Effect of spermidine foliar application on some morphophysiological traits and secondary metabolites of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) under drought stress
Subject Areas :
Genetic
Sophia Soroori
1
,
Elham Danaee
2
,
Khodayar Hemmati
3
,
Alireza Ladan Moghadam
4
1 - Faculty of agriculture, Aliabad katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad katoul, Iran
2 - Department of Horticultural Sciences, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran
3 - Faculty of plant proudaction, Associate professor, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran,
4 - Department of Horticultural Sciences, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran
Received: 2021-05-19
Accepted : 2021-08-19
Published : 2022-06-22
Keywords:
Antioxidant,
Field capacity,
Spermidine,
Quercetin,
Rutin,
Abstract :
Drought stress is the most common abiotic stress that has the most negative effect on plant growth and production Polyamines are plant growth regulators that increase plant resistance to environmental stresses, including drought stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of foliar application of spermidine on reducing the effects of drought stress on marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). For this purpose, foliar application of spermidine (0, 50, and 100 mg/l) was considered at different levels of drought stress (control, 25, 50, and 75% of field capacity) in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications in 2018 in a greenhouse located in northern Iran. The foliar application was applied at three stages with intervals of about 20 days including six visible leaves, complete tillering, and emergence of the first bud. Results showed that drought stress and foliar application of spermidine had a significant effect on the evaluated traits. The highest fresh and dry weight of shoots, number of flowers, and total chlorophyll contents were observed in the treatment with 75% of field capacity and spermidine 50 mg/l and the highest fresh and dry weight of roots and flowers on the plant were recorded in the treatment with 100% of field capacity and spermidine 100 mg/l. Also, the highest root length, plant height, total antioxidant activity (DPPH), rutin and quercetin were observed in the treatment with 75% of field capacity and spermidine 100 mg/l and the highest proline and polyphenol oxidase activity was observed in the treatment with 25% of field capacity. Therefore, according to the results of this study, foliar application of spermidine 100 mg/l with an irrigation level of 75% of field capacity is recommended for marigold.
References:
Anjum, A. (2011). Effect of exogenously applied spermidin on growgh and physiology of citrus root stook troyer citrang under salin condition. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 35:43-53.
Azizi, E., Rezapour, Y., kermani, M. and masoomi, A. (2021). Investigation of some physio-morphological traits of purslane (portulaca oleracea) landraces under drought stress. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research, 16(63): 16-34.
Baghalian, K., Abdoshah, SH., Khalighi-Sigaroodi F. and Paknejad, F. )2011(. Physiological and phytochemical response to drought stress of German chamomile (Matricari arecutita ). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 49(20): 201-207.
Baniasadi, F., Saffari, V.R. and Maghsoudi Moud, A.A. )2018(. Physiological and growth responses of Calendula officinalis plants to the interaction effects of polyamines and salt stress. Scientia Horticulturae. 234: 312–317.
Boligon, A., da Silva Jesus, R., Piana, M., Faccim, T., Brum, D., Correˆ a da Cruz, R., Mossmann, N. and Linde Athayde, M. )2015(. Development and Validation of an HPLC-DAD Analysis for Flavonoids in the gel of Scutia Buxifolia. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 53, 1557–1561.
Couee, I., Hummel, I., Sulmon, C., Gouesbet, G. and EL-Amrani, A. )2004(. Involvement of polyamines in root development. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 76: 1-10.
Dalvand, M., Solgi, M. and Khaleghi, A. )2018(. The effect of humic acid foliar application and drought stress on growth characteristics and Physiological of Taget erecta. Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture, 9(2):67-79.
Danaee, E. and Abdossi, V. )2021(. Effect of silicon and nanosilicon on some morphophysiological and phytochemical traits of Peppermint (Mentha piperita) under salinity stress. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 37(1).
Danaee, E. and Abdossi, V. )2019(. Phytochemical and Morphophysiological Responses in Basil (Ocimum basilicum) Plant to Application of Polyamines. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 18 (1): 125-133.
Danaee, E. and Abdossi, V. (2022). Effect of Bio-stimulator Fosnutren and Humiforte on some morphophysiological and phytochemical traits of Garden Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) under water deficit, Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research, doi: 10.30495/iper.2022.1941421.1731.
Darvizheh, H., Zahedi, M., Abbaszadeh, B. and Razmjoo, J. )2019(. Effects of foliar application of salicylic acid and spermine on the phenological stages and caffeic acid derivatives yield of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 35(5): 720-705.
Esmaielpour, B., Fatemi, H. and Moradi, M. )2019(. Effects of nitric oxide on some morphophysiological and biochemical properties of basil (Ocimum basilicum) under drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 35(4): 601-616.
