Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Morphophysiological and Antioxidant Properties of Calendula officinalis L. under Irrigation Regimes
Subject Areas :
Journal of Crop Ecophysiology
Afsaneh Pirmani
1
,
Touraj Mir Mahmoodi
2
,
Soran Sharafi
3
,
Saman Yazdan Seta
4
1 - Ph.D. Student of Agronomy, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran
2 - Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran
3 - Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran
4 - Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran
Received: 2019-09-21
Accepted : 2020-04-26
Published : 2020-08-22
Keywords:
Water deficit,
Chlorophyll,
leaf area index,
antioxidants,
Abstract :
To study the effects of nitrogen levels on morphophysiological and antioxidants properties of calendula under deferent irrigation regimes a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Urmia Agricultural Station of Saat Lo for two cropping seasons 2016-17. Treatments were four levels of irrigation (irrigation after 5, 10, 15 and 20 days) assigned to main plots, and application of 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg.ha-1 nitrogen to subplots. Results showed that the effects of irrigation intervals on all studied traits waer significant. There were significant differences among nitrogen levels on all traits except proline content. Interaction of two treatments was significant on leaf area index, stomatal conduction coefficient, chlorophyll b, essential oil percentage, and essential oil yield. Resulats also indicated that, with increasing irrigation intervals from 5 to 20 days, relative water content, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and dry flower yield were reduced by 36.64, 35.27, 24.31 and 45.77 percent respectively. Proline content, catalase superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde activities were increased by 24.72, 33.04, 35.51 and 20.86 percent, respectively. Among the nitrogen fertilizer levels, 160 kg ha-1 increased, relative water content, chlorophyll a, carotenoid and dry flower yield by 16.18, 4.24, 23.68 and 28.26 percent, respectively, while it reduced the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde by 18.10, 21.23 and 29.69 percent respectively as compared to control. The highest leaf area index, stomatal conduction coefficient, chlorophyll b were increased by the use of 160 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation intervals of 5 days. The highest percentage of essential oil of the flower and essential oil yield were also belonged to the application of 160 kg.ha-1 nitrogen and irrigation interval of 10 days. To obtain better quality and higher essential oil yield from calendula, irrigation interval of 10 days and application of 160 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer is recommended.
References:
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· Amini, Z., R. Hadad, and F. Moradi. 2009. The effect of water deficit stress on antioxidant enzymes during generative growth stages in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 12(46): 65-74.
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· Bahavar, N., A. Ebadi, A. Tobeh, and S. H. Jamati Somarin. 2009. Effects of nitrogen application on growth of irrigated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under drought stress in hydroponics conditions. Research Journal ofEnvironmental Sciences. 3(4): 448-455.
· Bannayan, M., F. Nadjafi, M. Azizi, L. Tabrizi, and M. Rastgoo. 2008. Yield and seed quality of Plantago ovata and Nigella sativa under different irrigation treatments. Industrial Crops and Products. 27: 11-16.
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· Bowler, C., L. Slooten, S. Vandenbranden, R. De Rycke, J. BottermanSybesma, M. van Montagu, and D. Inzé. 1991. Manganese superoxide dismutase can reduce cellular damage mediated by oxygen radicals in transgenic plants. The EMBO Journal. 10: 1723-1732.
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· Heath, R.L., and L. Packer. 1969. Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 125: 189–198.
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· Jajarmi, V. 2009. Effect of water stress on germination indices in seven wheat cultivar. World Academi Science Engineering Technology. 49; 105-106. In vitro evaluation of osmotic stress tolerance using a novel root recovery assay. Plant and Cell. 95(1): 101-106.
· Jeyaramraja, P.R., S.N. Meenakshi, R.S. Kumar, S.D. Joshi, and B. Ramasubramanian. 2005. Water deficit induced oxidative damage in tea (Camelia sinensis) plants. Plant Physiology. 162: 413-419.
· Khan, M.M., and Z.M. Azam. 2007. Change in theessential oil conostiuents of Foeniculum vulgare in relation of basal and foliar afflication of nitrogenand phosphrus. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 11: 2205 - 515.
· Lichtenthaler, H.K. 1994. Chlorophylls and carotenoid pigments of photosynthetic Biol. Memberance. Method in Enzymology. 148: 350-382.
