Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Inoculation on Nutrient Uptake and Essential Oil Composition of Dragonhead (Dracocphalum moldavica L.) under Drought Stress
Subject Areas : Journal of Crop EcophysiologyGobad Salimi 1 , Mohammad Feizian 2 , Naser Aliasgharzad 3
1 - Ph.D. Student of Soil Science, Lorestan University, Khorram Abad, and Staff member of Department of Plant Breeding, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
2 - Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorram Abad, Iran
3 - Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
Keywords: Dragonhead, Geraniol, Maximum allowable depletion, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric, Geranyl acetate,
Abstract :
To study essential oil components of Dracocephalum moldavica in response to mycorrhiza fungus inoculation under drought stress condition, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was carried out under greenhouse condition. The factors of the experiment were three levels of drought stresses [control, 0.75 maximum allowable depletion (MAD) and 0.5 MAD] and inoculation with mycorrhiza fungi in two levels (no mycorrhiza inoculation as control and Glomus verciforme inoculation). Essential oil components were recognized via gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC/MS). The result showed that about 36 components in D. moldavica were identified through inoculation with mycorrhiza under drought stress. Concentration of 13 compounds of these were higher than the rest. Compositions of geranial (18.3%), geraniol (30.98%), geranyl acetate (26.78%) and neral (11.94%) had high quantities in essential oil. Drought stress and mycorrhiza inoculation increased the percentage of major essential oil components. The highest essential oil percentage (1.24%) was obtained by mycorrhiza inoculation treatment and drought stress at 0.75 MAD. Drought stress reduced the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements, while mycorrhiza inoculation increased their uptake. The highest uptake of potassium was in non-stress and mycorrhiza inoculation conditions. It can be concluded that mycorrhiza inoculation under drought stress increased the uptake of nutrients and essential oil composition of dragonhead.
· Abaaszadeh, P., A. Sharifi, H. Lebaschi, and F. Moghadasi. 2007. Effect of drought stress on proline, soluble sugars, chlorophyll and RWC level in (Melissa oggicinalis). Iranian Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 23(4): 504-513.
· Adams, R.P. 2007. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Vol. 456). Carol Stream, IL: Allured Publishing Corporation.
· Alguacil, M., F. Caravaca, G. Díaz, P. Marín, and A. Roldán. 2004. Establishment of (Retama sphaerocarpa L.) seedlings on a degraded semiarid soil as influenced by mycorrhiza inoculation and sewage sludge amendment. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 167(5): 637-644.
· Aliabadi Farahani, H., and S.A.R. Valadabadi. 2010. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) under drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Water, Soil Science. 24 (1): 69-80. (In Persian).
· Aliasgharzad, N., M.R. Neyshabouri, and G. Salimi. 2006. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) on drought stress of soybean. Biologia. 61(19): 324-328.
· Ali-ehyaeie, M., and A.A. Behbahanizade. 1993. Description of soil chemical decomposition methods. Technical Journal (Soil and Water Research). No. 893: 129. Institute Publications, Tehran.
· Allen, R.G., L.S. Pereira, D. Raes, and M. Smith. 1998. Crop evapotranspiration: guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Irrigation and drainage paper No. 56. (FAO: Rome). Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop water requirements.
· Amiri, R., A. Nikbakht, N. Etemadi, and M.R. Sabzalian. 2017. Nutritional status, essential oil changes and water-use efficiency of rose geranium in response to arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and water deficiency stress. Symbiosis. 73(1): 15-25.
· Andalibi, B., and F. Nouri. 2014. Effect of cycocel on photosynthetic activity and essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 6(22): 91-104. (In Persian).
· Anonymous. 2000. AOAC, Official methods of analysis, 17th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.
· Aprotosoaie, A.C., C.T. Mihai, G. Vochita, P. Rotinberg, A. Trifan, S.V. Luca, T. Petreus, E. Gille, and A. Miron. 2016. Anti-genotoxic and antioxidant activities of a polyphenolic extract from European (Dracocephalum moldavica L.). Industrial Crops and Products. 79: 248-257.
· Ardakani, M.R., B. Abbaszadeh, A.S. Ashorabadi, M.H. Lebaschi, and F. Paknejad. 2007. Evaluation effect of water deficit on quantity and quality of (Melissa officinalis L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 23(2): 251-261.
· Baher, Z.F., M. Mirza, M. Ghorbanli, and M. Bagher Rezaii. 2002. The influence of water stress on plant height, herbal and essential oil yield and composition in (Satureja hortensis L.). Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 17(4): 275-277.
