The effect of external application of salicylic acid on some growth and biochemical indicators of rice (Oryza sativa) plants under salt stress
Subject Areas : Environmental physiology
1 - Department of Agronomy, Islamic Azad University of Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Keywords: Salicylic acid, Rice, Oxidative stress, Salt stress, Glutathione-ascorbic acid redox, Glyoxalase system,
Abstract :
Abiotic constraints, such as salinity stress, reduce cereal production. Exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) can prevent the harm caused to rice by salinity, but the mechanisms by which it increases the tolerance of rice under salinity stress conditions are unclear. In this research, the effect of external application of SA on the growth and biochemical traits of rice plants under salinity stress was investigated as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design in hydroponic conditions. The results showed that salinity stress decreased photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids), K/Na ratio, and glutathione-ascorbic acid redox state, and, as a result, rice plant growth. However, the application of SA improved the growth and height of rice plants by reducing the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. By maintaining K/Na homeostasis and glutathione-ascorbic acid redox states, SA improved plant tolerance and increased photosynthetic pigments in rice plants. SA also increased the accumulation of osmolytes, including free proline and soluble sugars, which can play an important role in modulating the osmotic potential of plant cells under salt stress. The obtained results show that the positive effects of the external application of SA on the accumulation of osmolytes, the K/Na ratio, and the antioxidant defense system lead to increased tolerance to salinity and improved growth of rice plants under salinity stress.
References:
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Beauchamp, C. and Fridovich, I. (1971). Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Analytical Biochemistry. 44: 276-287.
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Ghorbani, A., Pishkar, L., Saravi, K.V. and Chen, M.X. (2023b). Melatonin-mediated endogenous nitric oxide coordinately boosts stability through proline and nitrogen metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and Na+/K+ transporters in tomato under NaCl stress. Frontier in Plant Science. 14: 1135943.
Ghorbani, A., Razavi, S.M., Ghasemi Omran, V. and Pirdeshti, H. (2019). Effects of endophyte fungi symbiosis on some physiological parameters of tomato plants under 10 day long salinity stress. Journal of Plant Process and Function. 7(27): 193–208.
Ghorbani, A., Razavi, S.M., Ghasemi Omran, V.O. and Pirdashti, H. (2018a). Piriformospora indica inoculation alleviates the adverse effect of NaCl stress on growth, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Plant Biology. 20: 729–736.
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Ghorbani, A., Tafteh, M., Roudbari, N., Pishkar, L., Zhang, W. and Wu, C. (2020). Piriformospora indica augments arsenic tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa) by immobilizing arsenic in roots and improving iron translocation to shoots. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 209: 111793.
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Heath, R.L. and Packer, L. (1968). Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 125: 189–198.
Hu, H. and Shan, C. (2018). Effect of cerium (Ce) on the redox states of ascorbate and glutathione through ascorbate–glutathione cycle in the roots of maize seedlings under salt stress. Cereal Research Communications. 46:31–40.
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Aebi, H. (1984). “Catalase in vitro,” in Methods in enzymology. Eds. S. Colowick and N. Kaplan (Florida: Elsevier), 121–126.
Alexieva, V., Sergiev, I., Mapelli, S. and Karanov, E. (2001). The effect of drought and ultraviolet radiation on growth and stress markers in pea and wheat. Plant, Cell & Environment. 24: 1337-44.
Al-Whaibi, M.H., Siddiqui, M.H. and Basalah, M.O. (2012). Salicylic acid and calcium-induced protection of wheat against salinity. Protoplasma. 3: 769–778.
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Azooz, M.M., Youssef, A.M. and Ahmad, P. (2011). Evaluation of salicylic acid (SA) application on growth, osmotic solutes and antioxidant enzyme activities on broad bean seedlings grown under diluted seawater. International Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 3(14): 253–264.
Bates, L.S., Waldern, R.P. and Tear, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
Beauchamp, C. and Fridovich, I. (1971). Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Analytical Biochemistry. 44: 276-287.
Bradford, M.M. (1976). Arapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein day binding. Analytical Biochemistry. 72: 248-254.
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Garg, N. and Bhandari, P. (2016). Interactive effects of silicon and arbuscular mycorrhiza in modulating ascorbate–glutathione cycle and antioxidant scavenging capacity in differentially salt-tolerant Cicer arietinum L. genotypes subjected to long-term salinity. Protoplasma. 253: 1325–1345.
Ghasemi-Omran, V.O., Ghorbani, A. and Sajjadi-Otaghsara, S.A. (2021). Melatonin alleviates NaCl-induced damage by regulating ionic homeostasis, antioxidant system, redox homeostasis, and expression of steviol glycosides-related biosynthetic genes in in vitro cultured Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology. 57: 319–331.
Ghorbani, A., Pishkar, L., Roodbari, N., Pehlivan, N. and Wu, C. (2021). Nitric oxide could allay arsenic phytotoxicity in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) by modulating photosynthetic pigments, phytochelatin metabolism, molecular redox status and arsenic sequestration. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 167: 337–348.
Ghorbani, A., Ghasemi-Omran, V.O., and Chen, M. (2023a). The effect of glycine betaine on nitrogen and polyamine metabolisms, expression of glycoside-related biosynthetic enzymes, and K/Na balance of stevia under salt stress. Plants. 12: 1628.
Ghorbani, A., Pishkar, L., Saravi, K.V. and Chen, M.X. (2023b). Melatonin-mediated endogenous nitric oxide coordinately boosts stability through proline and nitrogen metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and Na+/K+ transporters in tomato under NaCl stress. Frontier in Plant Science. 14: 1135943.