· Lima, A.L.S., F.M. DaMatta, H.A. Pinheiro, M.R. Totola, and M.E. Loureiro. 2002. Photochemical responses and oxidative stress in two clones of Coffea canephora under water deficit conditions. Environmental andExperimental Botany .47: 239-247.
· Majidian, M., A. Ghalavand, N.A. Karimian, and A.A. Kamkar Haghighi. 2008. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer, manure and irrigation water on yield and yield components of maize. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 1(2): 67-85. (In Persian).
· Malakoti, M.J., and M. Homaei. 2003. Prodouctivity of soils in dry and semidry area, problems and solutions. Tarbiat Modares University Press, 494 p. (In Persian).
· Moghadasan, Sh., A. Safipour Afshar, and F. Saeid Nematpour. 2015. The role of mycorrhiza in drought tolerance of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 4(34): 521-532. (In Persian).
· Moghimi, N., and Y. Imam. 2013. Morphophysiological characteristics and yield of two forage sorghum cultivars, under water stress and nitrogen levels. Environmental Stresses in Crop Science. 1: 27-36. (In Persian).
· Moosavi, S.G., M. Javad Seghatoleslami, A. Fazeli-Rostampoor, and Z. Jouyban. 2014. Response of marigold flower yield and yield components to water deficit stress and nitrogen fertilizer. Journal of Ornamental Plants. 4(3): 153-162. (In Persian).
· Moradi, R., and N. Pourghasemian. 2018. Effect of salicylic acid application on mitigating impacts of drought stress in marigold (Calendula officinalis L). Water and Soil Science. 28(2): 15-28. (In Persian).
· Omidbeigi, R. 2000. Production and processing of medicinal plants. Volume I, Second Edition, Tarahan Publication, 424 pp (In Persian).
· Pazoki, A.S., H.R. Tavakoli, and A. Rashidi. 2016. Evaluation of yield, yield components and essential oil of Calendula officinalis L. using nitrogen and vermicompost. Agriculture Science. 10(3): 629-644. (In Persian).
· Rahmani, N., J. Daneshian, S.A.R. Valadabadi, and M. Bigdeli. 2009. Effects of water deficit stress and application of nitrogen on yeld and growth characteristics of calendula (Calendula officinalis L). Iranian of Journal Field Crops Research. 7(2): 443-450. (In Persian).
· Ramirez-Vallejo, P., and J.D. Kelly. 1998. Traits related to drought resistance in common bean. Euphytica. 99: 127-136.
· Rathke, G.W., T. Behrens, and W. Diepenbrock. 2006. Integrated nitrogen management strategies to improve seed yield, oil content and nitrogen efficiency of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 117: 80-108.
· Rodriguez, P., A. Torrecillas, M.A. Morales, M.F. Ortuno, and M.J. Blanco. 2005. Effects of NaCl salinity and water stress on growth and leaf water relations of Asteriscus maritimus plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 53: 113-123.
· Ruiz-Sanchez, M., E. Armada, Y. Munoz, I.E. Garcia de Salamone, R. Aroca, J.M. Ruiz-Lozano, and R. Azcon. 2011. Azospirillum and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization enhance rice growth and physiological traits under well-watered and drought conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology. 168: 1031-1037.
· Safikhani, F. 2007. Effects of drought stress on yield and quality of medicinal plants Deracocephalum moldavica L. under field conditions. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Ahvaz. (In Persian).
· Samsam Shariat, H. 2005. Selection of medicinal plants. Manny Publications. 264 PP.
· Sepehri, A., S.A.M. Modarese Sanavi, B. Qare Riyazi, and Y. Yamini. 2002. Effect of water deficit and different nitrogen rates on growth and development stages, yield and yield component of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 4(3): 184-195. (In Persian).
· Shahrbabaki, S., S. Zoalhasani, and M. Kodory. 2013. Effects of sowing date and nitrogen fertilizer on seed and flower yield of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) in the Kerman. Advances in Environmental Biology. 7(13): 3925-3929.
· Shamsi, K. 2010. The effect of drought stress on yield, relative water content, proline, soluble carbohydrate and cholorophyll of bread wheat cultivars. Journal of Animal and Plant. 3: 1051-1060.