· Bahreininejad, B., J. Razmjoo, and M. Mirza. 2014. Effect of water stress on productivity and essential oil content and composition of (Thymus carmanicus). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 17(5): 717-725.
· Barea, J.M., M.J. Pozo, R. Azcon, and C. Azcon-Aguilar. 2005. Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere. Journal of experimental Botany. 56(417): 1761-1778.
· Bettaieb, I., N. Zakhama, W.A. Wannes, M.E. Kchouk, and B. Marzouk. 2009. Water deficit effects on Salvia officinal is fatty acids and essential oils composition. Scientia Horticulturae. 120(2): 271-275.
· Brundrett, M.C. 2002. Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants. New phytologist. 154(2): 275-304.
· Das, A., S. Kamal, N.A. Shakil, I. Sherameti, R. Oelmüller, M. Dua, N. Tuteja, A.K. Johri, and A. Varma. 2012. The root endophyte fungus (Piriformospora indica) leads to early flowering, higher biomass and altered secondary metabolites of the medicinal plant, Coleus forskohlii. Plant Signaling and Behavior. 7(1): 103-112.
· Dastmalchi, K., H.D. Dorman, M. Koşar, and R. Hiltunen. 2007. Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant evaluation of a water-soluble Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) extract LWT. Food Science and Technology. 40(2): 239-248.
· Fadaee, E., Y. Parvizi, M. Gerdakane, and M. Khan-Ahmadi. 2018. The effects of mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae) and (Glomus intraradiceae) and phosphorus on growth and phytochemical traits of (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) under drought stress. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2(66): 100-112.
· Franken, P. 2012. The plant strengthening root endophyte (Piriformospora indica). potential application and the biology behind. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 96(6): 1455-1464.
· Ghanta, R., S. Dutta, and R. Mukhopadhyay. 2013. Investigation on arbuscular mycorrhiza alliances in some threatened medicinal herbs of Burdwan district, West Bengal, India. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 7(7): 315-323.
· Ghilavizadeh, A., M.T. Darzi, and M.H.S. Hadi. 2013. Effects of bio fertilizer and plant density on essential oil content and yield traits of Ajowan (Carum copticum). Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 14(11): 1508-1512.
· Gogoi, P., and R.K. Singh. 2011. Differential effect of some arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth of (Piper longum L.) (Piperaceae). Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 4(2): 119-125.
· Gupta, M.L., A. Prasad, M. Ram, and S. Kumar. 2002. Effect of the vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) fungus (Glomus fasciculatum) on the essential oil yield related characters and nutrient acquisition in the crops of different cultivars of menthol mint (Mentha arvensis) under field conditions. Bio resource Technology. 81(1): 77-79.
· Hamada, A.M., and A.E. EL-Enany. 1994. Effect of NaCl salinity on growth, pigment and mineral element contents, and gas exchange of broad bean and pea plants. Biologia Plantarum. 36: 75-81.
· Hassani, A. 2006. Effect of water deficit stress on growth, yield and essential oil content of (Dracocephlum moldavica). Iranian Journal of Medicine and Aromatic. 22(3): 256-261. (In Persian).
· Hussein, M.S., S.E. El-Sherbeny, M.Y. Khalil, N.Y. Naguib, and S.M. Aly. 2006. Growth characters and chemical constituents of (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) plants in relation to compost fertilizer and planting distance. Scientia Horticulturae. 108(3): 322-331.
· James, B., D. Rodel, U. Lorettu, E. Reynaldo, and H. Tariq. 2008. Effect of vesicular arboscular mycorrhiza (VAM) fungi inoculation on coppicing ability and drought resistance of Senna spectabilis. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 40(5): 2217-2224.
· Kapoor, R., B. Giri, and K.G. Mukerji. 2004. Improved growth and essential oil yield and quality in (Foeniculum vulgare mill) on mycorrhiza inoculation supplemented with P-fertilizer. Bioresource Technology. 93(3): 307-311.
· Khalvati, M.A., Y. Hu, A. Mozafar, and U. Schmidhalter. 2005. Quantification of water uptake by arbuscular mycorrhiza hyphae and its significance for leaf growth, water relations, and gas exchange of barley subjected to drought stress. Plant Biology. 7(06): 706-712.
· Khorasaninejad, S., A. Mousavi, H. Soltanloo, K. Hemmati, and A. Khalighi. 2011. The effect of drought stress on growth parameters, essential oil yield and constituent of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 5(22): 5360-5365.
