Effect of Integrated Application of Biochar and Nitroxin on Growth Traits and Grain Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) under Different Irrigation Regimes
Subject Areas : Journal of Crop EcophysiologySeyed Afshin Moosavi 1 , AliReza Shokuhfar 2 , Shahram Lak 3 , Mani Mojaddam 4 , Mojtaba Alavifazel 5
1 - Ph.D. Student, Department of Agronomy, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
2 - Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
3 - Professer, Department of Agronomy, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
4 - Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
5 - Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
Keywords: Drought stress, Biological fertilizer, dry matter, leaf area,
Abstract :
According to Iranian water resource limitations it is mandatory to find water efficient strategies for crop production in accordance with reduction of chemical inputs. A split-factorial experiment was conducted in 2018 based on randomize complete block design with three replications to investigate the effects of biochar and nitroxin application on growth traits and yield of cowpea under different irrigation regimes. Experimental treatments were irrigation regimes (0, 90, 120 mm) evaporation from water pan class A which were considered as no stress, mild water stress and Sevier water stress, respectively. Irrigation treatments were arranged as main plot and three levels of biochar (0,4, 8 t.ha-1) and nitroxin (inoculated and no inoculated) considered as factorial subplots. Results showed that dry matter accumulation and relative crop growth rate exhibited a sigmoid pattern while leaf area and growth rate followed gaussian pattern. Based on model output DMTmax was 467 g.m-2 and RGRmax was 0/100 g, LAImax 3.65 and CGRmax was 12.6 g.m-2 which reach to 50% of final value in 55/9, 65.9, 40.5 and 31.7, respectively. Application 8 ton/ha biochar with nitroxxin resulted in 12% RWC and 10%, 27% improved nitrogen and phosphor status under severe stress condition. Irrigation at 120 mm evaporation caused 33% reduction of grain yield and nitroxin application at normal condition caused 19% increase in grain yield but at 120 mm evaporation it did not exhibit significant effect. Application of biochar at no stress condition led to 37% increase in grain yield and such changes reach to 29% at 120 mm evaporation from water pan class A. The highest grain yield (266 g.m-2) obtained from 8 t.ha-1 biochar at no stress condition and the maximum biological yield was obtained from 8 t.ha-1 biochar with nitroxin (809 g.m-2). Application of 8 t.ha-1 biochar incorporated with nitroxin could provide satisfactory yield for cowpea crop under water limited condition.
Aminifar, J., M. Ramroudi, M. Galavi, and G. Mohsenabadi. 2017. Advantage of sesame and cowpea intercrops in different fertilizer application systems. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 40(4): 1039-1054.
Amiri Deh Ahmadi, S.R., M. Parsa, A. Nezami, and A. Ganjeali. 2010. The effects of drought stress at different phenological stages on growth indices of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in greenhouse condition. Iranian Journal Pulses Research. 1(2): doi: 10.22067/ijpr.v1i2.9244 (In Persian).
2021. Irimo. Islamic Republic of Iran Meteorological Organization (IRIMO), http://irimo.ir/english/monthly&annual.
Artiola, J.F., C. Rasmussen, and R. Freitas .2012. Effects of a biochar-amended alkaline soil on the growth of romaine lettuce and bermudagrass. Soil Science. 177: 561-570. doi: 10.1097/SS.0b013e31826ba908
Ashraf, M., and M.R. Foolad. 2007. Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 59: 206-216. doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.12.006
Aynehband, A., F. Gerami, and E. Fateh. 2012. Effect of different green manure crops and nitrogen levelson biomass production efficiency and nitrogen concentration in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and soil. Advances in Environmental Biology. 6(1): 362-367.
Bakhshaie, S., P. Rezvani Moghaddam, and M. Goldani. 2014. The effects of nitroxin and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 12(3): 360-368. doi: 10.22067/GSC.V12I3.42211. (In Persian).
Batista, E.M., J. Shultz, T.T. Matos, M.R. Fornari, T.M. Ferreira, B. Szpoganicz, R.A. de Freitas, and A.S. Mangrich. 2018. Effect of surface and porosity of biochar on water holding capacity aiming indirectly at preservation of the Amazon biome. Scientific Reports. 8(1): 1-9. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28794-z
Bavariani, M.Z., A. Ronaghi, N. Karimian, R. Ghasemi, and J. Yasrebi. 2016. Effect of poultry manure derived biochars at different temperatures on chemical properties of a calcareous soil. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 20(75): 105-117. doi:22092/IJSR.2021.343399.535
Boomsma C.R., and T.J. Vyn. 2008. Maize drought tolerance: Potential improvements through arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Field Crops Research. 108: 14-31. org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.03.002
Boostani, H., and M. Najafighiri. 2018. Effect of biochar and natural zeolite application on desorption kinetic and chemical fractions of zinc in a zn-contaminated calcareous soil. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production. 23:8(1):69-88. doi: 10.22069/EJSMS.2018.11548.1664
Chan, K., L. van Zwieten, I. Meszaros, A. Downie, and S. Joseph. 2008. Agronomic values of greenwaste biochar as a soil amendment. Soil Research. 45: 629- 634. doi.org/10.1071/SR07109
Charkhab, A., and M. Mojaddam. 2018. Investigation growth indices analysis and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) crop production affected different level of nitrogen and nitroxin bio-fertilizer. Journal of Crop Nutrition Science. 4(3): 1-14.
