Investigation of the effect of plant density and humic acid on paddy yield, water use efficiency, and biochemical traits of direct-seeded rice cultivation (Oryza sativa L.) in northern Iran
Subject Areas : GeneticManizhe Kalteh 1 , Hossein Ajam Norouzi 2 , Abolfazl Faraji 3 , Abdol Aziz Haghighi 4 , Ebrahim Gholamalipour Alamdari 5
1 - Department of Agronomy, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran
2 - Department of Agronomy, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran
3 - Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Department of Horticulture and Agronomy, Gorgan, Iran
4 - Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Department of Horticulture and Agronomy, Gorgan, Iran
5 - 4Gonbad Kavous University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Plant Production Department, Gonbad Kavous/Iran
Keywords: کارایی مصرف آب, پروتئین دانه, عملکرد شلتوک, کلروفیل a و b, خشکهکاری برنج,
Abstract :
The transition from transplanting rice cultivation to direct-seeding rice cultivation has recently begun in Iran, especially in Golestan province. No information is yet available on the effect of humic acid and plant density on paddy yield and some of its biochemical traits. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in a research farm located in Gonbad city during May to September 2019 in the form of split plot-factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Plant density (plant spacing per row) was considered as the main factor with 4 levels (5, 10, 15, and 20 cm) and humic acid consumption at 2 levels (humic acid consumption, no humic acid consumption) was considered as subplots. Humic acid fertilizer with a concentration of 250 ml per hectare was added in three stages including tillering (4-6 leaves), stalking (20-30 days after tillering), and before panicle initiation. Results showed that the effects of plant spacing on row and humic acid application on 1000-seed weight, paddy yield, biological yield, harvest index, grain protein, water use efficiency, and chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll were significant. Considering 5 and 10 cm plant spacing on rows along with humic acid application had the highest rice yield and water use efficiency. Also, chlorophyll content showed a significant change with increasing plant density and application of humic acid with a significant increase in chlorophyll a and b, which in turn was effective in increasing paddy yield. Rice protein also showed the highest level in 10 cm spacing between plants on each row along with the application of humic acid.
Aslam, M., Sultana, B., Anwar, F. and Munir, H. (2016). Foliar spray of selected plant growth regulators affected the biochemical and antioxidant attributes of spinach in a field experiment, Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 0(2): 136-145.
Bastos, L.M., Carciochi, W., Lollato, R.P., Jaenisch, B.R., Rezende, C., Schwalbert, R., Vara Prasad, P.V., Zhang, G., Fritz, K.,Foster, C., Wright, Y., Young, S., and Bradley P. (2020). Winter wheat yield response to plant density as a function of yield environment and tillering potential: A review and field studies, Frontier in Plant Science. 11: 1-17.
Calvo, P., Louise, N. and Kloepper, J.W. (2014). Agricultural uses of plant biostimulants, Plant and Soil. 383(1-2): 3-41.
Cimrin, K.M., Turkmen, O., Turan, M. and Tuncer, B. (2010). Phosphorus and humic acid application alleviate salinity stress of pepper seedling, African Journal of Biotechnology. 9(36): 5845-5851.
Clerget, B., Buen, C., Domingo, A.J., Layaoen A.L. and Vial, L. (2016). Leaf emergence, tillering, plant growth, and yield in response to plant density in a high-yielding aerobic rice crop, Field Crops Research. 199: 52-64.
Delfine, S., Tognetti, R., Desiderio, E. and Alvino, A. (2005). Effect of foliar application of N and humic acids on growth and yield of durum wheat. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 25: (183-191).
Fahramand, M., Moradi, H., Noori, M., Sobhkhizi, A., Adibian, M., Abdollahi, S., and Rigi, K. (2014). Influence of humic acid on increase yield of plants and soil properties. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences. 3(3): 339-341.
Farooq, M., Siddique, K.H.M., Rehman, H., Aziz, T., Lee D.J. and Wahid, A. (2011). Rice direct seeding: Experiences, challenges and opportunities. Soil and Tillage Research. 111: 87-98.
Forghani, A., Khodabande, N., Habibi, D. and Bankesaz, A. (2010). Reaction of chlorophyll a and b, proline and maize yield of maize to salinity stress and different levels of plant density. Agricultural Research Journal. 2(1): 29-37.
Hatfield, J.L., Thomas, J.S. and John, H.P. (2001). Managing soil to achieve greater water use efficiency: A review, Agronomy Journal. 93: 271–280.
Hou, W., Khan, M.R., Zhanga, J., Lua, J., Rena, T., Conga, R. and Lia, X. (2019). Nitrogen rate and plant density interaction enhances radiation interception, yield and nitrogen use efficiency of mechanically transplanted rice, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 269: 183-192.
