The effect of humic acidic and cycocel on yield, yield components, and photosynthetic material remobilization of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under end-of-the-season drought stress conditions
Subject Areas : Agriculture and plant breeding
Maryam Shirvanian
1
(
Department of Agronomy, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
)
Mani Mojaddam
2
(
Department of Agronomy, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
)
Shahram Lack
3
(
Department of Agronomy, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
)
Mojtaba Alavifazel
4
(
Department of Agronomy, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
)
Seyed Keyvan Marashi
5
(
, Department of Agronomy, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
)
Keywords: Grain yield, Cycocel, Remobilization, 1000 grain weight, irrigation cut,
Abstract :
In order to investigate the effect of humic acidic and cycocel on yield, yield components, and remobilization of wheat photosynthetic materials under end-of-the-season drought stress conditions, a split factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in field in Ahvaz during two years (2017-19). The main factor of drought stress at the end of the season with two levels of normal irrigation and cessation of irrigation in the post-pollination stage, cycocel with three levels of water as a control, 1.5 g/l, and 3 g/l, and humic acid with three levels of non-foliar application (water as control), 2 liters per hectare, and 4 liters per hectare were factorial sub-factors. Results showed that the interaction of end-of-the-season drought stress and cycocel on grain yield and number of grains per spike was significant. The highest grain yield (4840.5 kg ha-1) was obtained by applying 3 g/l cycocel under normal irrigation conditions, which did not show a statistically significant difference from the application of 3 g/l cycocel under drought stress at the end of the season. Application of humic acid had a positive and significant effect on all test traits. The highest grain yield, number of grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight were obtained from the application of 3 liters per hectare of humic acid under normal irrigation conditions. Under end-of-the season drought stress, the current photosynthesis and the share of current photosynthesis decreased by 29% and 10%, respectively while remobilization and contribution of remobilization increased by 16% and 34%, respectively. In general, to increase the rate of grain yield under optimal conditions and reduce the drop in stress conditions, growth regulators such as cycocel by a concentration of 3 g/l and organic acid fertilizer by the concentration of 4 liters per hectare are recommended.
Abdalla Mohammed, A., Osman Elzubeir, A., Elbedawi Hamad, M., and Ibrahim Elhagwa, A. (2019). Effect of irrigation canal sediments, humate fertilizer and irrigation interval on wheat performance in desert soils. Athens Journal of Sciences. 6(2): 141-154.
Abdel Mawgoud, A.M.R., El Greadly, N.H.M., Helmy, Y.I., and Singer, S.M. (2007). Responses of tomato plants to different rates of humic based fertilizer and NPK fertilization. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 3(2): 169-174.
Abdoli, M. (2019). Remobilization of photoassimilates a strategy to deal with drought stress in wheat. Journal of Wheat Research. 2 (1): 88-104.
Abdoli, M., Saeedi, M., Jalali Honarmand, S., Mansourifar, S., and Ghobadi, M.A. (2014). Evaluation of the effect of water shortage stress and resource limitation after pollination on grain yield and remobilization of bread wheat cultivars. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 7 (2): 137-154. (In persian with english abstract).
Abdolkhani, S., and Shokohfar, A.R. (2016). The effect of seed densities and chlormequat chloride (CCC) concentrations on yield and yield components of Jonub barley cultivar. Journal of Crop production Research. 7(4): 309-319.
Afkari, A., and Ghaffari, H. (2018). Cycocel foliar application effect on alleviation of drought stress consequences on growth traits of barley cv. Kavir in Khorafarin, Iran. Agroecology Journal. 13 (4): 13-22. (In persian with english abstract).
Ahmadi, M., Zare, M. J. and Emam, Y. (2018). Study some of morpho-physiological characteristics and grain yield of wheat under affected by chlormequat chloride, zinc sulfate and nitroxin application. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 9 (29): 1-14.
Alavifazel, M. (2016). Assessment of remobilization rate to grain durum and bread wheat genotypes in response to nitrogen amounts. Crop Physiology Journal. 7(28): 5-18.
Anjum, S.A., Ashraf, U., Tanveer, M., Khan, I., Hussain, S., Shahzad, B., Zohaib, A., Abbas, F., Saleem, M. F., Ali, I., and Wang, L.C. (2017). Drought induced changes in growth, osmolyte accumulation and antioxidant metabolism of three maize hybrids. Frontiers in Plant Science. 8:1-12.