Chaudhry, U.K., S. Shahzad, M.N. Naqqash Abdul Saboor, S. Yaqoob, M. Salim, and M. Khalid. 2016. Integration of biochar and chemical fertilizer to enhance quality of soil and wheat crop (Triticum aestivum ). Peer Journal PrePrints. 4: e1631v1. doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.1631v1
Colom, M.R., and C. Vazzana. 2003. Photosynthesis and PSII functionality of drought-resistant and drought-sensitive weeping love grass plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 49: 135-144. doi:10.1016/S0098-8472(02)00065-5
Dardanelli, M.S., F.J.F. de Cordoba, M.R. Espuny, M.A.R. Carvajal, M.E.S. Díaz, A.M.G. Serrano, Y. Okon, and M. Megías. 2008. Effect of Azospirillum brasilense coinoculated with rhizobium on Phaseolus vulgaris flavonoids and nod factor production under salt stress. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 40(11): 2713-2721. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.06.016
Dejene, M., and M. Lemlem. 2012. Integrated agronomic crop managements to improve Teff productivity under terminal drought, water stress. Tech Open Science, London, UK. doi: 10.5772/30662
Ding, Y., Y. Liu, S. Liu, Z. Li, X. Tan, X. Huang, G. Zeng, L. Zhou, and B. Zheng. 2016. Biochar to improve soil fertility. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 36(2): 1-18. doi:10.1007/s13593-016-0372-z
Farooq, M., A. Wahid, N. Kobayashi, D. Fujita, and S.M.A. Basra. 2009. Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 29(1): 185-212. doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-2666-8_12
Gebremedhin, G.H., H. Bereket, B. Daniel, and B. Tesfaye. 2015. Effect of biochar on yield and yield components of wheat and post-harvest soil properties in Tigray, Ethiopia. Journal of Fertilizers and Pesticides. 6(2): 2-5. doi: 10.4172/2471-2728. 1000158
Ghamari, H., J. Shafagh, H. Sabaghpoor, and A. Dabbagh Mohammadi Nasab. 2016. Effects of biological and chemical fertilizers on some growth indexes of purslane (Portulaca Oleracea) and dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) in mono and intercropping. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 25(4): 25-45. (In Persian).
Ghassemi-Golezani, K., S. Ghanehpoor, and A. Dabbagh Mohammadi-Nasab. 2009. Effects of water limitation on growth and grain filling of faba bean cultivars. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 7(3): 442-447. doi:10.1234/4.2009.2623
Hajmohamadnia Ghalibaf, K., F.S. Hossaini, A. Nezami, and M. Parsa. 2016. Effects of supplementary irrigation at phenological stages on some growth indices of lentil (Lens culinaris) cultivars in Mashhad region. Iranian Journal Pulses Research. 7(1): 105-120. doi: 10.22067/ijpr.v7i1.40052. (In Persian).
Hamidvand, Y., M.R. Abdollahi, and M. Shaban. 2013. Investigation of growth analysis in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) cultivars under drought stress and Zn fertilizer. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 5(5): 517-521. doi: 10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12705
Hunt, R. 1978. Demography versus plant growth analysis. New Phytologist. 80(1). 269-272. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1978.tb02286.x
Inal, A., A. Gunes, O. Sahin, M. B. Taskin and E. C. Kaya. 2015. Impacts of biochar and processed poultry manure, applied to a calcareous soil, on the growth of bean and maize. Soil Use Manage. 31: 106–113. doi:10.1111/sum.12162
Jamali, M.M. 2013. Investigate the effect of drought stress and different amount of chemical fertilizers on some physiological characteristics of coriander (Coriandrum sativum). International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences. 2(20): 872-879.
Kafi, M., and E. Keshmiri. 2016. The changes in the physiological growth and the react of the salinity and number of irrigation water of two cumin cultivars (Cuminum cyminum). Jounal of Agroecology. 8(3): 463-475. doi:10.22067/ JAG.V8I3.55968. (In Persian).