Kiani, A. (2015). Instructions for water productivity on farms. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Deputy of Extension. Education publication and Agriculture. 22 Pp.
Kleunen, M.V., Fischer, M. and Schmid, B. (2001). Effects of intraspecific competition on size variation and reproductive allocation in a clonal plant, Oikos. 94: 515-524.
Koocheki, A., and Sarmadnia. G. (2012). Physiology of crop plant. Mashhad University Press. pp. 400. (In Persian).
Liu, M., Wang, C., Wang, F. and Xie, Y. (2019). Maize (Zea mays) growth and nutrient uptake following integrated improvement of vermicompost and humic acid fertilizer on coastal saline soil, Applied Soil Ecology. 142:147-154.
Majnon Hoseini, N., Mohammadi, H., Poustini, K. and Zeinali Khangah, H. (2003). Effect of plant density on yield, chlorophyll content and percentage of relocation in stem characteristics in chickpea cultivars. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science, 34: 1019-1011. (In Persian with English abstract).
Mehdiniya Afra, J., Niknejad, Y., Falah Amoli, H., and Barari Tari, D. (2019). Evaluation of Chemical and Organic Nutrition Systems on Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars under low Irrigation stress Conditions. Quarterly Journal of Plant Production. 2(2): 162-173. (In Persian with English abstract)
Bremner, J.M. and Mulvaney, C.S. (1982) Nitrogen-Total. In: Page, A.L., Ed., Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America. 595-624.
Nakano, H., Morita, S., Kitagawa, H., Wada, H. and Takahashi, M. (2012). Grain yield response to planting density in forage rice with a large number of spikelet, Crop Science. 52: 345-350.
Nakhzari Moghadam, A., Parsa, N., Sabori, H. and Bakhtiyari, S. (2013). Effect of humic acid, density and supplemental irrigation on chickpea quality and quantitative traits Cicer arietinum L, Journal of Environmental Stress in Crop Science. 10:183-192. (In Persian with English abstract).
Nardi, S., Pizzeghello, D., Muscolo, A., and Vianello, A. (2002). Physiological effects of humic substances on higher plants. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 34(11): 1527-36.
Omami, E.N. and Hammes, P.S. (2006). Interactive effects of salinity and water stress on growth, leaf water relations, and gas exchange in amaranth (Amaranthus spp.). New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticulture Science. 34(1): 33-44.
Osman E. A. M., EL- Masry, A. A. and Khatab, K. A. (2013). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer sources and foliar spray of humic and/or fulvic acids on yield and quality of rice plants. Advances in Applied Science Research. 4(4): 174-183.
Rose, M.T., Patti, A.F., Little, K.R. and Brown, A.L. (2014). A meta-analysis and review of plant-growth response to humic substances: practical implications for agriculture, Advance in Agronomy. 124: 37-89.
Sabzevari, S., Khazaie, H.R., and Kafi, M. (2009). Effect of humic acid on root and shoot growth of two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal Water Soil. 23(2): 87-94. (In Persian with English abstract).
Sarwar, G., Schmeisky, H., Hussain, N., Muhammad, S., Tahir, M.A. and Saleem, U. (2009). Variations in nutrient concentrations of wheat and paddy as affected by different levels of compost and chemical fertilizer in normal soil, International Journal on Plant-Soil. 5: 2403-2410.
Sofi A., Ebrahimi M., and Shirmohammadi, E. (2018). Effect of Humic Acid on Germination, Growth, and Photosynthetic Pigments of Medicago sativa L. under Salt Stress. Ecopersia. 6(1): 21-30.
Sofi, A., Ebrahimi, M. and Shirmohammadi, E. (2016). The effect of humic acid fertilizer on quantitative characteristics of flover. Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Development, Strategies and Challenges with Focus on Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment and Tourism. Tabriz: Permanent Secretariat of the International Conference on Sustainable Development, Solutions and Challenges; pp. 1-7. (In Persian with English abstract).
Zimdahl, R.L. (2004). Weed-Crop Competition: A Review, 2nd ed. Blackwell Publishing, 2121 State Avenue, Ames, IA50014.
Tsimba, R., Edmeades, G.O., Millner, J.P. and Kemp, P.D. (2013). The effect of planting date on maize grain yields and yield components, Field Crops Research. 150: 135-144.
Weiner, J. (2004). Allocation, plasticity and allometry in plants. Prospect, Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 6: 207-215.
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Aslam, M., Sultana, B., Anwar, F. and Munir, H. (2016). Foliar spray of selected plant growth regulators affected the biochemical and antioxidant attributes of spinach in a field experiment, Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 0(2): 136-145.
Bastos, L.M., Carciochi, W., Lollato, R.P., Jaenisch, B.R., Rezende, C., Schwalbert, R., Vara Prasad, P.V., Zhang, G., Fritz, K.,Foster, C., Wright, Y., Young, S., and Bradley P. (2020). Winter wheat yield response to plant density as a function of yield environment and tillering potential: A review and field studies, Frontier in Plant Science. 11: 1-17.