Antoun, L., Sahar, W., Zakaria, M., and Rafla, H. (2010). Influence of compost nmineral and humic Acid on yild and chemical composition of wheat plant. Jornal Soil Science and Agriculture. l (11): 1131-1143.
Anwar, Sh., Iqbal, F., Khattak, W. A., Islam, M., Iqbal, B., and Khan, Sh. (2016). Response of Wheat Crop to Humic Acid and Nitrogen Levels. Ecronicon Agriculture. 3(1): 558-565.
Ardalani, S., Saeidi, M., and Abdoli, M. (2016). Agronomic traits, photosynthesis and gas exchange variables of wheat genotypes in response to water deficit during vegetative growth period. Environmental and Experimental Biolog. 14(4): 157-162.
Attarzadeh, Sh., Mujaddam, M., and Sakinejad, I. (2012). Application of humic acid and different amounts of nitrogen on remobilization rate, production components and yield of wheat star in Weiss climate. Master Thesis. Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz. 104 pages.
Azhand, M., Saeidi, M., Abdoli, M., and Khas-Amiri, M. (2015). The impact of source limitations on yield formation, storage capacity and contribution of stem reserves to the growing grains of modern barley cultivars under post-anthesis water deficiency. Plant Knowledge Journal. 4(1): 13-24.
Bagherikia, S., Pahlevani, M. H., Yamchi, A., Zenalinezhad, K., and Mostafaie, A. (2017). Molecular and physiological analysis of flag leaf senescence and remobilization of assimilates in bread wheat under terminal drought stress. Agricultural Biotechnology Journal. 8(4): 1-16.
Bagherikia, S., Pahlevani, M.H., Yamchi, A., Zenalinezhad, K., and Mostafaie, A. (2018). Remobilization of stem soluble carbohydrates in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under terminal drought stress. Journal of Plant Process and Function. 7(24): 53-72.
Bahrami, K., Pirasteh Anousheh, H., and Imam, Y. (2014). Yield and growth traits of barley cultivars under foliar application of different concentrations of Cycocel at tillering stage in Fars province. Crop Physiology Journal. 6 (21): 28-17. (In persian with english abstract).
Bahrani, A., Heidari Sharif Abad, H., Tahmasebi Sarvestani, Z., Moafpourian, G. H., and Ayneh Band, A. (2011). Remobilization of dry matter in wheat: effects of nitrogen application and post-anthesis water deficit during grain filling. New Zealand Journal Crop Horticultural Science. 39(4): 279-293.
Bani Saeedi, A.K., and Motamedi, M. (2020). The effect of nitrogen consumption on grain yield and remobilization of maize dry matter under drought stress conditions. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 12 (41): 68-77. (In persian with english abstract).
Burton, J. D., Pedersen, M. K., and Coble, H. D. (2008). Effect of cyclanilide on auxin activity. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 27: 342-352.
Emam, Y., and Seghatoeslami, M.J. (2005). Crop yiled, physiology and processes. shiraz university press.shiraz, Iran. 599 pp.
F.A.O. (2018). FAO Food and Agricultural commodities production. Available online at: http://www.faostat.fao.org/site/339/default/aspex/.
Haghjoo, M., and Bagrani, A. (2015). Grain yield, dry matter remobilization and chlorophyll content in maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by nitrogen and water deficit. Bangladesh Journal of Botany. 44(3): 359-365.
Khalilzadeh, R., Seyed Sharifi, R., and Jalilian, J. (2016). Antioxidant status and physiological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to cycocel application and bio fertilizers under water limitation condition. Journal of Plant Interaction. 11(1): 130-137.
Khan, R. U., Khan, M. Z., Khan, A., Saba, S., Hussain, F., and Jan, I.U. (2018). Effect of humic acid on growth and crop nutrient status of wheat on two different soils. Journal of plant nutrition. 41(4): 453-460.
Kumar, J., Madan, L., and Krishan, P. (2012). Effect of Cycocel on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Hort Flora Research. 12: 162-164.
Lopes, M. S., Reynolds, M. P., Jalal-Kamali, M. R., Moussa, M., Feltaous, Y., Tahir, I. S. A., Barma, N., Vargas, M., Mannes, Y., and Baum, M. (2012). The yield correlations of selectable physiological traits in a population of advanced spring wheat lines grown in warm and drought environments. Field Crops Research Journal. 128: 129-136.
