A Legal and Security Study on Data Privacy in Smart Cities with a Focus on IoT and Blockchain
Ghazaleh Shahinzadeh
1
(
Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Isfahan, Iran,
)
Khodadad Khodadadi Dashtaki
2
(
Department of Law, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
)
Zahra Moradi
3
(
Faculty member of Department of Law, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
)
Sayed Mohammadali Zanjani
4
(
Department of Electrical Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
)
Keywords: Smart cities, Privacy, Internet of things, Blockchain, Data security.,
Abstract :
The advancement of smart cities and the expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT), along with the need to reduce energy consumption in green smart cities, signify a revolution in urban planning and management. Despite social improvements and increased efficiency, these advancements bring new challenges, particularly in the realm of security and privacy protection. The widespread use of sensors and smart devices leads to the collection and processing of vast amounts of data, which, if mismanaged, can pose significant threats to data security and individual privacy. Blockchain, as an emerging technology, offers new capabilities for enhancing security and privacy. This study conducts a detailed examination of the impact of existing policies and laws on security and privacy in smart cities and analyzes the role of IoT and blockchain technologies in improving these areas. It also explores the security and privacy challenges and the integration of these technologies into urban management. The aim of this research is to optimize the use of modern technologies while ensuring the security and privacy of citizens in smart cities, thereby enhancing overall efficiency and public welfare while safeguarding citizens' privacy rights.
Addressing new challenges, particularly in the areas of security and privacy in smart cities.
Examining management methods in collecting and processing large volumes of information, considering the increase in sensors and smart devices in smart green cities.
Analyzing security and privacy issues in smart cities and the impacts of modern technologies on contemporary life.
Investigating methods to create social improvements in alignment with the revolution in urban planning and city management.
[1]. مقتدری، و فریناز. (2020). بازتعریف مفهوم شهرهای هوشمند و فرآیند هوشمندسازی شهرها برمبنای سیرتحول مفهومی و عملکردی شهرهای هوشمند. گفتمان طراحی شهری؛ مروری بر ادبیات و نظریه‌های معاصر, 1(2).
[2]. Kim, H. M., Sabri, S., & Kent, A. (2021). Smart cities as a platform for technological and social innovation in productivity, sustainability, and livability: A conceptual framework. In Smart Cities for technological and social innovation (pp. 9-28). Academic Press.
[3]. Randhawa, A., & Kumar, A. (2017). Exploring sustainability of smart development initiatives in India. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 6(2), 701-710.
[4]. Whaiduzzaman, M., Barros, A., Chanda, M., Barman, S., Sultana, T., Rahman, M. S., ... & Fidge, C. (2022). A review of emerging technologies for IoT-based smart cities. Sensors, 22(23), 9271.
[5]. Venkatesh, A., & Eastaff, M. S. (2018). A study of data storage security issues in cloud computing. International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 3(1), 1741-1745.
[6]. Sookhak, M., Tang, H., He, Y., & Yu, F. R. (2018). Security and privacy of smart cities: a survey, research issues and challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 21(2), 1718-1743.
[7]. Hammi, B., Khatoun, R., Zeadally, S., Fayad, A., & Khoukhi, L. (2018). IoT technologies for smart cities. IET networks, 7(1), 1-13.
[8]. Rizi, M. H. P., & Seno, S. A. H. (2022). A systematic review of technologies and solutions to improve security and privacy protection of citizens in the smart city. Internet of Things, 20, 100584.
[9]. Radu, L. D. (2020). Disruptive technologies in smart cities: a survey on current trends and challenges. Smart Cities, 3(3), 1022-1038.
[10]. Ismagilova, E., Hughes, L., Rana, N. P., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2022). Security, privacy and risks within smart cities: Literature review and development of a smart city interaction framework. Information Systems Frontiers, 1-22.
[11]. Zanjani, S. M., Zanjani, S. M., Shahinzadeh, H., Moazzami, M., Ebrahimi, F., & Nourmahnad, N. (2023, November). Leveraging Big Data Intelligence for Electronic Health Data Collection and Mining in Smart Innovative Cities: Approaches and Applications. In 2023 7th Iranian Conference on Advances in Enterprise Architecture (ICAEA) (pp. 45-52). IEEE.