· Lal, R. 2009. Soil degradation as a reason for inadequate human nutrition. Food Security. 1(1): 45-57.
· Mandal, S., H. Evelin, B. Giri, V.P. Singh, and R. Kapoor. 2013. Arbuscular mycorrhiza enhances the production of stevioside and rebaudioside-A in (Stevia rebaudiana) via nutritional and non-nutritional mechanisms. Applied Soil Ecology. 72: 187-194.
· Mikovacki, N., J. Marinkovic, N. Cacic, and D. Bgelic. 2010. Microbial abundance in rhizosphere of sugar beet in dependence of fertilization and inoculation with (Azotobacter chroococcum).ResearchJournalofAgricultural Science. 42(3):260-264.
· Mozhafrian, V. 2003. Dictionary of the Iranian plant names. Contemporary Culture Publications. Tehran. 362 pp. (In Persian).
· Mucciarelli, M., S. Scannerini, C. Bertea, and M. Maffei. 2003. In vitro and in vivo peppermint (Mentha piperita) growth promotion by non-mycorrhiza fungal colonization. New Phytologist. 158(3): 579-591.
· Naghibi, F., M. Mosaddegh, M. Mohammadi Motamed, and A. Ghorbani. 2010. Labiatae family in folk medicine in Iran: from ethnobotany to pharmacology. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2: 63-79. (In Persian).
· Nasrabadi, B., R. Omid Baygi, and F. Sfidkon. 2007. Effect of sowing time on biological growth yield and essential oil content in dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 23(3): 307- 314. (In Persian)
· Nautiyal, C.S., P.S. Chauhan, S.M. DasGupta, K. Seem, A. Varma, and W.J. Staddon. 2010. Tripartite interactions among (Paenibacillus lentimorbus) NRRL B-30488, (Piriformospora indica) DSM 11827, and (Cicer arietinum L.). World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 26(8): 1393-1399.
· Omidbaigi, R., F. Borna, T. Borna, and K. Inotai. 2009. Sowing dates affecting on the essential oil content of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) and its constituents. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 12(5): 580-585.
· Petropoulos, S.A., D. Daferera, M.G. Polissiou, and H.C. Passam. 2008. The effect of water deficit stress on the growth, yield and composition of essential oils of parsley. Scientia Horticulturae. 115(4): 393-397.
· Rezapor, A.R., M. Heidari, M. Galavi, and M. Ramrodi. 2011. Effect of water stress and different amounts of sulfur fertilizer on grain yield, grain yield components and osmotic adjustment in (Nigella sativa L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 27(3): 384-396. (In Persian).
· Safikhani, F., H. Heydarye sharifabadi, A. Saydat, A. Sharifi Ashorabadi, M. Syednedjad, and B. Abbaszadeh. 2007. The effect of drought on yield and morphologic characteristic of (Deracocephlum moldavica L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 23(2): 183-194. (In Persian).
· Sasanelli, N., A. Anton, T. Takacs, T. D’Addabbo, I. Bíró, and X. Malov. 2009. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on the nematicidal properties of leaf extracts of (Thymus vulgaris L.). Helminthologia. 46(4): 230-240.
· Scharf, P.C., D.K. Shannon, and N.R. Latchern. 2015. Sensor based selenium application producer chosen rates on wheat demonstrations. Agronomy Journal. 107: 445-458.
· Sharma, S., A. Bansel, S. Dhillon, and S. Dhillon. 2009. Comparative effects of selenate and selenite on growth and biochemical composition of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Plant and Soil. 329: 339-348.
· Shuge, T., Z. Xiaoying, Z. Fan, A. Dongqing, and Y. Tao. 2009. Essential oil composition of the (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) from Xinjiang in China. Pharmacognosy Research. 1(4): 172.
· Sonboli, A., M. Mojarrad, A. Gholipour, S.N. Ebrahimi, and M. Arman. 2008. Biological activity and composition of the essential oil of (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) grown in Iran. Natural Product Communications. 3(9): p.1934578X0800300930.
· Song, H. 2005. Effects of VAM on host plant in the condition of drought stress and its mechanisms. Electronic Journal of Biology. 1(3): 44-48.
· Stamatopoulos, N., B. Gatos, G. Louloudis, U. Pal, and A. Alaei. 2013. ICDAR handwriting segmentation contest. 12th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (pp. 1402-1406). IEEE.