Mahmoodi Zoeek, R., Nasri, M., and Oveysi, M. (2015). Effects of humic acid sprying on yield and nutrients transition to wheat grain in drought stress condition. Agronomic Research in Semi Desert Regions. 12(2): 119-131.
Maibangsa, S., Thangaraj, M., and Stephen, R. (2000). Effect of brassinosteriod and salicylic acid on rice grown under low irradiance condition. Indian Journal Agriculture Research. 34: 258-260.
Mehraban, A., Tobe, A., Gholipouri, A., Amiri, E., Ghafari, A., and Rostaii, M. (2019). The effects of drought stress on yield, yield components, and yield stability at different growth stages in bread wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum L.). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 28(2): 739-746.
Mehrabian Moghaddam, N. M., Arvin, J., Khajouinejad, G. R., and Maghsoudi, K. (2011). Effect of salicylic acid on growth and forage and grain yield of maize under drought stress in field conditions. Qurterly Seed and Plant Improvement Journal. 27(2): 41-55.
Mohsen Nia, A., and Jalilian, J. (2012). The effect of drought stress and fertilizer sources on yield and yield increase of safflower. Journal of Agroecology. 4(3): 235-245. (In persian with english abstract).
Mojaddam, M., A. Naderi, Q. Noor Mohammadi, A.A. Siadat, A. Aynehband. (2009). Effect of water scarcity stress, nitrogen management on grain yield, dry matter remobilization rate and current photosynthesis of grain corn in Khuzestan (Ramin) climatic conditions. Crop Physiology Journal. 1 (1): 86-95. (In persian with english abstract).
Naderi, A., Akbari Moghaddam, H., and Mahmoodi, K. (2013). Evaluation of bread wheat genotypes for terminal drought stress tolerance in South-Warm regions of Iran. Qurterly Seed and Seed Plant Improvement Journal. 29(1): 601-616. (In persian with english abstract).
Namarvari, M., Ghodratallah fathi, A., Bakhshandeh, M.H., Gharineh, S., JafariNimroori, M., Fathi, Q.A., Bakhshandeh, A.M., Qarineh, M.H., and Jafari, S. (2013). The effect of irrigation timing and different fertilizer systems (NPK application) and manure on remobilization and current photosynthesis in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Plant productions. 36 (2): 91-102. (In persian with english abstract).
PirastehAnosheh, H., Emam, Y., and Khaliq, A. (2016). Response of cereals to cycocel application. Iran Agricultural Research. 35(1):1-12. (In persian with english abstract).
Radwan, F. I., Gomaa, M. A., Rehab, I.F., and Samera, N., and Adam, I.A. (2015). Impact of humic acid application foliar micronutrients and biofertilization on growth, production and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Middle East Journal of Agriculture research. 4(2): 130-140.
Rajala, A. (2004). Plant growth regulators to manipulate oat stands. Agricultural Food Science. 13: 186-197.
Rokh Afrooz, Kh., Imam, Y., and Pirasteh Anousheh, H. (2016). Effect of chloroquate chloride on yield and yield components of three wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions. Journal of Crop production and processing. 6(20): 111-123. (In persian with english abstract).
Saini, H. S., Sedgley, M., and Aspinall, D. (2010). Effect of Heat stress during floral development on pollen tube growth and ovary anatomy in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Australian Journal Plant Physiology. 10: 137-144.
Saruhan, V., Kusvuran, A., and Babat, S. (2011). The effect of different humicacid fertilization on yield and yield components performances of common millet (panicum miliaceu l.). Agronomy Journal. 4:130-133.
Schnyder, H. (1993). The role of carbohydrate and redistribution in the source-sink relation of wheat and barley during grain filling. New Phytol. 123: 233-245.
Sedaqat, M.A., and Imam, Y. (2017). Effect of application of plant growth regulators on growth and grain yield of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under terminal drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 19 (2): 147-132. (In persian with english abstract).
Shekoofa, A., and Emam, Y. (2008). Effect of nitrogen fertilization and plant growth regulators (PGRs) on yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Shiraz. Journal of Agricultural Science Technology. 10: 101-108.