[12]. Channi, H. K., & Kumar, R. (2021). The role of smart sensors in smart city. In Smart Sensor Networks: Analytics, Sharing and Control (pp. 27-48). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
[13]. Jantarani, A., Barati, M., Ghobakhloo, M., Shahin, A., & Talari, M. (2022). Identifying the requirements of using the Industrial Internet of Things in the automotive supply chain. Journal of Operations Management, 2(7), 27-54.
[14]. Xia, L., Semirumi, D. T., & Rezaei, R. (2023). A thorough examination of smart city applications: Exploring challenges and solutions throughout the life cycle with emphasis on safeguarding citizen privacy. Sustainable Cities and Society, 98, 104771.
[15]. فقیهی، و جمشیدی. (2018). بررسی قوانین حفاظت از داده های کاربران در کشورهای منتخب. گزارش های کارشناسی (مرکز پژوهش های مجلس شورای اسلامی), 94(26), 506-543.
[16]. فرهمند، و فرید. (2023). طرح حمایت و حفاظت از داده و اطلاعات شخصی با مطالعه تطبیقی مقررات عمومی حفاظت از داده (GDPR). حقوق فناوری های نوین.
[17]. Jamison, S. G. (2019). Creating a National Data Privacy Law for the United States. Cybaris Intell. Prop. L. Rev., 10, 1.
[18]. Pyo, G. (2021). Ji, C. (2018). Cybersecurity and Data Protection: A Study on China's New Cybersecurity Legal Regime and How It Affects Inbound Investment in China. Int'l Law., 51, 537.
[19]. اسلامی، جهانگیر، و کاوه پیشقدم. (2021). بررسی تطبیقی مفهوم آزادی در منشور حقوق شهروندی و اعلامیه جهانی حقوق بشر. پژوهشهای حقوقی, 20(45), 95-123.
[20]. Mazarei, H., Dadvar, M., & Atabakzadeh, M. (2023). Distributed Denial of Service Attacks Detection in Internet of Things Using the Majority Voting Approach. Journal of Southern Communication Engineering, 13(49), 23-48.
[21]. Fazli, F., Mansubbassiri, M., & Babazadeh, F. (2023). A-RPL: Routing Algorithm with the Ability to Support Mobility in Internet of Things Networks. Journal of Southern Communication Engineering, 13(50), 11-32.
[22]. Tahmasebi Limooni, S., Ghasemi, S., & Ghorbanloo, R. (2019). Identifying the common threats and vulnerabilities in the Internet of Things (IoT) and offering security policies for confronting them. Journal of Knowledge Studies, 12(44), 32-54.
[23]. Mishra, D., Vijayakumar, P., Sureshkumar, V., Amin, R., Islam, S. H., & Gope, P. (2018). Efficient authentication protocol for secure multimedia communications in IoT-enabled wireless sensor networks. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 77, 18295-18325.
[24]. Salehi Shayegan, A. H., Zakeri, A., & Salehi Shayegan, A. (2022). Optimizing resources allocation for fog computing-based internet of things networks to reduce latency cost. Computational economics, 1(3), 99-112.
[25]. Lis, P., & Mendel, J. (2019). Cyberattacks on critical infrastructure: An economic perspective. Economics and Business Review, 5(2), 24-47.
[26]. Berkel, A. R., Singh, P. M., & van Sinderen, M. J. (2018). An information security architecture for smart cities. In Business Modeling and Software Design: 8th International Symposium, BMSD 2018, Vienna, Austria, July 2-4, 2018, Proceedings 8 (pp. 167-184). Springer International Publishing.
[27]. Gupta, R., Jadav, N. K., Nair, A., Tanwar, S., & Shahinzadeh, H. (2022, September). Blockchain and AI-based secure onion routing framework for data dissemination in IoT environment underlying 6g networks. In 2022 Sixth International Conference on Smart Cities, Internet of Things and Applications (SCIoT) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
[28]. Shahinzadeh, G., Shahinzadeh, H., & Tanwar, S. (2024, May). Security and Privacy Issues in the Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey of Protocols, Standards, and the Revolutionary Role of Blockchain. In 2024 8th International Conference on Smart Cities, Internet of Things and Applications (SCIoT) (pp. 59-67). IEEE.