Kammann, C.I., S. Linsel, J.W. Gößling, and H.W. Koyro. 2011. Influence of biochar on drought tolerance of Chenopodium quinoa Wild and on soil plant relations. Plant and Soil. 345: 195-210. doi:10.1007/s11104-011-0771-5
Kapur, P., and S.R. Govil. 2004. Experimental plant ecology. New Delhi: CBS
Kartika, K., B. Lakitan, A. Wijaya, S. Kadir, L.I. Widuri, E. Siaga, and M. Meihana. 2018. Effects of particle size and application rate of rice-husk biochar on chemical properties of tropical wetland soil, rice growth and yield. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 12(5): 817-826. doi: 22067/JAG.V8I3.55968
Kazemi, S., and S.K. Marashi. 2018. Effects of different sources of potassium on drought tolerance of maize under deficit irrigation management. Applied Research of Plant Ecophysiology. 4(2): 195-212.
Kokalis-Burelle, N., J.W. Kloepper, and M.S. Reddy. 2006. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria as transplant amendments and their effects on indigenous rhizosphere microorganisms. Applied Soil Ecology. 31(1-2): 91-100. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2005. 03.007
Kraska, P., P. Oleszczuk, S. Andruszczak, E. Kwiecińska-Poppe, K. Różyło, E. Pałys, P. Gierasimiuk, and Z. Michałojć. 2016. Effect of various biochar rates on winter rye yield and the concentration of available nutrients in the soil. Plant, Soil and Environment. 62(11): 483-489.
Kusvuran, S., and H.Y. Dasgan. 2017. Effects of drought stress on physiological and biochemical changes in Phaseolus vulgaris Legume Research. 40(1): 55-62. doi:10.18805/lr.v0i0.7025
Lak, Sh., A. Ahmadi, A. Siyadat, and Gh. Nourmohamadi. 2007. Effect of different levels of nitrogen and plant density on grain yield and its components and water use efficiency of maize (Zea mays). Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 7 (2): 153-170. doi: 20.1001.1.15625540.1385.8.2.5.6. (In Persian).
Lake, L. and V.O. Sadras. 2016. Screening chickpea for adaptation to water stress: associations between yield and crop growth rate. European Journal of Agronomy. 81: 86-91. doi: 10.1016/j.eja.2016.09.003
Lehman, J., and M. Rondon. 2006. Biochar soil management on highly weathered soil in the humid tropics. 517-530 in biological approaches to sustainable soil system (Norman Upholf et al Eds). Taylor & Francis Group. 113(517): 30384-9267.
Liu, C., H. Wang, X. Tang, Z. Guan, B.J. Reid, A.U. Rajapaksha, Y.S. Ok, and H. Sun. 2016. Biochar increased water holding capacity but accelerated organic carbon leaching from a sloping farmland soil in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 23(2): 995-1006. doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-4885-9
Liu, Q., Y. Zhang, B. Liu, J.E. Amonette, Z. Lin, G. Liu, P. Ambus, and Z. Xie. 2018. How does biochar influence soil N cycle? A meta-analysis. Plant and Soil. 426(1-2): 211-225. doi: 10.1007/s11104-018-3619-4
Lotfi, B., F. Fotohi, S.A. Siadat, and M. Sadeghi. 2018. The effect of using chemical nitrogen fertilizer and biological fertilizer on seed yield and protein percent of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 45(1): 123-138.
Mahajan, A.N.I.L., R.M. Bhagat, and R.D. Gupta. 2008. Integrated nutrient management in sustainable rice-wheat cropping system for food security in India. SAARC Journal of Agriculture. 6(2): 29-32.
Mahanty, T., S. Bhattacharjee, M. Goswami, P. Bhattacharyya, B. Das, A. Ghosh, and P. Tribedi. 2017. Biofertilizers: a potential approach for sustainable agriculture development. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 24(4): 3315-3335. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-8104-0
Majnoon Hosseini, N., and S.H. Hosseinian. 2013. Effect of drought stress on yield and yield components of cowpea genotypes under Karaj climatic condition. The 5th National Congress of Pulse Crops. University of Tehran, Karaj. Iran. doi: 22067/ijpr.v1394i2.36915. (In Persian).
Makkizadeh, M, S. Nasrollahzadeh, S. Zehtab Salmasi, M.R. Chaichi, and K. Khavazi. 2012. The effect of organic, biologic and chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 22(1): 1-12. (In Persian).