Talebzadeh, S.J., Hadi, H., Amirnia, R., Tajbakhsh Shishvan, M., Rezaei, M., and Moradali, M. (2017). Investigation of reservoir limitation and distribution of photosynthetic materials of wheat genotypes under drought stress at the end of the growing season. Crops Improvement. 19 (3): 717-732. (In persian with english abstract).
Torfi, F., and Shokuohfar, A.R. (2019). The effect of humic acid on yield, yield components and physiological characteristics of wheat in low irrigation conditions. Qurterly Journal of Plant Production Science. 9 (2): 131-121. (In persian with english abstract).
Tsanaktsidis, C. G., Christidis, S. G., and Favvas, E. P. (2013). A novel method for improving the physicochemical properties of diesel and jet fuel using polyaspartate polymer additives. Fuel. 104: 155-162.
Zhou, L., Monreal, C., Xu, Sh., McLaughlin, N., Zhang, H., Hao, G., and Liu, J. (2019). Effect of bentonite-humic acid application on the improvement of soil structure and maize yield in a sandy soil of a semi-arid region. Geoderma Science Direct. 338: 269-280.
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Abdalla Mohammed, A., Osman Elzubeir, A., Elbedawi Hamad, M., and Ibrahim Elhagwa, A. (2019). Effect of irrigation canal sediments, humate fertilizer and irrigation interval on wheat performance in desert soils. Athens Journal of Sciences. 6(2): 141-154.
Abdel Mawgoud, A.M.R., El Greadly, N.H.M., Helmy, Y.I., and Singer, S.M. (2007). Responses of tomato plants to different rates of humic based fertilizer and NPK fertilization. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 3(2): 169-174.
Abdoli, M. (2019). Remobilization of photoassimilates a strategy to deal with drought stress in wheat. Journal of Wheat Research. 2 (1): 88-104.
Abdoli, M., Saeedi, M., Jalali Honarmand, S., Mansourifar, S., and Ghobadi, M.A. (2014). Evaluation of the effect of water shortage stress and resource limitation after pollination on grain yield and remobilization of bread wheat cultivars. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 7 (2): 137-154. (In persian with english abstract).
Abdolkhani, S., and Shokohfar, A.R. (2016). The effect of seed densities and chlormequat chloride (CCC) concentrations on yield and yield components of Jonub barley cultivar. Journal of Crop production Research. 7(4): 309-319.
Afkari, A., and Ghaffari, H. (2018). Cycocel foliar application effect on alleviation of drought stress consequences on growth traits of barley cv. Kavir in Khorafarin, Iran. Agroecology Journal. 13 (4): 13-22. (In persian with english abstract).
Ahmadi, M., Zare, M. J. and Emam, Y. (2018). Study some of morpho-physiological characteristics and grain yield of wheat under affected by chlormequat chloride, zinc sulfate and nitroxin application. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 9 (29): 1-14.
Alavifazel, M. (2016). Assessment of remobilization rate to grain durum and bread wheat genotypes in response to nitrogen amounts. Crop Physiology Journal. 7(28): 5-18.
Anjum, S.A., Ashraf, U., Tanveer, M., Khan, I., Hussain, S., Shahzad, B., Zohaib, A., Abbas, F., Saleem, M. F., Ali, I., and Wang, L.C. (2017). Drought induced changes in growth, osmolyte accumulation and antioxidant metabolism of three maize hybrids. Frontiers in Plant Science. 8:1-12.
Antoun, L., Sahar, W., Zakaria, M., and Rafla, H. (2010). Influence of compost nmineral and humic Acid on yild and chemical composition of wheat plant. Jornal Soil Science and Agriculture. l (11): 1131-1143.
Anwar, Sh., Iqbal, F., Khattak, W. A., Islam, M., Iqbal, B., and Khan, Sh. (2016). Response of Wheat Crop to Humic Acid and Nitrogen Levels. Ecronicon Agriculture. 3(1): 558-565.
Ardalani, S., Saeidi, M., and Abdoli, M. (2016). Agronomic traits, photosynthesis and gas exchange variables of wheat genotypes in response to water deficit during vegetative growth period. Environmental and Experimental Biolog. 14(4): 157-162.
Attarzadeh, Sh., Mujaddam, M., and Sakinejad, I. (2012). Application of humic acid and different amounts of nitrogen on remobilization rate, production components and yield of wheat star in Weiss climate. Master Thesis. Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz. 104 pages.