· Shokrani, F., A. Pirzad, M.R. Pardoshti, and R. Darvishzadeh. 2012. Effect of biological nitrogen on the yield of dried flower and essential oil of Calendula officinalis L. under end season water deficit condition. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences. 3(1): 24-34.
· Siosemardeh, A., H. Fateh, and H. Badakhshan. 2014. Responses of photosynthesis, cell membrane stability and antioxidative enzymes to drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer in two barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivars under controlled condition. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 12(2): 215-228 (In Persian).
· Tesfamariam, E.H., J.G. Annandale, and J.M. Steyn. 2010. Water stress effects on winter canola growth and yield. Agronomy Journal. 102(2): 658-666.
· Tohidi Nejad, E., and F. Rastegari. 2019. Effects of biological and organic fertilizers on morphological parameters and chamazulene yield of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) under drought stress condition. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 34: 949-963. (In Persian).
· Ur Rahman, M., S. Gul, and I. Ahmad. 2004. Effects of water stress on growth and photosynthetic pigments of corn (Zea mays. L) cultivars. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 6(4): 652-655.
Vodnar, D.C. 2012. Inhibition of listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115 on ham steak by tea bioactive compounds incorporated into chitosan-coated plastic films. Chemistry Central Journal. 6: 74-81.
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· Aliabadi Farahani, H., M.H. Lebaschi, A.H. Shiranirad, A.R. Valadabadi, A. Hamidi, and J. Daneshian, 2007. Effects of mycorrhizal fungi, arbuscular, different levels of phosphorus and drought stress on herbal essential oils of coriander. Proceedings the Third Conference on Herbal Medicine, Shahed University, 2-3 November, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
· Ameri, A., M. Nassiri, and P. Rezvani1. 2010. Effects of different nitrogen levels and plant density on flower, essential oils and extract production and nitrogen use efficiency of marigold (Calendula officinalis). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 5(2): 315-325. (In Persian).
· Amini, Z., R. Hadad, and F. Moradi. 2009. The effect of water deficit stress on antioxidant enzymes during generative growth stages in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 12(46): 65-74.
· Amiri, M., S. Mansourifar, K. Sadat Asilan, and H. Heydari. 2015. Effect of irrigation interval and nitrogen fertilizer on seed yield and pigment content. Plant Products. 83(4): 71-80. (In Persian).
· Anderson, V.M. 2013. Calendula officinalis and production of secondary compounds in greenhouse and soil-based herbal organic production systems. Ph.D. Thesis in Plant and Soil Sciences University of Kentucky. Paper 26.
· Bahavar, N., A. Ebadi, A. Tobeh, and S. H. Jamati Somarin. 2009. Effects of nitrogen application on growth of irrigated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under drought stress in hydroponics conditions. Research Journal ofEnvironmental Sciences. 3(4): 448-455.
· Bannayan, M., F. Nadjafi, M. Azizi, L. Tabrizi, and M. Rastgoo. 2008. Yield and seed quality of Plantago ovata and Nigella sativa under different irrigation treatments. Industrial Crops and Products. 27: 11-16.
· Bates, L.S., R.P. Waldren, and I.D. Teare. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for waterstress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
· Bowler, C., L. Slooten, S. Vandenbranden, R. De Rycke, J. BottermanSybesma, M. van Montagu, and D. Inzé. 1991. Manganese superoxide dismutase can reduce cellular damage mediated by oxygen radicals in transgenic plants. The EMBO Journal. 10: 1723-1732.
· Britton, C., and A. Mehley. 1955. Assay of catalase and peroxidase. Methods in Enzymology. 2: 764-775.
· Chaves, M. 2002. Water stress in the regulation of photosynthesis in the field. Annals of Botany. 89:907-916.
· Chegah, S., M. Chehrazi, and M. Albaji. 2013. Effects of drought stress on growth and development Frankenia plant (Frankenia Leavis). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 19: 659-665.
· Diego, A.M., G. Vı´llora, and L. Romero. 2003. Variations in fruit micronutrient contents associated with fertilization of cucumber with macronutrients. Scientia Horticulture. 97: 121–127.