Minhas, W.A., M. Hussain, N. Mehboob, A. Nawaz, S. UL-Allah, M.S. Rizwan, and Z. Hassan. 2020. Synergetic use of biochar and synthetic nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers to improves maize productivity and nutrient retention in loamy soil. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 43(9): 1356-1368. doi:10.1080/01904167.2020. 1729804
Mohammad, M., and F.B. Mukhtar. 2018. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer treatments on duration of senescense, harvest time and yield in some varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. African Journal of Plant Science. 12(3): 37-46. doi: 10.5897/AJPS2017.1623
Namvar, A., R. Seyed Sharifi, and T. Khandan. 2011. Growth analysis and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum ) in relation to organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilization. Ekologija. 57(3): 97–108. doi: 10.6001/ekologija.v57i3.1915
Palansooriya, K.N., J.T.F. Wong, Y. Hashimoto, L. Huang, J. Rinklebe, S.X. Chang, N. Bolan, H. Wang, and Y.S. Ok. 2019. Response of microbial communities to biochar-amended soils: A critical review. 1(1): 3-22. doi.10.1007/s42773-019-00009-2
Pettit, R.E. 2004. Organic matter, humus, humate, humic acid, fulvic acid and humin: their importance in soil fertility and plant health. CTI Research.10: 1-17.
Pirasteh Anousheh, H., Y. Emam, and F. Jamali Ramin. 2010. Comparative effect of biofertilizers with chemical fertilizers on sunflower (Helianthus annuus) growth, yield and oil percentage in different drought stress levels. Journal of Agroecology. 2(3): 492-501. doi: 10.22067/JAG.V2I3.7663. (In Persian).
Rab, A., M.R. Khan, S.U. Haq, S. Zahid, M. Asim, M.Z. Afridi, M. Arif, and F. Munsif. 2016. Impact of biochar on mungbean yield and yield components. Pure and Applied Biology. 5(3): 632- doi: 10.19045/bspab.2016.50082
Sajadi, N.R., and A.R. Yadavi. 2013. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer, vermicompost and nitroxin on growth indexes, phonological stages and grain yield of sesame. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 6(2):73-99. (In Persian).
Sakinezhad, T. 2004. Study the effect of absorption of N.P.K and Na elements at different growth stages to morphologic and physiologic characteristics of corn in Ahvaz condition. Ph.D. Thesis, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran. 288 pp. (In Persian).
Savci, S. 2012. Investigation of effect of chemical fertilizers on environment. Apcbee Procedia. 1: 287-292. doi:10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.03.047
Shabanzadeh, Sh., M. Ramroudi, and M. Galavi. 2011. Influence of micronutrients foliar application on seed yield and quality traits of black cumin in different irrigation regimes. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 1(2): 79-89. doi: 1001.1.22518517.1390.1.2.6.1
Shahpary, Z., E. Fateh, and A. Aynehband. 2016. The effect of different residue type, management and nitrogen on yield, quality of durum wheat (Triticum durum ) and soil macronutrients. Journal of Crop Production. 9(3): 87-104. doi: 10.22069/ ejcp.2016.9713.1756
Singh, B.B., and T. Matsui. 2002. Cowpea varieties for drought tolerance. Challenges and opportunities for enhancing sustainable cowpea production. pp: 287-300.
Suppadit, T., N. Phumkokrak, and P. Poungsuk. 2012. The effect of using quail litter biochar on soybean (Glycine max Merr.) production. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research. 72: 244-251. doi:10.4067/S0718-58392012000200013.
Szilagyi, L. 2003. Influence of drought on seed yield components in common bean. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology. Special Issue. 320-330. doi: 10.3389/ fpls.2022.814325
Tabari, H., and P.H. Talaee. 2011. Analysis of trends in temperature data in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Global and Planetary Change. 79(1-2): 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.07.008
Tadesse, M., W.J.M. Lommen, P.E.L. van der Putten, and P.C. Struik. 2001. Development of leaf area and leaf number of micropropagated potato plants. NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences. 49(1): 15-32. doi: 10.1016/S1573-5214(01)80013-0
Timko, M.P., and B.B. Singh. 2008. Cowpea, a multifunctional legume. In ‘Genomics of tropical crop plants’. Ch. 10. (Eds PH Moore, R Ming) pp. 227–258.
