. Student of Agrotechnology, University of Gonbad-Kavous and Researcher, Plant Protection Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Mazandran, AREEO, Sari, Iran.
2 - Assistant Professors of Plant Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran
3 - Assistant Professors of Plant Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran
4 - Assistant Professors of Plant Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran
5 - Associate Professor, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Mazandran, AREEO, Sari, Iran

Received: 2020-01-15 Accepted : 2020-04-30 Published : 2020-11-21

Keywords: Chlorophyll, Carotenoid, Planting arrangement, Treflan, Paraquat,

Abstract :

Rapessed is one of the most important oilseed crops. Weeds, also are most important factors that limit the production of the oil crops and greatly affect the quantity and quality of their extracted oils. To investigate the effect of row spacing and herbicide application on photosynthetic pigments and rapeseed yield, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted during 2017-18 at Bayekola Research Station, Neka, Mazandaran. Factors were planting arrangement in two levels )one and two-row plantings( and weed control in 7 levels of  application of herbicides consisting of Trifluralin (Treflan) 2.5 l.ha-1 before planting and mixed with soil, Quinmerac + Metazachlor (Butisan Star) 2.5 l.ha-1 pre-emergence, Trifluralin 2.5 l/ha before planting + Quinmerac + Metazachlor 2.5 l.ha-1 pre-emergence, Chlopyralid (lontrel) 1 l.ha-1 + Haloxyfop-R-Methyl (Super Gallant) 0.8 l.ha-1 at 2 to 4 weeds leaf stage, Paraquat (Gramaxon) 2 l.ha-1 at 4 to 6 weeds leaf stages, weed control and without weed control. The results showed that by changing the planting arrangement and using combination of Trifluralin with Quinmerac + Metazachlor and/or application of Paraquat (as a guided herbicide) in two-row culture, the rapeseed chlorophyll content increased by 38.06% and 34.11% as compared to without weed control. Also, weed dry weight decreased by 87.16% and 94.97%, and rapeseed grain yield increased by 73.4% and 76.79%, respectively, which resulted in increasing crops,s extracted oil. It can be concluded that by modifying the canola planting pattern we can increase canola,s oil yield, and application of guided herbicide or combination of Trifluralin with Quinmerac + Metazachlor, to control weeds.

References:

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· Rao, V.S. 2006. Principles of weed science. Science Publisher. USA. p. 555.
· Sandral, G.H., B.S. Dear, J.E. Pratley, and B.R. Cullis. 1997. Herbicide dose response rate response curve in subterranean clover determined by a bio assay. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 37: 67-74.
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· Tavassoli, A., T. Mousavi, A. Piri, and M. Babaian. 2018. Effect of plant density and weed control on yield and yield components of canola (Brassica napus L.). Agricultural Ecology. 1(1): 94-106. (In Persian).
· Telesinski, A., J. Nowak, B. Smolik, A. Dubowska, and N. Skrzyiec. 2008. Effect of soil salinity on activity of antioxidant enzymes and content of ascorbic acid and phenols in bean plants. Journal Elemental. 13: 401-409.
· Valiollahpor, R., S.A. Mirsadati, H. Salehian, R. Khakzad, S. Mafi, and M. Nouralizadeh. 2013.Effect of dose and timing of paraquat herbicide application on wild melon weed control in soybean farming. Plant Protection. 27(2): 200-207. (In Persian).
· Velicka, R., R. Pupaliene, L.M. Butkeviene, R. Kosteckas, Z. Kriauciuniene, and S. Kosteckiene. 2018. Weed density in the spring rape crops sown at different dates. Zemdirbyste Agricultural. 105(1): 21–26.
· Vercampt, H., L. Koleva, A. Vassilev, J. Vangronsveld, and A. Cuypers. 2017. Short-term phytotoxicity in Brassica napus L. in response to pre-emergently applied metazachlor: A microcosm study. Environmental Toxicology, Chemistry. 36: 59–70.
· Vercampt, H., L. Koleva, A. Vassilev, N. Horemans, G. Biermans, J. Vangronsveld, and A. Cuypers. 2016. The functional role of the photosynthetic apparatus in the recovery of Brassica napus plants from pre-emergent metazachlor exposure. Journal of Plant Physiology. 99(105): 196–197.
· Yousefi, A.R., M. Oveisi, and J.L. Gonzalez-Andujar. 2014. Prediction of annual weed seed emergence in garlic (Allium sativum L.) using soil thermal time. Horticulture Science. 168: 189-192.
· Zarco-Tejada, P.J., J.R. Miller, G.H. Mohammad, T.L. Noland, and P.H. Sampson. 2000. Chlorophyll fluorescence effects on vegetation apparent reflectance. Remote Sensing of Environment. 74: 596-608.
Zare, M., F. Bazrafshan, and K. Mostafavi. 2012. Competition of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars with weeds. African Journal of Biotechnology. 11: 1378–1385.