· Franz, C.H. 1983. Nutrient and water management for medicinal and aromatic plants. Acta Horticulturae. 132: 203-216.
· Fronza, M., B. Heinzmann, M. Hamburger, and S. Laufer. 2009. Determination of the wound healing effect of calendula extracts using the scratch assay with 3T3 fibroblasts. Edmonton Journal. 12(3): 463-477.
· Ghanbari, A.A., M.R. Shakiba, M. Toorchi, and A. Choukan. 2013. Morpho-physiological responses of common bean leaf to water deficit stress. European Journal of Experimental Biology. 3(1): 487-492.
· Hamzehi, J., and M. Babaie. 2016. Reaction of morphological traits, yield components and yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) to integrated management of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 9(4): 17-35. (In Persian).
· Heath, R.L., and L. Packer. 1969. Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 125: 189–198.
Hemmati, Kh., A. Ebadi, S. Khomari, and M. Sedghi. 2018. The Response of Pot Marigold Plant (Calendula officinalis L.) to Ascorbic Acid and Brassinosteroid under Drought Stress. Journal of Crop Ecophysioloy. 12(2):191- 210.
· Hopkins, W.G. 1995. Introduction to plant physiology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, USA. pp: 464.
· Inanloufar, M., H. Omidi, and A.R. Paski. 2013. Morphological, agronomic and oil content of purple oil (Portulaca Oleracea L.) affecting drought and nitrogen biological/chemical fertilizer. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 4(48): 170-184. (In Persian).
· Jafarzadeh, L., H. Omidi, and A. Bastani. 2014. Effect of drought stress and bio-fertilizer on flower yield, photosynthesis pigments and proline content of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 29(3): 666-680. (In Persian).
· Jafarzadeh, L., H. Omidi, and D. Jafari. 2010. The effect of drought stress on vegetative grouth, essential oil and proline content of Calendula officinalis L. 4th International Conference of Biology, Iran. 1261-1262. (In Persian).
· Jajarmi, V. 2009. Effect of water stress on germination indices in seven wheat cultivar. World Academi Science Engineering Technology. 49; 105-106. In vitro evaluation of osmotic stress tolerance using a novel root recovery assay. Plant and Cell. 95(1): 101-106.
· Jeyaramraja, P.R., S.N. Meenakshi, R.S. Kumar, S.D. Joshi, and B. Ramasubramanian. 2005. Water deficit induced oxidative damage in tea (Camelia sinensis) plants. Plant Physiology. 162: 413-419.
· Khan, M.M., and Z.M. Azam. 2007. Change in theessential oil conostiuents of Foeniculum vulgare in relation of basal and foliar afflication of nitrogenand phosphrus. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 11: 2205 - 515.
· Lichtenthaler, H.K. 1994. Chlorophylls and carotenoid pigments of photosynthetic Biol. Memberance. Method in Enzymology. 148: 350-382.
· Lima, A.L.S., F.M. DaMatta, H.A. Pinheiro, M.R. Totola, and M.E. Loureiro. 2002. Photochemical responses and oxidative stress in two clones of Coffea canephora under water deficit conditions. Environmental andExperimental Botany .47: 239-247.
· Majidian, M., A. Ghalavand, N.A. Karimian, and A.A. Kamkar Haghighi. 2008. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer, manure and irrigation water on yield and yield components of maize. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 1(2): 67-85. (In Persian).
· Malakoti, M.J., and M. Homaei. 2003. Prodouctivity of soils in dry and semidry area, problems and solutions. Tarbiat Modares University Press, 494 p. (In Persian).
· Moghadasan, Sh., A. Safipour Afshar, and F. Saeid Nematpour. 2015. The role of mycorrhiza in drought tolerance of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 4(34): 521-532. (In Persian).
· Moghimi, N., and Y. Imam. 2013. Morphophysiological characteristics and yield of two forage sorghum cultivars, under water stress and nitrogen levels. Environmental Stresses in Crop Science. 1: 27-36. (In Persian).
· Moosavi, S.G., M. Javad Seghatoleslami, A. Fazeli-Rostampoor, and Z. Jouyban. 2014. Response of marigold flower yield and yield components to water deficit stress and nitrogen fertilizer. Journal of Ornamental Plants. 4(3): 153-162. (In Persian).