Toosi, A.F., and M. Azizi. 2014. Effect of different sources of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Scientific Papers Series: A Agronomy. 18: 364-366.
van Zwieten, L., S. Kimber, S. Morris, K. Chan, A. Downie, J. Rust, S. Joseph, and A. Cowie. 2010. Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility. Plant and Soil. 327: 235-246. doi: 10.1007/s11104-009-0050-x
Violent, H.G.M. and V.O. Portugal. 2007. Alternation of tomato fruit quality by root inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobactria (PGPR): Bacillussubtilis BEB-13bs. Scientia Horticulture. 113: 103-106. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2007.01.031
Wang, Y., L. Zhang, H. Yang, G. Yan, Z. Xu, C. Chen, and D. Zhang. 2016. Biochar nutrient availability rather than its water holding capacity governs the growth of both C3 and C4 Journal of Soils and Sediments. 16(3): 801-810. doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1357-x
Waraich, E.A., Z. Ahmed, R. Ahmad, and R.N. Shabbir. 2017. Modulating the phenology and yield of Camelina sativa by varying sowing dates under water deficit stress conditions. Soil and Environment. 36(1): 84-92. doi: 10.25252/SE/17/20937
Yousefpoor, Z., and A.R. Yadavi. 2014. Effect of biological and chemical fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus on quantitative and qualitative yield of sunflower. Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 24(1): 95-112. (In Persian).
Zhang, A., Y. Liu, G. Pan, Q. Hussain, L. Li, J. Zheng, and X. Zhang. 2012. Effect of biochar amendment on maize yield and greenhouse gas emissions from a soil organic carbon poor calcareous loamy soil from central China plain. Plant and soil. 351: 263-275. doi:10.1007/s11104-011-0957-x
_||_Aminifar, J., M. Ramroudi, M. Galavi, and G. Mohsenabadi. 2017. Advantage of sesame and cowpea intercrops in different fertilizer application systems. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 40(4): 1039-1054.
Amiri Deh Ahmadi, S.R., M. Parsa, A. Nezami, and A. Ganjeali. 2010. The effects of drought stress at different phenological stages on growth indices of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in greenhouse condition. Iranian Journal Pulses Research. 1(2): doi: 10.22067/ijpr.v1i2.9244 (In Persian).
2021. Irimo. Islamic Republic of Iran Meteorological Organization (IRIMO), http://irimo.ir/english/monthly&annual.
Artiola, J.F., C. Rasmussen, and R. Freitas .2012. Effects of a biochar-amended alkaline soil on the growth of romaine lettuce and bermudagrass. Soil Science. 177: 561-570. doi: 10.1097/SS.0b013e31826ba908
Ashraf, M., and M.R. Foolad. 2007. Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 59: 206-216. doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.12.006
Aynehband, A., F. Gerami, and E. Fateh. 2012. Effect of different green manure crops and nitrogen levelson biomass production efficiency and nitrogen concentration in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and soil. Advances in Environmental Biology. 6(1): 362-367.
Bakhshaie, S., P. Rezvani Moghaddam, and M. Goldani. 2014. The effects of nitroxin and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 12(3): 360-368. doi: 10.22067/GSC.V12I3.42211. (In Persian).
Batista, E.M., J. Shultz, T.T. Matos, M.R. Fornari, T.M. Ferreira, B. Szpoganicz, R.A. de Freitas, and A.S. Mangrich. 2018. Effect of surface and porosity of biochar on water holding capacity aiming indirectly at preservation of the Amazon biome. Scientific Reports. 8(1): 1-9. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28794-z
Bavariani, M.Z., A. Ronaghi, N. Karimian, R. Ghasemi, and J. Yasrebi. 2016. Effect of poultry manure derived biochars at different temperatures on chemical properties of a calcareous soil. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 20(75): 105-117. doi:22092/IJSR.2021.343399.535
Boomsma C.R., and T.J. Vyn. 2008. Maize drought tolerance: Potential improvements through arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Field Crops Research. 108: 14-31. org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.03.002
Boostani, H., and M. Najafighiri. 2018. Effect of biochar and natural zeolite application on desorption kinetic and chemical fractions of zinc in a zn-contaminated calcareous soil. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production. 23:8(1):69-88. doi: 10.22069/EJSMS.2018.11548.1664
Chan, K., L. van Zwieten, I. Meszaros, A. Downie, and S. Joseph. 2008. Agronomic values of greenwaste biochar as a soil amendment. Soil Research. 45: 629- 634. doi.org/10.1071/SR07109
Charkhab, A., and M. Mojaddam. 2018. Investigation growth indices analysis and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) crop production affected different level of nitrogen and nitroxin bio-fertilizer. Journal of Crop Nutrition Science. 4(3): 1-14.