· Wang, X., M. Vignjevic, D. Jiang, S. Jacobsen, and B. Wollenweber. 2014. Improved tolerance to drought stress after anthesis due to priming before anthesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum) var. vinjett. Journal of Experimental Botany. 65(22):6441-6456.
· White, J.A., J. Tallaksen, and I. Charvat. 2008. The effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungal inoculation at a roadside prairie restoration site. Mycologia. 100(1): 6-11.
· Yadav, A., K. Yadav, and A. Aggarwal. 2015. Impact of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi with (Trichoderma viride) and (Pseudomonas fluorescens) on growth, yield and oil content in (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 18(2): 444-454.
Zaller, J.G., F. Saccani, and T. Frank. 2011. Effects of earthworms and mycorrhiza fungi on the growth of the medicinal herb (Calendula officinalis) (Asteraceae). Plant, Soil and Environment. 57(11): 499-504
_||_· Abaaszadeh, P., A. Sharifi, H. Lebaschi, and F. Moghadasi. 2007. Effect of drought stress on proline, soluble sugars, chlorophyll and RWC level in (Melissa oggicinalis). Iranian Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 23(4): 504-513.
· Adams, R.P. 2007. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Vol. 456). Carol Stream, IL: Allured Publishing Corporation.
· Alguacil, M., F. Caravaca, G. Díaz, P. Marín, and A. Roldán. 2004. Establishment of (Retama sphaerocarpa L.) seedlings on a degraded semiarid soil as influenced by mycorrhiza inoculation and sewage sludge amendment. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 167(5): 637-644.
· Aliabadi Farahani, H., and S.A.R. Valadabadi. 2010. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) under drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Water, Soil Science. 24 (1): 69-80. (In Persian).
· Aliasgharzad, N., M.R. Neyshabouri, and G. Salimi. 2006. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) on drought stress of soybean. Biologia. 61(19): 324-328.
· Ali-ehyaeie, M., and A.A. Behbahanizade. 1993. Description of soil chemical decomposition methods. Technical Journal (Soil and Water Research). No. 893: 129. Institute Publications, Tehran.
· Allen, R.G., L.S. Pereira, D. Raes, and M. Smith. 1998. Crop evapotranspiration: guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Irrigation and drainage paper No. 56. (FAO: Rome). Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop water requirements.
· Amiri, R., A. Nikbakht, N. Etemadi, and M.R. Sabzalian. 2017. Nutritional status, essential oil changes and water-use efficiency of rose geranium in response to arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and water deficiency stress. Symbiosis. 73(1): 15-25.
· Andalibi, B., and F. Nouri. 2014. Effect of cycocel on photosynthetic activity and essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 6(22): 91-104. (In Persian).
· Anonymous. 2000. AOAC, Official methods of analysis, 17th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.
· Aprotosoaie, A.C., C.T. Mihai, G. Vochita, P. Rotinberg, A. Trifan, S.V. Luca, T. Petreus, E. Gille, and A. Miron. 2016. Anti-genotoxic and antioxidant activities of a polyphenolic extract from European (Dracocephalum moldavica L.). Industrial Crops and Products. 79: 248-257.
· Ardakani, M.R., B. Abbaszadeh, A.S. Ashorabadi, M.H. Lebaschi, and F. Paknejad. 2007. Evaluation effect of water deficit on quantity and quality of (Melissa officinalis L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 23(2): 251-261.
· Baher, Z.F., M. Mirza, M. Ghorbanli, and M. Bagher Rezaii. 2002. The influence of water stress on plant height, herbal and essential oil yield and composition in (Satureja hortensis L.). Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 17(4): 275-277.
· Bahreininejad, B., J. Razmjoo, and M. Mirza. 2014. Effect of water stress on productivity and essential oil content and composition of (Thymus carmanicus). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 17(5): 717-725.
· Barea, J.M., M.J. Pozo, R. Azcon, and C. Azcon-Aguilar. 2005. Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere. Journal of experimental Botany. 56(417): 1761-1778.
· Bettaieb, I., N. Zakhama, W.A. Wannes, M.E. Kchouk, and B. Marzouk. 2009. Water deficit effects on Salvia officinal is fatty acids and essential oils composition. Scientia Horticulturae. 120(2): 271-275.
· Brundrett, M.C. 2002. Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants. New phytologist. 154(2): 275-304.