Azhand, M., Saeidi, M., Abdoli, M., and Khas-Amiri, M. (2015). The impact of source limitations on yield formation, storage capacity and contribution of stem reserves to the growing grains of modern barley cultivars under post-anthesis water deficiency. Plant Knowledge Journal. 4(1): 13-24.
Bagherikia, S., Pahlevani, M. H., Yamchi, A., Zenalinezhad, K., and Mostafaie, A. (2017). Molecular and physiological analysis of flag leaf senescence and remobilization of assimilates in bread wheat under terminal drought stress. Agricultural Biotechnology Journal. 8(4): 1-16.
Bagherikia, S., Pahlevani, M.H., Yamchi, A., Zenalinezhad, K., and Mostafaie, A. (2018). Remobilization of stem soluble carbohydrates in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under terminal drought stress. Journal of Plant Process and Function. 7(24): 53-72.
Bahrami, K., Pirasteh Anousheh, H., and Imam, Y. (2014). Yield and growth traits of barley cultivars under foliar application of different concentrations of Cycocel at tillering stage in Fars province. Crop Physiology Journal. 6 (21): 28-17. (In persian with english abstract).
Bahrani, A., Heidari Sharif Abad, H., Tahmasebi Sarvestani, Z., Moafpourian, G. H., and Ayneh Band, A. (2011). Remobilization of dry matter in wheat: effects of nitrogen application and post-anthesis water deficit during grain filling. New Zealand Journal Crop Horticultural Science. 39(4): 279-293.
Bani Saeedi, A.K., and Motamedi, M. (2020). The effect of nitrogen consumption on grain yield and remobilization of maize dry matter under drought stress conditions. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 12 (41): 68-77. (In persian with english abstract).
Burton, J. D., Pedersen, M. K., and Coble, H. D. (2008). Effect of cyclanilide on auxin activity. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 27: 342-352.
Emam, Y., and Seghatoeslami, M.J. (2005). Crop yiled, physiology and processes. shiraz university press.shiraz, Iran. 599 pp.
F.A.O. (2018). FAO Food and Agricultural commodities production. Available online at: http://www.faostat.fao.org/site/339/default/aspex/.
Haghjoo, M., and Bagrani, A. (2015). Grain yield, dry matter remobilization and chlorophyll content in maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by nitrogen and water deficit. Bangladesh Journal of Botany. 44(3): 359-365.
Khalilzadeh, R., Seyed Sharifi, R., and Jalilian, J. (2016). Antioxidant status and physiological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to cycocel application and bio fertilizers under water limitation condition. Journal of Plant Interaction. 11(1): 130-137.
Khan, R. U., Khan, M. Z., Khan, A., Saba, S., Hussain, F., and Jan, I.U. (2018). Effect of humic acid on growth and crop nutrient status of wheat on two different soils. Journal of plant nutrition. 41(4): 453-460.
Kumar, J., Madan, L., and Krishan, P. (2012). Effect of Cycocel on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Hort Flora Research. 12: 162-164.
Lopes, M. S., Reynolds, M. P., Jalal-Kamali, M. R., Moussa, M., Feltaous, Y., Tahir, I. S. A., Barma, N., Vargas, M., Mannes, Y., and Baum, M. (2012). The yield correlations of selectable physiological traits in a population of advanced spring wheat lines grown in warm and drought environments. Field Crops Research Journal. 128: 129-136.
Mahmoodi Zoeek, R., Nasri, M., and Oveysi, M. (2015). Effects of humic acid sprying on yield and nutrients transition to wheat grain in drought stress condition. Agronomic Research in Semi Desert Regions. 12(2): 119-131.
Maibangsa, S., Thangaraj, M., and Stephen, R. (2000). Effect of brassinosteriod and salicylic acid on rice grown under low irradiance condition. Indian Journal Agriculture Research. 34: 258-260.
Mehraban, A., Tobe, A., Gholipouri, A., Amiri, E., Ghafari, A., and Rostaii, M. (2019). The effects of drought stress on yield, yield components, and yield stability at different growth stages in bread wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum L.). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 28(2): 739-746.
Mehrabian Moghaddam, N. M., Arvin, J., Khajouinejad, G. R., and Maghsoudi, K. (2011). Effect of salicylic acid on growth and forage and grain yield of maize under drought stress in field conditions. Qurterly Seed and Plant Improvement Journal. 27(2): 41-55.