Ezhilmathi, K., singh, V., Arora, P., and Sairam, R.K. )2007(. Effect of 5-sulfocalicylic acid on antioxidant in relation to vase life of gladiolus cut flower. Plant Growth Regulation, 51: 99-108.
Farjadi Shakib, M., Naderi, R. and Mashhadi Akbar Bojar, M. )2013(. The effect of spermidine foliar application on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of Iranian cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum Miller). Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 5(13): 96-113.
Fazeli, F., Ghorbanli, M. and Niknam, V. )2007(. Effect of drought on biomass, protein content, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in two sesame cultivars. Biologia Plantarum, 51: 98-103.
Gangali, H.R., Band, A.A., Abad, H.S.S. and Nik, M.M. )2010(. Effects of Sowing Date, Plant Density and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Yield, Yield Components and Various Traits of Calendula officinalis. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 8(6): 672-679.
Gharibi, SH., Tabatabaei, B.E., Saeidi, G., Talebi, M. and Natkowski, K. )2019(. The effect of drought stress on polyphenolic compounds and expression of flavonoid biosynthesis related genes in Achillea pachycephalaf. Phytochemistry, 162: 90-98.
Ghotbzadeh Kermani, S., Saeidi, GH, .Sabzalian, M. and Gianinetti, A. )2019(. Drought stress influenced sesamin and sesamolin content and polyphenolic components in sesame (Sesamum indicum) populations with contrasting seed coat colors. Food Chemistry, 289: 360-368.
Hamidipour, S. (2016). The effect of aminovululinic acid on growth, essential oil content and antioxidant responses of peppermint under drought stress, Master Thesis, Shahrekord University, Iran.
Hatamnia, A. and Sharifi, R. (2020). Investigation of antioxidant activity and application of HPLC technique for analysis of phenolic compounds of Amygdalus haussknechtii leaf extract. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research, 15(57): 1-9.
Hossaina, Z., Kalam, A., Mandala, A., Kumar Dattaa, S. and Krishna Biswasb, A. (2005(. Decline in ascorbate peroxidase activity –A prerequisite factor for tepal senescence in Gladiolus. Journal of Plant Physiology, 163(2): 186-194.
Hosseini Farahi, M. and Zadehbagheri, M. (2017). Effect of foliar application of polyamines on growth properties, vase life and endogenous plant growth regulators contents of cut rose flower (Rosa hybrid Dolcvita). Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 47(4): 717-729.
Hosseini, MS., Samsampour, D., Ebrahimi, M., Abadía, J. and Khanahmadi, M. (2018). Effect of drought stress on growth parameters, osmolyte contents, antioxidant enzymes and glycyrrhizin synthesis in licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) grown in the field. Phytochemistry, 156:124-134.
Idrees, M., Khan, M.M.A., Naeem, M., Aftab, T., Hashmi, N. and Alam, M. (2011). Modulation of defence responses by improving photosynthetic activity, antioxidative metabolism, and vincristine and vinblastine accumulation in (Catharanthus roseus) G. Don through salicylic acid under water stress. Russian Agricultural Sciences, 37(6):474-482.
Lei, Y., Yin, C. and Li, C. (2007). Adaptive responses of Populus przewalskii to drought stress and SNP application. Journal of Acta Physiology Plant, 29: 519-526.
Michele, A., Douglas, T. and Frank, A. (2009). The effects of clipping and soil moisture on leaf and root morphology and root respiration in two temperate and two tropical grasses. Plant Ecology, 200: 205-215.
Minaei, A., Hassani, A., Nazemiyeh, H. and Besharat, S. (2019). Effect of drought stress on some morphophysiological and phytochemical characteristics of oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp.gracile). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 35(2): 252-265.
Mohammadi, H., Imani, A., Abdosi, V., Asghari, M. R. and Talaei, A. R. (2020). Exogenous salicylic acid mitigates adverse effects of salinity on some photosynthesis-related parameters of Almond. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 22(2): 519-534.
Moradi Peynevandi, K., Razavi, S.M. and Zahri, S. (2017). The combined effect of cold stress and polyamine supplement on some phytochemical parameters of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni). Journal of Ecophyto chemistry of Medicinal Plants, 5 (4): 20-64.
Mortazaeinezhad, F. and Jarzizadeh, E. (2017). Effects of water stress on morphological and physiological Indices of Cichorium intybus L. for introduction in urban landscapes. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, Isfahan University of Technology, 6 (21): 279-290.