· Moradi, R., and N. Pourghasemian. 2018. Effect of salicylic acid application on mitigating impacts of drought stress in marigold (Calendula officinalis L). Water and Soil Science. 28(2): 15-28. (In Persian).
· Omidbeigi, R. 2000. Production and processing of medicinal plants. Volume I, Second Edition, Tarahan Publication, 424 pp (In Persian).
· Pazoki, A.S., H.R. Tavakoli, and A. Rashidi. 2016. Evaluation of yield, yield components and essential oil of Calendula officinalis L. using nitrogen and vermicompost. Agriculture Science. 10(3): 629-644. (In Persian).
· Rahmani, N., J. Daneshian, S.A.R. Valadabadi, and M. Bigdeli. 2009. Effects of water deficit stress and application of nitrogen on yeld and growth characteristics of calendula (Calendula officinalis L). Iranian of Journal Field Crops Research. 7(2): 443-450. (In Persian).
· Ramirez-Vallejo, P., and J.D. Kelly. 1998. Traits related to drought resistance in common bean. Euphytica. 99: 127-136.
· Rathke, G.W., T. Behrens, and W. Diepenbrock. 2006. Integrated nitrogen management strategies to improve seed yield, oil content and nitrogen efficiency of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 117: 80-108.
· Rodriguez, P., A. Torrecillas, M.A. Morales, M.F. Ortuno, and M.J. Blanco. 2005. Effects of NaCl salinity and water stress on growth and leaf water relations of Asteriscus maritimus plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 53: 113-123.
· Ruiz-Sanchez, M., E. Armada, Y. Munoz, I.E. Garcia de Salamone, R. Aroca, J.M. Ruiz-Lozano, and R. Azcon. 2011. Azospirillum and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization enhance rice growth and physiological traits under well-watered and drought conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology. 168: 1031-1037.
· Safikhani, F. 2007. Effects of drought stress on yield and quality of medicinal plants Deracocephalum moldavica L. under field conditions. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Ahvaz. (In Persian).
· Samsam Shariat, H. 2005. Selection of medicinal plants. Manny Publications. 264 PP.
· Sepehri, A., S.A.M. Modarese Sanavi, B. Qare Riyazi, and Y. Yamini. 2002. Effect of water deficit and different nitrogen rates on growth and development stages, yield and yield component of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 4(3): 184-195. (In Persian).
· Shahrbabaki, S., S. Zoalhasani, and M. Kodory. 2013. Effects of sowing date and nitrogen fertilizer on seed and flower yield of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) in the Kerman. Advances in Environmental Biology. 7(13): 3925-3929.
· Shamsi, K. 2010. The effect of drought stress on yield, relative water content, proline, soluble carbohydrate and cholorophyll of bread wheat cultivars. Journal of Animal and Plant. 3: 1051-1060.
· Shokrani, F., A. Pirzad, M.R. Pardoshti, and R. Darvishzadeh. 2012. Effect of biological nitrogen on the yield of dried flower and essential oil of Calendula officinalis L. under end season water deficit condition. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences. 3(1): 24-34.
· Siosemardeh, A., H. Fateh, and H. Badakhshan. 2014. Responses of photosynthesis, cell membrane stability and antioxidative enzymes to drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer in two barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivars under controlled condition. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 12(2): 215-228 (In Persian).
· Tesfamariam, E.H., J.G. Annandale, and J.M. Steyn. 2010. Water stress effects on winter canola growth and yield. Agronomy Journal. 102(2): 658-666.
· Tohidi Nejad, E., and F. Rastegari. 2019. Effects of biological and organic fertilizers on morphological parameters and chamazulene yield of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) under drought stress condition. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 34: 949-963. (In Persian).
· Ur Rahman, M., S. Gul, and I. Ahmad. 2004. Effects of water stress on growth and photosynthetic pigments of corn (Zea mays. L) cultivars. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 6(4): 652-655.
Vodnar, D.C. 2012. Inhibition of listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115 on ham steak by tea bioactive compounds incorporated into chitosan-coated plastic films. Chemistry Central Journal. 6: 74-81.