Chaudhry, U.K., S. Shahzad, M.N. Naqqash Abdul Saboor, S. Yaqoob, M. Salim, and M. Khalid. 2016. Integration of biochar and chemical fertilizer to enhance quality of soil and wheat crop (Triticum aestivum ). Peer Journal PrePrints. 4: e1631v1. doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.1631v1
Colom, M.R., and C. Vazzana. 2003. Photosynthesis and PSII functionality of drought-resistant and drought-sensitive weeping love grass plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 49: 135-144. doi:10.1016/S0098-8472(02)00065-5
Dardanelli, M.S., F.J.F. de Cordoba, M.R. Espuny, M.A.R. Carvajal, M.E.S. Díaz, A.M.G. Serrano, Y. Okon, and M. Megías. 2008. Effect of Azospirillum brasilense coinoculated with rhizobium on Phaseolus vulgaris flavonoids and nod factor production under salt stress. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 40(11): 2713-2721. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.06.016
Dejene, M., and M. Lemlem. 2012. Integrated agronomic crop managements to improve Teff productivity under terminal drought, water stress. Tech Open Science, London, UK. doi: 10.5772/30662
Ding, Y., Y. Liu, S. Liu, Z. Li, X. Tan, X. Huang, G. Zeng, L. Zhou, and B. Zheng. 2016. Biochar to improve soil fertility. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 36(2): 1-18. doi:10.1007/s13593-016-0372-z
Farooq, M., A. Wahid, N. Kobayashi, D. Fujita, and S.M.A. Basra. 2009. Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 29(1): 185-212. doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-2666-8_12
Gebremedhin, G.H., H. Bereket, B. Daniel, and B. Tesfaye. 2015. Effect of biochar on yield and yield components of wheat and post-harvest soil properties in Tigray, Ethiopia. Journal of Fertilizers and Pesticides. 6(2): 2-5. doi: 10.4172/2471-2728. 1000158
Ghamari, H., J. Shafagh, H. Sabaghpoor, and A. Dabbagh Mohammadi Nasab. 2016. Effects of biological and chemical fertilizers on some growth indexes of purslane (Portulaca Oleracea) and dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) in mono and intercropping. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 25(4): 25-45. (In Persian).
Ghassemi-Golezani, K., S. Ghanehpoor, and A. Dabbagh Mohammadi-Nasab. 2009. Effects of water limitation on growth and grain filling of faba bean cultivars. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 7(3): 442-447. doi:10.1234/4.2009.2623
Hajmohamadnia Ghalibaf, K., F.S. Hossaini, A. Nezami, and M. Parsa. 2016. Effects of supplementary irrigation at phenological stages on some growth indices of lentil (Lens culinaris) cultivars in Mashhad region. Iranian Journal Pulses Research. 7(1): 105-120. doi: 10.22067/ijpr.v7i1.40052. (In Persian).
Hamidvand, Y., M.R. Abdollahi, and M. Shaban. 2013. Investigation of growth analysis in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) cultivars under drought stress and Zn fertilizer. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 5(5): 517-521. doi: 10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12705
Hunt, R. 1978. Demography versus plant growth analysis. New Phytologist. 80(1). 269-272. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1978.tb02286.x
Inal, A., A. Gunes, O. Sahin, M. B. Taskin and E. C. Kaya. 2015. Impacts of biochar and processed poultry manure, applied to a calcareous soil, on the growth of bean and maize. Soil Use Manage. 31: 106–113. doi:10.1111/sum.12162
Jamali, M.M. 2013. Investigate the effect of drought stress and different amount of chemical fertilizers on some physiological characteristics of coriander (Coriandrum sativum). International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences. 2(20): 872-879.
Kafi, M., and E. Keshmiri. 2016. The changes in the physiological growth and the react of the salinity and number of irrigation water of two cumin cultivars (Cuminum cyminum). Jounal of Agroecology. 8(3): 463-475. doi:10.22067/ JAG.V8I3.55968. (In Persian).
Kammann, C.I., S. Linsel, J.W. Gößling, and H.W. Koyro. 2011. Influence of biochar on drought tolerance of Chenopodium quinoa Wild and on soil plant relations. Plant and Soil. 345: 195-210. doi:10.1007/s11104-011-0771-5
Kapur, P., and S.R. Govil. 2004. Experimental plant ecology. New Delhi: CBS
Kartika, K., B. Lakitan, A. Wijaya, S. Kadir, L.I. Widuri, E. Siaga, and M. Meihana. 2018. Effects of particle size and application rate of rice-husk biochar on chemical properties of tropical wetland soil, rice growth and yield. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 12(5): 817-826. doi: 22067/JAG.V8I3.55968
Kazemi, S., and S.K. Marashi. 2018. Effects of different sources of potassium on drought tolerance of maize under deficit irrigation management. Applied Research of Plant Ecophysiology. 4(2): 195-212.