[29]. Asilian, A., Shahinzadeh, H., Zanjani, S. M., Gharehpetian, G. B., Abdelaziz, A. Y., & Tanwar, S. (2023, December). The Role of Microelectronics for Smart Cities, Smart Grids and Industry 5.0: Challenges, Solutions, and Opportunities. In 2023 13th Smart Grid Conference (SGC) (pp. 1-12). IEEE.
[30]. Zanjani, S. M., Shahinzadeh, H., Kargar, S. M., Moazzami, M., Ebrahimi, F., & Hemmati, M. (2023, October). Internet of Things Security: A Review on Challenges, Solutions and Research Directions. In 2023 7th International Conference on Internet of Things and Applications (IoT) (pp. 1-8). IEEE.
[31]. Cui, L., Xie, G., Qu, Y., Gao, L., & Yang, Y. (2018). Security and privacy in smart cities: Challenges and opportunities. IEEE access, 6, 46134-46145.
[32]. تقوایی، مسعود، شفیعی، و مرجان. (2022). تحلیل شاخص‌ها و تبیین راهبردهای تحقق هوشمندسازی شهری (مطالعۀ موردی: شهر اصفهان). برنامه ریزی فضایی, 12(1), 51-80.
[33]. توجهی، عبدالعلی، و دهقانی. (2013). در جدال امنیت گرایی و موازین دادرسی منصفانه. فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق کیفری, 1(3), 7-34.
[34]. اسماعیلی، و طحان‌نظیف. (2008). تحلیل ماهیت نهاد سیاست های کلی نظام در حقوق اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران. پژوهشنامه حقوق اسلامی, 28(9), 87-120.
[35]. حسینی، و سیدابراهیم. (2012). محدودیت های مجلس شورای اسلامی در قانونگذاری (موضوع اصل 71 قانون اساسی). حکومت اسلامی, 66(17), 163-194.
[36]. انصاری، باقر، و الوندنژاد. (2020). ماهیت و جایگاه نهاد تنظیم مقررات در حوزه فضای مجازی در ایران. آموزه‌های حقوقی گواه, 6(1), 281-314.
[37]. اصغرنیا، رستمی، و ولی. (2020). نقد و آسیب شناسی نظام حقوقی تنظیم مقررات اقتصادی ایران از منظر حقوق رقابت. فصلنامه پژوهش های اقتصاد صنعتی, 4(11), 61-76.
[38]. خرم دل، استوارسنگری، کوروش، علائی، و ضرابی. (2022). چالش‌های مربوط به مرجع تنظیم‌گر و ناظر بر تولیدات صوت و تصویر فراگیر درفضای مجازی. فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی حقوق اداری, 9(30), 31-56.
[39]. سلامی، مظهری، و محمد. (2021). تکالیف مدیریت شهری در تحقق حقوق زیست محیطی شهروندان (با نگاهی به مصوبات شورای شهر تهران). فصلنامه تحقیق و توسعه در حقوق تطبیقی, 4(11), 84-111.
[40]. فرهادی الاشتی، و جوان جعفری بجنوردی. (2017). نقض آزادی جریان اطلاعات در فرآیند پیشگیری موقعیت مدار از جرائم سایبری. فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق کیفری, 5(18), 69-100.
[41]. نعمتی، ن. ا.، نبی‌اله، و صادقی‌نشاط. (2017). بررسی مسئولیت مدنی ناشی از نقض امنیت داده در تهدیدات سایبری. پژوهش های حفاظتی و امنیتی, 23(6), 157-186.
[42]. قناد، علیقلی، و امیره. (2020). مفهوم و اهمیت داده های شخصی و حریم خصوصی و انواع حمایت از آن در فضای مجازی. حقوق فناوری‌های نوین, 1(1), 297-322.
[43]. Kozłowski, W., & Suwar, K. (2021). Smart city: definitions, dimensions, and initiatives.