Momeni, S., fahmideh, L., Emamjomeh, A., Solouki, M. and Zahiri, J. (2021). Effect of drought stress on morphological and physiological traits of sesame (Sesamum indicum). Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research, 15(60): 61-78.
Mustafavi, S., Shekari, F and Maleki, H. (2016). Influence of exogenous polyamines on antioxidant defence and essential oil production in valerian (Valeriana officinalis) plants under drought stress. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 107(1): 81-91.
Namvar, A., Hadi, H. and Seyedsharifi, R. (2017). The role of external sources of plant protection in modulating the destructive effects of non-biological stresses. Journal of Ecophysiology, 48:103-128.
Naseri Moghadam, A., Bayat, H., Aminifard, M.H. and Moradinezhad, F. (2019). Effect of Drought and Salinity Stress on Growth, Flowering and Biochemical Characteristics of Narsicuss tazettaL. Journal of Horticultural Science, 33(3): 451-466.
Parvin, S., Lee, OR., Sathiyaraj, G., Khorolragchaa, A., Kim, YJ. and Yang, DC. (2014). Spermidine alleviates the growth of saline-stressed ginseng seedlings through antioxidative defense system. Gene, 537(1): 70-78.
Pazoki, A.R. (2017). Effect of polyamins foliar application on morphological traits, protein and extract contents of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) under drought stress conditions. Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(1): 71-93.
Rahati, R. Hakimi, L. and Zare Nahandi, F. (2015). The effect of polyamines on quantitative and qualitative evaluations of essential oil of Dracocephalum moldavica. Applied Biotechnology and Microbiology, 3 (1 and 2): 49-58.
Rahdari, P. (2019). Effect of premixing of spermidine and polyethylene glycol on germination and physiological and morphological activity in Triticum durum wheat with Salinity stress. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research, 14(55): 95-107.
Rezvanipour, Sh., Hatamzadeh, A., Elahinia, A. and Asghari, H. (2016). Effect of exogenous polyamines on growth, flowering and corm production 'Golden Wave' and 'Blue Sea' cultivars. Science and Technology of Greenhouse Cultivation, 7(27): 63-75.
Samee, W. and Vorarat, S. (2007). Simultaneous Determination of Gallic acid, Catechin, Rutin, Ellagic Acid and Quercetin in Flower Extracts of Michelia alba, Caesalpinia pulcherrima and Nelumbo nucifera by HPLC. Thai Pharmaceutical and Health Science Journal, 2(2): 131-137.
Sintayehu, B., Asres, K. and Raghavendra, Y. (2012). Radical scavenging activities of the leaf extracts and a flavonoid glycoside isolated from Cineraria abyssinica Sch. Bip. Exa. Rich. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2(4): 44-49.
Soroori, S., Danaee, E., Hemmati, K. and Ladan Moghadam, A. (2021a). The metabolic response and enzymatic activity of Calendula officinalis to foliar application of Spermidine, Citric Acid and Proline under drought stress and in a Post-Harvest, Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 23(06).
Soroori, S., Danaee, E., Hemmati, K. and Ladan Moghadam, A. (2021b). Effect of foliar application of proline on morphological and physiological traits of Calendula officinalis under drought stress. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 11(1): 13-30.
Turtola, S., Manninen, A., Rikala, R. and Kainulainen, P. (2003). Drought stress alters the concentration of wood terpenoids in scots pine and Norway spruce seedling. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 29(9):1981-1995.
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Anjum, A. (2011). Effect of exogenously applied spermidin on growgh and physiology of citrus root stook troyer citrang under salin condition. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 35:43-53.
Azizi, E., Rezapour, Y., kermani, M. and masoomi, A. (2021). Investigation of some physio-morphological traits of purslane (portulaca oleracea) landraces under drought stress. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research, 16(63): 16-34.
Baghalian, K., Abdoshah, SH., Khalighi-Sigaroodi F. and Paknejad, F. )2011(. Physiological and phytochemical response to drought stress of German chamomile (Matricari arecutita ). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 49(20): 201-207.
Baniasadi, F., Saffari, V.R. and Maghsoudi Moud, A.A. )2018(. Physiological and growth responses of Calendula officinalis plants to the interaction effects of polyamines and salt stress. Scientia Horticulturae. 234: 312–317.
Boligon, A., da Silva Jesus, R., Piana, M., Faccim, T., Brum, D., Correˆ a da Cruz, R., Mossmann, N. and Linde Athayde, M. )2015(. Development and Validation of an HPLC-DAD Analysis for Flavonoids in the gel of Scutia Buxifolia. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 53, 1557–1561.
Couee, I., Hummel, I., Sulmon, C., Gouesbet, G. and EL-Amrani, A. )2004(. Involvement of polyamines in root development. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 76: 1-10.