Kokalis-Burelle, N., J.W. Kloepper, and M.S. Reddy. 2006. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria as transplant amendments and their effects on indigenous rhizosphere microorganisms. Applied Soil Ecology. 31(1-2): 91-100. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2005. 03.007
Kraska, P., P. Oleszczuk, S. Andruszczak, E. Kwiecińska-Poppe, K. Różyło, E. Pałys, P. Gierasimiuk, and Z. Michałojć. 2016. Effect of various biochar rates on winter rye yield and the concentration of available nutrients in the soil. Plant, Soil and Environment. 62(11): 483-489.
Kusvuran, S., and H.Y. Dasgan. 2017. Effects of drought stress on physiological and biochemical changes in Phaseolus vulgaris Legume Research. 40(1): 55-62. doi:10.18805/lr.v0i0.7025
Lak, Sh., A. Ahmadi, A. Siyadat, and Gh. Nourmohamadi. 2007. Effect of different levels of nitrogen and plant density on grain yield and its components and water use efficiency of maize (Zea mays). Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 7 (2): 153-170. doi: 20.1001.1.15625540.1385.8.2.5.6. (In Persian).
Lake, L. and V.O. Sadras. 2016. Screening chickpea for adaptation to water stress: associations between yield and crop growth rate. European Journal of Agronomy. 81: 86-91. doi: 10.1016/j.eja.2016.09.003
Lehman, J., and M. Rondon. 2006. Biochar soil management on highly weathered soil in the humid tropics. 517-530 in biological approaches to sustainable soil system (Norman Upholf et al Eds). Taylor & Francis Group. 113(517): 30384-9267.
Liu, C., H. Wang, X. Tang, Z. Guan, B.J. Reid, A.U. Rajapaksha, Y.S. Ok, and H. Sun. 2016. Biochar increased water holding capacity but accelerated organic carbon leaching from a sloping farmland soil in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 23(2): 995-1006. doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-4885-9
Liu, Q., Y. Zhang, B. Liu, J.E. Amonette, Z. Lin, G. Liu, P. Ambus, and Z. Xie. 2018. How does biochar influence soil N cycle? A meta-analysis. Plant and Soil. 426(1-2): 211-225. doi: 10.1007/s11104-018-3619-4
Lotfi, B., F. Fotohi, S.A. Siadat, and M. Sadeghi. 2018. The effect of using chemical nitrogen fertilizer and biological fertilizer on seed yield and protein percent of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 45(1): 123-138.
Mahajan, A.N.I.L., R.M. Bhagat, and R.D. Gupta. 2008. Integrated nutrient management in sustainable rice-wheat cropping system for food security in India. SAARC Journal of Agriculture. 6(2): 29-32.
Mahanty, T., S. Bhattacharjee, M. Goswami, P. Bhattacharyya, B. Das, A. Ghosh, and P. Tribedi. 2017. Biofertilizers: a potential approach for sustainable agriculture development. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 24(4): 3315-3335. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-8104-0
Majnoon Hosseini, N., and S.H. Hosseinian. 2013. Effect of drought stress on yield and yield components of cowpea genotypes under Karaj climatic condition. The 5th National Congress of Pulse Crops. University of Tehran, Karaj. Iran. doi: 22067/ijpr.v1394i2.36915. (In Persian).
Makkizadeh, M, S. Nasrollahzadeh, S. Zehtab Salmasi, M.R. Chaichi, and K. Khavazi. 2012. The effect of organic, biologic and chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 22(1): 1-12. (In Persian).
Minhas, W.A., M. Hussain, N. Mehboob, A. Nawaz, S. UL-Allah, M.S. Rizwan, and Z. Hassan. 2020. Synergetic use of biochar and synthetic nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers to improves maize productivity and nutrient retention in loamy soil. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 43(9): 1356-1368. doi:10.1080/01904167.2020. 1729804
Mohammad, M., and F.B. Mukhtar. 2018. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer treatments on duration of senescense, harvest time and yield in some varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. African Journal of Plant Science. 12(3): 37-46. doi: 10.5897/AJPS2017.1623
Namvar, A., R. Seyed Sharifi, and T. Khandan. 2011. Growth analysis and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum ) in relation to organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilization. Ekologija. 57(3): 97–108. doi: 10.6001/ekologija.v57i3.1915
Palansooriya, K.N., J.T.F. Wong, Y. Hashimoto, L. Huang, J. Rinklebe, S.X. Chang, N. Bolan, H. Wang, and Y.S. Ok. 2019. Response of microbial communities to biochar-amended soils: A critical review. 1(1): 3-22. doi.10.1007/s42773-019-00009-2
Pettit, R.E. 2004. Organic matter, humus, humate, humic acid, fulvic acid and humin: their importance in soil fertility and plant health. CTI Research.10: 1-17.