Ghorbani, A., Razavi, S.M., Ghasemi Omran, V. and Pirdeshti, H. (2019). Effects of endophyte fungi symbiosis on some physiological parameters of tomato plants under 10 day long salinity stress. Journal of Plant Process and Function. 7(27): 193–208.
Ghorbani, A., Razavi, S.M., Ghasemi Omran, V.O. and Pirdashti, H. (2018a). Piriformospora indica inoculation alleviates the adverse effect of NaCl stress on growth, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Plant Biology. 20: 729–736.
Ghorbani, A., Razavi, S.M., Ghasemi Omran, V.O. and Pirdashti, H. (2018a). Piriformospora indica alleviates salinity by boosting redox poise and antioxidative potential of tomato. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 65: 898–907.
Ghorbani, A., Tafteh, M., Roudbari, N., Pishkar, L., Zhang, W. and Wu, C. (2020). Piriformospora indica augments arsenic tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa) by immobilizing arsenic in roots and improving iron translocation to shoots. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 209: 111793.
Griffith, O.W. (1980). Determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide using glutathione reductase and 2-vinyl-pyridine. Analytical Biochemistry. 106: 207–212.
Gunes, A., Alpaslan, A.I.M., Eraslan, G., Bagci, F.E. and Cicek, N. (2007). Salicylic acid induced changeson some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress and mineral nutrition in maize (Zea mays L.) grown under salinity. Plant Physiology. 164: 728–736.
Hasanuzzaman, M., Alam, M.M., Nahar, K., Mahmud, J.A., Ahamed, K.U. and Fujita, M. (2014). Exogenous salicylic acid alleviates salt stress-induced oxidative damage in Brassica napus by enhancing the antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 8: 631–639.
Hasanuzzaman, M., Hossain, M.A. and Fujita, M. (2011). Nitric oxide modulates antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification system and reduces salinity induced damage in wheat seedling. Plant Biotechnology Reports. 5: 353–365.
Heath, R.L. and Packer, L. (1968). Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 125: 189–198.
Hu, H. and Shan, C. (2018). Effect of cerium (Ce) on the redox states of ascorbate and glutathione through ascorbate–glutathione cycle in the roots of maize seedlings under salt stress. Cereal Research Communications. 46:31–40.
Isayenkov, S.V. and Maathuis, F.J. (2019). Plant salinity stress: many unanswered questions remain. Frontiers in Plant Science. 10: 80.
Jayakannan, M., Bose, J., Babourina, O., Rengel, Z. and Shabala, S. (2013). Salicylic acid improves salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis by restoring membrane potential and preventing salt-induced K+ loss via a GORK channel. Journal of Experimental Botany. 64(8): 2255–2268.
Jini, D. and Joseph, B. (2017). Physiological mechanism of salicylic acid for alleviation of salt stress in rice. Rice Science. 24(2): 97-108.
Khan, N., Syeed, S., Masood, A., Nazar, R. and Iqbal, N. (2010). Application of salicylic acid increases contents of nutrients and antioxidative metabolism in mungbean and alleviates adverse effects of salinity stress. International Journal of Plant Biology. 1: 1–8.
Kumar, S., Li, G., Yang, J., Huang, X., Ji, Q., Liu, Z., Ke, W. and Hou, H. (2021). Effect of salt stress on growth, physiological parameters, and ionic concentration of water dropwort (Oenanthe javanica) cultivars. Frontier in Plant Science. 12: 660409.
La, V.H., Lee, BR., Zhang, Q., Park, S.H., Islam, M.T. and Kim, T.H. (2019). Salicylic acid improves drought-stress tolerance by regulating the redox status and proline metabolism in Brassica rapa. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology. 60: 31–40
Li, T., Hu, Y.Y., Du, X.H., Tang, H., Shen, C.H. and Wu, J.S. (2014). Salicylic acid alleviates the adverse effects of salt stress in Torreya grandis cv. merrillii seedlings by activating photosynthesis and enhancing antioxidant systems. PLoS ONE. 9: e109492.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. (1987). Chlorophyll and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembrane. Methods in Enzymology. 148: 350-381.
Liu, Z., Ma, C., Hou, L., Wu, X., Wang, D., Zhang, L. and Liu, P. (2022). Exogenous SA affects rice seed germination under salt stress by regulating Na+/K+ balance and endogenous GAs and ABA homeostasis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23: 3293.
Ma, X., Zheng, J., Zhang, X., Hu, Q. and Qian, R. (2017). Salicylic acid alleviates the adverse effects of salt stress on Dianthus superbus (Caryophyllaceae) by activating photosynthesis, protecting morphological structure, and enhancing the antioxidant system. Frontier in Plant Science. 8: 600.
Metwally, A., Finkemeier, I., Georgi, M. and Dietz, K.J. (2003). Salicylic acid alleviates the cadmium toxicity in barley seedlings. Plant Physiology. 132: 272–281.
Misra, N. and Saxena, P. (2009). Effect of salicylic acid on proline metabolism in lentil grown under salinity stress. Plant Science. 177: 181–189.
Molina, A., Bueno, P., Marin, M.C., Rodrıiguez-Rosales, M.P., Belver, A., Venema, K. and Donaire, J.P. (2002). Involvement of endogenous salicylic acid content, lipoxygenase and antioxidant enzyme activities in the response of tomato cell suspension cultures to NaCl. New Phytologist. 156: 409–415.
Nazar, R., Umar, S. and Khan, N.A. (2015). Exogenous salicylic acid improves photosynthesis and growth through increase in ascorbate–glutathione metabolism and S assimilation in mustard under salt stress. Plant Signaling & Behavior. 10: e1003751.
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