Dalvand, M., Solgi, M. and Khaleghi, A. )2018(. The effect of humic acid foliar application and drought stress on growth characteristics and Physiological of Taget erecta. Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture, 9(2):67-79.
Danaee, E. and Abdossi, V. )2021(. Effect of silicon and nanosilicon on some morphophysiological and phytochemical traits of Peppermint (Mentha piperita) under salinity stress. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 37(1).
Danaee, E. and Abdossi, V. )2019(. Phytochemical and Morphophysiological Responses in Basil (Ocimum basilicum) Plant to Application of Polyamines. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 18 (1): 125-133.
Danaee, E. and Abdossi, V. (2022). Effect of Bio-stimulator Fosnutren and Humiforte on some morphophysiological and phytochemical traits of Garden Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) under water deficit, Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research, doi: 10.30495/iper.2022.1941421.1731.
Darvizheh, H., Zahedi, M., Abbaszadeh, B. and Razmjoo, J. )2019(. Effects of foliar application of salicylic acid and spermine on the phenological stages and caffeic acid derivatives yield of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 35(5): 720-705.
Esmaielpour, B., Fatemi, H. and Moradi, M. )2019(. Effects of nitric oxide on some morphophysiological and biochemical properties of basil (Ocimum basilicum) under drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 35(4): 601-616.
Ezhilmathi, K., singh, V., Arora, P., and Sairam, R.K. )2007(. Effect of 5-sulfocalicylic acid on antioxidant in relation to vase life of gladiolus cut flower. Plant Growth Regulation, 51: 99-108.
Farjadi Shakib, M., Naderi, R. and Mashhadi Akbar Bojar, M. )2013(. The effect of spermidine foliar application on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of Iranian cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum Miller). Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 5(13): 96-113.
Fazeli, F., Ghorbanli, M. and Niknam, V. )2007(. Effect of drought on biomass, protein content, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in two sesame cultivars. Biologia Plantarum, 51: 98-103.
Gangali, H.R., Band, A.A., Abad, H.S.S. and Nik, M.M. )2010(. Effects of Sowing Date, Plant Density and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Yield, Yield Components and Various Traits of Calendula officinalis. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 8(6): 672-679.
Gharibi, SH., Tabatabaei, B.E., Saeidi, G., Talebi, M. and Natkowski, K. )2019(. The effect of drought stress on polyphenolic compounds and expression of flavonoid biosynthesis related genes in Achillea pachycephalaf. Phytochemistry, 162: 90-98.
Ghotbzadeh Kermani, S., Saeidi, GH, .Sabzalian, M. and Gianinetti, A. )2019(. Drought stress influenced sesamin and sesamolin content and polyphenolic components in sesame (Sesamum indicum) populations with contrasting seed coat colors. Food Chemistry, 289: 360-368.
Hamidipour, S. (2016). The effect of aminovululinic acid on growth, essential oil content and antioxidant responses of peppermint under drought stress, Master Thesis, Shahrekord University, Iran.
Hatamnia, A. and Sharifi, R. (2020). Investigation of antioxidant activity and application of HPLC technique for analysis of phenolic compounds of Amygdalus haussknechtii leaf extract. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research, 15(57): 1-9.
Hossaina, Z., Kalam, A., Mandala, A., Kumar Dattaa, S. and Krishna Biswasb, A. (2005(. Decline in ascorbate peroxidase activity –A prerequisite factor for tepal senescence in Gladiolus. Journal of Plant Physiology, 163(2): 186-194.
Hosseini Farahi, M. and Zadehbagheri, M. (2017). Effect of foliar application of polyamines on growth properties, vase life and endogenous plant growth regulators contents of cut rose flower (Rosa hybrid Dolcvita). Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 47(4): 717-729.
Hosseini, MS., Samsampour, D., Ebrahimi, M., Abadía, J. and Khanahmadi, M. (2018). Effect of drought stress on growth parameters, osmolyte contents, antioxidant enzymes and glycyrrhizin synthesis in licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) grown in the field. Phytochemistry, 156:124-134.
Idrees, M., Khan, M.M.A., Naeem, M., Aftab, T., Hashmi, N. and Alam, M. (2011). Modulation of defence responses by improving photosynthetic activity, antioxidative metabolism, and vincristine and vinblastine accumulation in (Catharanthus roseus) G. Don through salicylic acid under water stress. Russian Agricultural Sciences, 37(6):474-482.
Lei, Y., Yin, C. and Li, C. (2007). Adaptive responses of Populus przewalskii to drought stress and SNP application. Journal of Acta Physiology Plant, 29: 519-526.