Mohsen Nia, A., and Jalilian, J. (2012). The effect of drought stress and fertilizer sources on yield and yield increase of safflower. Journal of Agroecology. 4(3): 235-245. (In persian with english abstract).
Mojaddam, M., A. Naderi, Q. Noor Mohammadi, A.A. Siadat, A. Aynehband. (2009). Effect of water scarcity stress, nitrogen management on grain yield, dry matter remobilization rate and current photosynthesis of grain corn in Khuzestan (Ramin) climatic conditions. Crop Physiology Journal. 1 (1): 86-95. (In persian with english abstract).
Naderi, A., Akbari Moghaddam, H., and Mahmoodi, K. (2013). Evaluation of bread wheat genotypes for terminal drought stress tolerance in South-Warm regions of Iran. Qurterly Seed and Seed Plant Improvement Journal. 29(1): 601-616. (In persian with english abstract).
Namarvari, M., Ghodratallah fathi, A., Bakhshandeh, M.H., Gharineh, S., JafariNimroori, M., Fathi, Q.A., Bakhshandeh, A.M., Qarineh, M.H., and Jafari, S. (2013). The effect of irrigation timing and different fertilizer systems (NPK application) and manure on remobilization and current photosynthesis in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Plant productions. 36 (2): 91-102. (In persian with english abstract).
PirastehAnosheh, H., Emam, Y., and Khaliq, A. (2016). Response of cereals to cycocel application. Iran Agricultural Research. 35(1):1-12. (In persian with english abstract).
Radwan, F. I., Gomaa, M. A., Rehab, I.F., and Samera, N., and Adam, I.A. (2015). Impact of humic acid application foliar micronutrients and biofertilization on growth, production and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Middle East Journal of Agriculture research. 4(2): 130-140.
Rajala, A. (2004). Plant growth regulators to manipulate oat stands. Agricultural Food Science. 13: 186-197.
Rokh Afrooz, Kh., Imam, Y., and Pirasteh Anousheh, H. (2016). Effect of chloroquate chloride on yield and yield components of three wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions. Journal of Crop production and processing. 6(20): 111-123. (In persian with english abstract).
Saini, H. S., Sedgley, M., and Aspinall, D. (2010). Effect of Heat stress during floral development on pollen tube growth and ovary anatomy in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Australian Journal Plant Physiology. 10: 137-144.
Saruhan, V., Kusvuran, A., and Babat, S. (2011). The effect of different humicacid fertilization on yield and yield components performances of common millet (panicum miliaceu l.). Agronomy Journal. 4:130-133.
Schnyder, H. (1993). The role of carbohydrate and redistribution in the source-sink relation of wheat and barley during grain filling. New Phytol. 123: 233-245.
Sedaqat, M.A., and Imam, Y. (2017). Effect of application of plant growth regulators on growth and grain yield of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under terminal drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 19 (2): 147-132. (In persian with english abstract).
Shekoofa, A., and Emam, Y. (2008). Effect of nitrogen fertilization and plant growth regulators (PGRs) on yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Shiraz. Journal of Agricultural Science Technology. 10: 101-108.
Talebzadeh, S.J., Hadi, H., Amirnia, R., Tajbakhsh Shishvan, M., Rezaei, M., and Moradali, M. (2017). Investigation of reservoir limitation and distribution of photosynthetic materials of wheat genotypes under drought stress at the end of the growing season. Crops Improvement. 19 (3): 717-732. (In persian with english abstract).
Torfi, F., and Shokuohfar, A.R. (2019). The effect of humic acid on yield, yield components and physiological characteristics of wheat in low irrigation conditions. Qurterly Journal of Plant Production Science. 9 (2): 131-121. (In persian with english abstract).
Tsanaktsidis, C. G., Christidis, S. G., and Favvas, E. P. (2013). A novel method for improving the physicochemical properties of diesel and jet fuel using polyaspartate polymer additives. Fuel. 104: 155-162.
Zhou, L., Monreal, C., Xu, Sh., McLaughlin, N., Zhang, H., Hao, G., and Liu, J. (2019). Effect of bentonite-humic acid application on the improvement of soil structure and maize yield in a sandy soil of a semi-arid region. Geoderma Science Direct. 338: 269-280.