Pirasteh Anousheh, H., Y. Emam, and F. Jamali Ramin. 2010. Comparative effect of biofertilizers with chemical fertilizers on sunflower (Helianthus annuus) growth, yield and oil percentage in different drought stress levels. Journal of Agroecology. 2(3): 492-501. doi: 10.22067/JAG.V2I3.7663. (In Persian).
Rab, A., M.R. Khan, S.U. Haq, S. Zahid, M. Asim, M.Z. Afridi, M. Arif, and F. Munsif. 2016. Impact of biochar on mungbean yield and yield components. Pure and Applied Biology. 5(3): 632- doi: 10.19045/bspab.2016.50082
Sajadi, N.R., and A.R. Yadavi. 2013. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer, vermicompost and nitroxin on growth indexes, phonological stages and grain yield of sesame. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 6(2):73-99. (In Persian).
Sakinezhad, T. 2004. Study the effect of absorption of N.P.K and Na elements at different growth stages to morphologic and physiologic characteristics of corn in Ahvaz condition. Ph.D. Thesis, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran. 288 pp. (In Persian).
Savci, S. 2012. Investigation of effect of chemical fertilizers on environment. Apcbee Procedia. 1: 287-292. doi:10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.03.047
Shabanzadeh, Sh., M. Ramroudi, and M. Galavi. 2011. Influence of micronutrients foliar application on seed yield and quality traits of black cumin in different irrigation regimes. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 1(2): 79-89. doi: 1001.1.22518517.1390.1.2.6.1
Shahpary, Z., E. Fateh, and A. Aynehband. 2016. The effect of different residue type, management and nitrogen on yield, quality of durum wheat (Triticum durum ) and soil macronutrients. Journal of Crop Production. 9(3): 87-104. doi: 10.22069/ ejcp.2016.9713.1756
Singh, B.B., and T. Matsui. 2002. Cowpea varieties for drought tolerance. Challenges and opportunities for enhancing sustainable cowpea production. pp: 287-300.
Suppadit, T., N. Phumkokrak, and P. Poungsuk. 2012. The effect of using quail litter biochar on soybean (Glycine max Merr.) production. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research. 72: 244-251. doi:10.4067/S0718-58392012000200013.
Szilagyi, L. 2003. Influence of drought on seed yield components in common bean. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology. Special Issue. 320-330. doi: 10.3389/ fpls.2022.814325
Tabari, H., and P.H. Talaee. 2011. Analysis of trends in temperature data in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Global and Planetary Change. 79(1-2): 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.07.008
Tadesse, M., W.J.M. Lommen, P.E.L. van der Putten, and P.C. Struik. 2001. Development of leaf area and leaf number of micropropagated potato plants. NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences. 49(1): 15-32. doi: 10.1016/S1573-5214(01)80013-0
Timko, M.P., and B.B. Singh. 2008. Cowpea, a multifunctional legume. In ‘Genomics of tropical crop plants’. Ch. 10. (Eds PH Moore, R Ming) pp. 227–258.
Toosi, A.F., and M. Azizi. 2014. Effect of different sources of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Scientific Papers Series: A Agronomy. 18: 364-366.
van Zwieten, L., S. Kimber, S. Morris, K. Chan, A. Downie, J. Rust, S. Joseph, and A. Cowie. 2010. Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility. Plant and Soil. 327: 235-246. doi: 10.1007/s11104-009-0050-x
Violent, H.G.M. and V.O. Portugal. 2007. Alternation of tomato fruit quality by root inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobactria (PGPR): Bacillussubtilis BEB-13bs. Scientia Horticulture. 113: 103-106. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2007.01.031
Wang, Y., L. Zhang, H. Yang, G. Yan, Z. Xu, C. Chen, and D. Zhang. 2016. Biochar nutrient availability rather than its water holding capacity governs the growth of both C3 and C4 Journal of Soils and Sediments. 16(3): 801-810. doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1357-x
Waraich, E.A., Z. Ahmed, R. Ahmad, and R.N. Shabbir. 2017. Modulating the phenology and yield of Camelina sativa by varying sowing dates under water deficit stress conditions. Soil and Environment. 36(1): 84-92. doi: 10.25252/SE/17/20937
Yousefpoor, Z., and A.R. Yadavi. 2014. Effect of biological and chemical fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus on quantitative and qualitative yield of sunflower. Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 24(1): 95-112. (In Persian).
Zhang, A., Y. Liu, G. Pan, Q. Hussain, L. Li, J. Zheng, and X. Zhang. 2012. Effect of biochar amendment on maize yield and greenhouse gas emissions from a soil organic carbon poor calcareous loamy soil from central China plain. Plant and soil. 351: 263-275. doi:10.1007/s11104-011-0957-x