Michele, A., Douglas, T. and Frank, A. (2009). The effects of clipping and soil moisture on leaf and root morphology and root respiration in two temperate and two tropical grasses. Plant Ecology, 200: 205-215.
Minaei, A., Hassani, A., Nazemiyeh, H. and Besharat, S. (2019). Effect of drought stress on some morphophysiological and phytochemical characteristics of oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp.gracile). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 35(2): 252-265.
Mohammadi, H., Imani, A., Abdosi, V., Asghari, M. R. and Talaei, A. R. (2020). Exogenous salicylic acid mitigates adverse effects of salinity on some photosynthesis-related parameters of Almond. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 22(2): 519-534.
Moradi Peynevandi, K., Razavi, S.M. and Zahri, S. (2017). The combined effect of cold stress and polyamine supplement on some phytochemical parameters of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni). Journal of Ecophyto chemistry of Medicinal Plants, 5 (4): 20-64.
Mortazaeinezhad, F. and Jarzizadeh, E. (2017). Effects of water stress on morphological and physiological Indices of Cichorium intybus L. for introduction in urban landscapes. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, Isfahan University of Technology, 6 (21): 279-290.
Momeni, S., fahmideh, L., Emamjomeh, A., Solouki, M. and Zahiri, J. (2021). Effect of drought stress on morphological and physiological traits of sesame (Sesamum indicum). Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research, 15(60): 61-78.
Mustafavi, S., Shekari, F and Maleki, H. (2016). Influence of exogenous polyamines on antioxidant defence and essential oil production in valerian (Valeriana officinalis) plants under drought stress. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 107(1): 81-91.
Namvar, A., Hadi, H. and Seyedsharifi, R. (2017). The role of external sources of plant protection in modulating the destructive effects of non-biological stresses. Journal of Ecophysiology, 48:103-128.
Naseri Moghadam, A., Bayat, H., Aminifard, M.H. and Moradinezhad, F. (2019). Effect of Drought and Salinity Stress on Growth, Flowering and Biochemical Characteristics of Narsicuss tazettaL. Journal of Horticultural Science, 33(3): 451-466.
Parvin, S., Lee, OR., Sathiyaraj, G., Khorolragchaa, A., Kim, YJ. and Yang, DC. (2014). Spermidine alleviates the growth of saline-stressed ginseng seedlings through antioxidative defense system. Gene, 537(1): 70-78.
Pazoki, A.R. (2017). Effect of polyamins foliar application on morphological traits, protein and extract contents of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) under drought stress conditions. Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(1): 71-93.
Rahati, R. Hakimi, L. and Zare Nahandi, F. (2015). The effect of polyamines on quantitative and qualitative evaluations of essential oil of Dracocephalum moldavica. Applied Biotechnology and Microbiology, 3 (1 and 2): 49-58.
Rahdari, P. (2019). Effect of premixing of spermidine and polyethylene glycol on germination and physiological and morphological activity in Triticum durum wheat with Salinity stress. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research, 14(55): 95-107.
Rezvanipour, Sh., Hatamzadeh, A., Elahinia, A. and Asghari, H. (2016). Effect of exogenous polyamines on growth, flowering and corm production 'Golden Wave' and 'Blue Sea' cultivars. Science and Technology of Greenhouse Cultivation, 7(27): 63-75.
Samee, W. and Vorarat, S. (2007). Simultaneous Determination of Gallic acid, Catechin, Rutin, Ellagic Acid and Quercetin in Flower Extracts of Michelia alba, Caesalpinia pulcherrima and Nelumbo nucifera by HPLC. Thai Pharmaceutical and Health Science Journal, 2(2): 131-137.
Sintayehu, B., Asres, K. and Raghavendra, Y. (2012). Radical scavenging activities of the leaf extracts and a flavonoid glycoside isolated from Cineraria abyssinica Sch. Bip. Exa. Rich. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2(4): 44-49.
Soroori, S., Danaee, E., Hemmati, K. and Ladan Moghadam, A. (2021a). The metabolic response and enzymatic activity of Calendula officinalis to foliar application of Spermidine, Citric Acid and Proline under drought stress and in a Post-Harvest, Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 23(06).
Soroori, S., Danaee, E., Hemmati, K. and Ladan Moghadam, A. (2021b). Effect of foliar application of proline on morphological and physiological traits of Calendula officinalis under drought stress. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 11(1): 13-30.
Turtola, S., Manninen, A., Rikala, R. and Kainulainen, P. (2003). Drought stress alters the concentration of wood terpenoids in scots pine and Norway spruce seedling. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 29(9):1981-1995.