· Das, A., S. Kamal, N.A. Shakil, I. Sherameti, R. Oelmüller, M. Dua, N. Tuteja, A.K. Johri, and A. Varma. 2012. The root endophyte fungus (Piriformospora indica) leads to early flowering, higher biomass and altered secondary metabolites of the medicinal plant, Coleus forskohlii. Plant Signaling and Behavior. 7(1): 103-112.
· Dastmalchi, K., H.D. Dorman, M. Koşar, and R. Hiltunen. 2007. Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant evaluation of a water-soluble Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) extract LWT. Food Science and Technology. 40(2): 239-248.
· Fadaee, E., Y. Parvizi, M. Gerdakane, and M. Khan-Ahmadi. 2018. The effects of mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae) and (Glomus intraradiceae) and phosphorus on growth and phytochemical traits of (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) under drought stress. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2(66): 100-112.
· Franken, P. 2012. The plant strengthening root endophyte (Piriformospora indica). potential application and the biology behind. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 96(6): 1455-1464.
· Ghanta, R., S. Dutta, and R. Mukhopadhyay. 2013. Investigation on arbuscular mycorrhiza alliances in some threatened medicinal herbs of Burdwan district, West Bengal, India. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 7(7): 315-323.
· Ghilavizadeh, A., M.T. Darzi, and M.H.S. Hadi. 2013. Effects of bio fertilizer and plant density on essential oil content and yield traits of Ajowan (Carum copticum). Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 14(11): 1508-1512.
· Gogoi, P., and R.K. Singh. 2011. Differential effect of some arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth of (Piper longum L.) (Piperaceae). Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 4(2): 119-125.
· Gupta, M.L., A. Prasad, M. Ram, and S. Kumar. 2002. Effect of the vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) fungus (Glomus fasciculatum) on the essential oil yield related characters and nutrient acquisition in the crops of different cultivars of menthol mint (Mentha arvensis) under field conditions. Bio resource Technology. 81(1): 77-79.
· Hamada, A.M., and A.E. EL-Enany. 1994. Effect of NaCl salinity on growth, pigment and mineral element contents, and gas exchange of broad bean and pea plants. Biologia Plantarum. 36: 75-81.
· Hassani, A. 2006. Effect of water deficit stress on growth, yield and essential oil content of (Dracocephlum moldavica). Iranian Journal of Medicine and Aromatic. 22(3): 256-261. (In Persian).
· Hussein, M.S., S.E. El-Sherbeny, M.Y. Khalil, N.Y. Naguib, and S.M. Aly. 2006. Growth characters and chemical constituents of (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) plants in relation to compost fertilizer and planting distance. Scientia Horticulturae. 108(3): 322-331.
· James, B., D. Rodel, U. Lorettu, E. Reynaldo, and H. Tariq. 2008. Effect of vesicular arboscular mycorrhiza (VAM) fungi inoculation on coppicing ability and drought resistance of Senna spectabilis. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 40(5): 2217-2224.
· Kapoor, R., B. Giri, and K.G. Mukerji. 2004. Improved growth and essential oil yield and quality in (Foeniculum vulgare mill) on mycorrhiza inoculation supplemented with P-fertilizer. Bioresource Technology. 93(3): 307-311.
· Khalvati, M.A., Y. Hu, A. Mozafar, and U. Schmidhalter. 2005. Quantification of water uptake by arbuscular mycorrhiza hyphae and its significance for leaf growth, water relations, and gas exchange of barley subjected to drought stress. Plant Biology. 7(06): 706-712.
· Khorasaninejad, S., A. Mousavi, H. Soltanloo, K. Hemmati, and A. Khalighi. 2011. The effect of drought stress on growth parameters, essential oil yield and constituent of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 5(22): 5360-5365.
· Lal, R. 2009. Soil degradation as a reason for inadequate human nutrition. Food Security. 1(1): 45-57.
· Mandal, S., H. Evelin, B. Giri, V.P. Singh, and R. Kapoor. 2013. Arbuscular mycorrhiza enhances the production of stevioside and rebaudioside-A in (Stevia rebaudiana) via nutritional and non-nutritional mechanisms. Applied Soil Ecology. 72: 187-194.
· Mikovacki, N., J. Marinkovic, N. Cacic, and D. Bgelic. 2010. Microbial abundance in rhizosphere of sugar beet in dependence of fertilization and inoculation with (Azotobacter chroococcum).ResearchJournalofAgricultural Science. 42(3):260-264.
· Mozhafrian, V. 2003. Dictionary of the Iranian plant names. Contemporary Culture Publications. Tehran. 362 pp. (In Persian).