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· Ahmadi, A., P. Ehsanzadeh, and F. Jabbari F. 2015. Introduction to plant physiology. Tehran University Press. 653 pp. (In Persian).
· Anonymous. 2017 a. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO). 2017. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC.
· Anonymous. 2017 b. Directions for rapeseed cultivation in different countries of the country. Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute. 19 pp. (In Persian).
· Anonymous. 2019. Paraquat information center on behalf of Syngenta crop protection AG. Use plant protection products safely.https://paraquat.com/en/facts/mode-action-how-herbicides-work.
· Arnon, A.N. 1967. Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal. 23: 112-126.
· Ashraf, M. 2004. Some important physiological criteria for salt tolerance in plants. Flora. 199: 361-376.
· Ashraf, M., and M.C. Neilly. 2004. Salinity tolerance in Brassica oilseeds. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 23(2): 157-174.
· Bates, L.S., R.P. Waldren, and I.V. Tevre. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water- stress studies. Plant Soil. 39: 205- 207.
· Behdarvandi, B., and A. Modhej. 2007. Integrated weed management (chemical and mechanical control) in canola (Brassica napus L.) in Khozestan condition. Journal of Agricultural Science. 13(1): 163-169. (In Persian).
· Bijanzadeh, E., R. Naderi, and A. Behpoori. 2010. Interrelationships between oilseed rape yield and weeds population under herbicides application. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 4(3): 155-162.
· Blackshaw, R.E., D. Lemerle, R. Mialer, and K.R. Young. R. 2002. Influence of wild radish on yield and quality of canola. Weed Science. 50: 344-349.
· Borger, C., A. Hashem, and S. Pathan. 2010. Manipulating crop row orientation to suppress weeds and increase crop yield. Weed Science. 58:174–178.
· Chesworth, J.C., M.E. Donkin, and M.T. Brownb. 2004. The interactive effects of the antifouling herbicides Irgarol 1051 and Diuron on the seagrass Zostera marina L., Aquatic Toxicology. 66: 293–305.
· Cook, S.K., M. Ballingall, R. Stobart, T. Doring, P. Berry, and D. Ginsburg. 2015. New approaches to weed control in oilseed rape. HGCA project report 530. HGCA Warwick. https://cereals.ahdb.org.uk/media/624236/pr530-final-project-report.pdf.
· Deligios, P., G. Carboni, R. Farci, S. Solinas, and L. Ledda. 2018. Low-input herbicide management: Effects on rapeseed production and profitability. Sustainability. 10(7): 2258-2274.
· Esperanza, M., M. Seoane, C. Rioboo, C. Herrero, and A. Cid. 2016. Early alterations on photosynthesis - related parameters in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells exposed to atrazine: A multiple approach study. Science of the Total Environment. 554: 237-245.
· Fayez, K.A., D.E. Mohamed Radwan, A.K. Mohamed, and M.A. Abdelrahman. 2011. Herbicides and salicylic acid applications caused alterations in total amino acids and proline contents of peanut cultivars. Journal of Environmental Studies. 6: 55-61.
· Felton, W.L., B.M. Haigh, and S. Harden. 2004. Comparing weed competition in chickpea, fababean, canola and wheat. In: Proceedings 14^th Australian Weeds Conference. Weed Society of New South Wales, Wagga wagga, NSW. 304-307.· Harre, N.T., H. Nie, Y. Jiang, and B.G. Young. 2018. Differential antioxidant enzyme activity in rapid-response glyphosate-resistant Ambrosia trifida. Pest Manageent Science. 74: 2125–2132.
· Jin, Z.L., F. Zhang, Z.I. Ahmed, M. Rasheed, M.S. Naeem, Q.F. Ye, and W.J. Zhou. 2010. Differential morphological and physiological responses of two oilseed Brassica species to a new herbicide ZJ0273 used in rapeseed fields. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 98: 1–8.
· Mitkov, A., N. Neshev, M. Yanev, and T. Tonev. 2017. Possibilities for chemical weed control at oil seed rape. Scientific Papers. Series A. Agronomy. LX: 320-325.
· Mohammadi, M., and M. Chakerolhosini. 2006. The most appropriate seed rate and row spacing for canola in subtropical dry conditions. 9^th Congress of Agriculture and Plant Breeding. Karaj, Iran. (In Persian).
· Nouralizadeh, M., S. Mozafari, and A. Shafiee. 2013. Investigation of the combination of herbicides in rapeseed fields with emphasis on weed control of Brasicaceae weeds in Mazandaran. The 2^nd National Conference on New Opportunities in Oily Oil Production. November 2013. Bojnurd. (In Persian).
· Omrani, M., A. Ahmadi, and M. Rostami. 2017. Evaluation of the effect of chemical management of weeds on proline content and peroxidase activity of Allium stipitatum. National Conference on Modern Research in Agricultural, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering. Karaj, Iran. (In Persian).
· Palmer, J., Dunphy, E. J., and Reese, P. 2013. Managing drought-stressed soybeans in the southeast. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. https://coolbean.info/ pdf/soybean_research/library/grain_production/Managing%20Drought-Stressed% 20Soybeans%20in%20the%20Southeast.· Pavlovic, D., P. Mitrovic, D. Marisavljevic, A. Marjanovic- Jeromela, and A. Anđelkovic. 2015. The effect of weeds on the yield and quality parameters of rapeseed. Proceedings of Sixth International Scientific Agricultural Symposium Agrosym 2015, p. 914-918.
· Pritchard, F.M., H.A. Eagles, R.M. Norton, P.A. Salisbury, and M. Nicolas. 2000. Environmental effects on seed composition of Victorian canola. Australian Journal of Journal Experimental Agriculture. 40: 679-685.
· Rao, V.S. 2006. Principles of weed science. Science Publisher. USA. p. 555.
· Sandral, G.H., B.S. Dear, J.E. Pratley, and B.R. Cullis. 1997. Herbicide dose response rate response curve in subterranean clover determined by a bio assay. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 37: 67-74.
· Siripornadulsil, S., S. Traina, D.S. Verma, and R.T. Sayre. 2002. Molecular mechanisms of proline – mediated tolerance to toxic heavy metals in transgenic microalgae. Plant Cell. 14: 2837-2847.
· Tavassoli, A., T. Mousavi, A. Piri, and M. Babaian. 2018. Effect of plant density and weed control on yield and yield components of canola (Brassica napus L.). Agricultural Ecology. 1(1): 94-106. (In Persian).
· Telesinski, A., J. Nowak, B. Smolik, A. Dubowska, and N. Skrzyiec. 2008. Effect of soil salinity on activity of antioxidant enzymes and content of ascorbic acid and phenols in bean plants. Journal Elemental. 13: 401-409.
· Valiollahpor, R., S.A. Mirsadati, H. Salehian, R. Khakzad, S. Mafi, and M. Nouralizadeh. 2013.Effect of dose and timing of paraquat herbicide application on wild melon weed control in soybean farming. Plant Protection. 27(2): 200-207. (In Persian).
· Velicka, R., R. Pupaliene, L.M. Butkeviene, R. Kosteckas, Z. Kriauciuniene, and S. Kosteckiene. 2018. Weed density in the spring rape crops sown at different dates. Zemdirbyste Agricultural. 105(1): 21–26.
· Vercampt, H., L. Koleva, A. Vassilev, J. Vangronsveld, and A. Cuypers. 2017. Short-term phytotoxicity in Brassica napus L. in response to pre-emergently applied metazachlor: A microcosm study. Environmental Toxicology, Chemistry. 36: 59–70.
· Vercampt, H., L. Koleva, A. Vassilev, N. Horemans, G. Biermans, J. Vangronsveld, and A. Cuypers. 2016. The functional role of the photosynthetic apparatus in the recovery of Brassica napus plants from pre-emergent metazachlor exposure. Journal of Plant Physiology. 99(105): 196–197.
· Yousefi, A.R., M. Oveisi, and J.L. Gonzalez-Andujar. 2014. Prediction of annual weed seed emergence in garlic (Allium sativum L.) using soil thermal time. Horticulture Science. 168: 189-192.
· Zarco-Tejada, P.J., J.R. Miller, G.H. Mohammad, T.L. Noland, and P.H. Sampson. 2000. Chlorophyll fluorescence effects on vegetation apparent reflectance. Remote Sensing of Environment. 74: 596-608.
Zare, M., F. Bazrafshan, and K. Mostafavi. 2012. Competition of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars with weeds. African Journal of Biotechnology. 11: 1378–1385.