· Mucciarelli, M., S. Scannerini, C. Bertea, and M. Maffei. 2003. In vitro and in vivo peppermint (Mentha piperita) growth promotion by non-mycorrhiza fungal colonization. New Phytologist. 158(3): 579-591.
· Naghibi, F., M. Mosaddegh, M. Mohammadi Motamed, and A. Ghorbani. 2010. Labiatae family in folk medicine in Iran: from ethnobotany to pharmacology. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2: 63-79. (In Persian).
· Nasrabadi, B., R. Omid Baygi, and F. Sfidkon. 2007. Effect of sowing time on biological growth yield and essential oil content in dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 23(3): 307- 314. (In Persian)
· Nautiyal, C.S., P.S. Chauhan, S.M. DasGupta, K. Seem, A. Varma, and W.J. Staddon. 2010. Tripartite interactions among (Paenibacillus lentimorbus) NRRL B-30488, (Piriformospora indica) DSM 11827, and (Cicer arietinum L.). World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 26(8): 1393-1399.
· Omidbaigi, R., F. Borna, T. Borna, and K. Inotai. 2009. Sowing dates affecting on the essential oil content of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) and its constituents. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 12(5): 580-585.
· Petropoulos, S.A., D. Daferera, M.G. Polissiou, and H.C. Passam. 2008. The effect of water deficit stress on the growth, yield and composition of essential oils of parsley. Scientia Horticulturae. 115(4): 393-397.
· Rezapor, A.R., M. Heidari, M. Galavi, and M. Ramrodi. 2011. Effect of water stress and different amounts of sulfur fertilizer on grain yield, grain yield components and osmotic adjustment in (Nigella sativa L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 27(3): 384-396. (In Persian).
· Safikhani, F., H. Heydarye sharifabadi, A. Saydat, A. Sharifi Ashorabadi, M. Syednedjad, and B. Abbaszadeh. 2007. The effect of drought on yield and morphologic characteristic of (Deracocephlum moldavica L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 23(2): 183-194. (In Persian).
· Sasanelli, N., A. Anton, T. Takacs, T. D’Addabbo, I. Bíró, and X. Malov. 2009. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on the nematicidal properties of leaf extracts of (Thymus vulgaris L.). Helminthologia. 46(4): 230-240.
· Scharf, P.C., D.K. Shannon, and N.R. Latchern. 2015. Sensor based selenium application producer chosen rates on wheat demonstrations. Agronomy Journal. 107: 445-458.
· Sharma, S., A. Bansel, S. Dhillon, and S. Dhillon. 2009. Comparative effects of selenate and selenite on growth and biochemical composition of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Plant and Soil. 329: 339-348.
· Shuge, T., Z. Xiaoying, Z. Fan, A. Dongqing, and Y. Tao. 2009. Essential oil composition of the (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) from Xinjiang in China. Pharmacognosy Research. 1(4): 172.
· Sonboli, A., M. Mojarrad, A. Gholipour, S.N. Ebrahimi, and M. Arman. 2008. Biological activity and composition of the essential oil of (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) grown in Iran. Natural Product Communications. 3(9): p.1934578X0800300930.
· Song, H. 2005. Effects of VAM on host plant in the condition of drought stress and its mechanisms. Electronic Journal of Biology. 1(3): 44-48.
· Stamatopoulos, N., B. Gatos, G. Louloudis, U. Pal, and A. Alaei. 2013. ICDAR handwriting segmentation contest. 12th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (pp. 1402-1406). IEEE.
· Wang, X., M. Vignjevic, D. Jiang, S. Jacobsen, and B. Wollenweber. 2014. Improved tolerance to drought stress after anthesis due to priming before anthesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum) var. vinjett. Journal of Experimental Botany. 65(22):6441-6456.
· White, J.A., J. Tallaksen, and I. Charvat. 2008. The effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungal inoculation at a roadside prairie restoration site. Mycologia. 100(1): 6-11.
· Yadav, A., K. Yadav, and A. Aggarwal. 2015. Impact of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi with (Trichoderma viride) and (Pseudomonas fluorescens) on growth, yield and oil content in (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 18(2): 444-454.
Zaller, J.G., F. Saccani, and T. Frank. 2011. Effects of earthworms and mycorrhiza fungi on the growth of the medicinal herb (Calendula officinalis) (Asteraceae). Plant, Soil and Environment. 57(11): 499-504