Calvo, P., Louise, N. and Kloepper, J.W. (2014). Agricultural uses of plant biostimulants, Plant and Soil. 383(1-2): 3-41.
Cimrin, K.M., Turkmen, O., Turan, M. and Tuncer, B. (2010). Phosphorus and humic acid application alleviate salinity stress of pepper seedling, African Journal of Biotechnology. 9(36): 5845-5851.
Clerget, B., Buen, C., Domingo, A.J., Layaoen A.L. and Vial, L. (2016). Leaf emergence, tillering, plant growth, and yield in response to plant density in a high-yielding aerobic rice crop, Field Crops Research. 199: 52-64.
Delfine, S., Tognetti, R., Desiderio, E. and Alvino, A. (2005). Effect of foliar application of N and humic acids on growth and yield of durum wheat. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 25: (183-191).
Fahramand, M., Moradi, H., Noori, M., Sobhkhizi, A., Adibian, M., Abdollahi, S., and Rigi, K. (2014). Influence of humic acid on increase yield of plants and soil properties. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences. 3(3): 339-341.
Farooq, M., Siddique, K.H.M., Rehman, H., Aziz, T., Lee D.J. and Wahid, A. (2011). Rice direct seeding: Experiences, challenges and opportunities. Soil and Tillage Research. 111: 87-98.
Forghani, A., Khodabande, N., Habibi, D. and Bankesaz, A. (2010). Reaction of chlorophyll a and b, proline and maize yield of maize to salinity stress and different levels of plant density. Agricultural Research Journal. 2(1): 29-37.
Hatfield, J.L., Thomas, J.S. and John, H.P. (2001). Managing soil to achieve greater water use efficiency: A review, Agronomy Journal. 93: 271–280.
Hou, W., Khan, M.R., Zhanga, J., Lua, J., Rena, T., Conga, R. and Lia, X. (2019). Nitrogen rate and plant density interaction enhances radiation interception, yield and nitrogen use efficiency of mechanically transplanted rice, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 269: 183-192.
Kiani, A. (2015). Instructions for water productivity on farms. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Deputy of Extension. Education publication and Agriculture. 22 Pp.
Kleunen, M.V., Fischer, M. and Schmid, B. (2001). Effects of intraspecific competition on size variation and reproductive allocation in a clonal plant, Oikos. 94: 515-524.
Koocheki, A., and Sarmadnia. G. (2012). Physiology of crop plant. Mashhad University Press. pp. 400. (In Persian).
Liu, M., Wang, C., Wang, F. and Xie, Y. (2019). Maize (Zea mays) growth and nutrient uptake following integrated improvement of vermicompost and humic acid fertilizer on coastal saline soil, Applied Soil Ecology. 142:147-154.
Majnon Hoseini, N., Mohammadi, H., Poustini, K. and Zeinali Khangah, H. (2003). Effect of plant density on yield, chlorophyll content and percentage of relocation in stem characteristics in chickpea cultivars. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science, 34: 1019-1011. (In Persian with English abstract).
Mehdiniya Afra, J., Niknejad, Y., Falah Amoli, H., and Barari Tari, D. (2019). Evaluation of Chemical and Organic Nutrition Systems on Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars under low Irrigation stress Conditions. Quarterly Journal of Plant Production. 2(2): 162-173. (In Persian with English abstract)
Bremner, J.M. and Mulvaney, C.S. (1982) Nitrogen-Total. In: Page, A.L., Ed., Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America. 595-624.
Nakano, H., Morita, S., Kitagawa, H., Wada, H. and Takahashi, M. (2012). Grain yield response to planting density in forage rice with a large number of spikelet, Crop Science. 52: 345-350.
Nakhzari Moghadam, A., Parsa, N., Sabori, H. and Bakhtiyari, S. (2013). Effect of humic acid, density and supplemental irrigation on chickpea quality and quantitative traits Cicer arietinum L, Journal of Environmental Stress in Crop Science. 10:183-192. (In Persian with English abstract).
Nardi, S., Pizzeghello, D., Muscolo, A., and Vianello, A. (2002). Physiological effects of humic substances on higher plants. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 34(11): 1527-36.
Omami, E.N. and Hammes, P.S. (2006). Interactive effects of salinity and water stress on growth, leaf water relations, and gas exchange in amaranth (Amaranthus spp.). New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticulture Science. 34(1): 33-44.
Osman E. A. M., EL- Masry, A. A. and Khatab, K. A. (2013). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer sources and foliar spray of humic and/or fulvic acids on yield and quality of rice plants. Advances in Applied Science Research. 4(4): 174-183.
Rose, M.T., Patti, A.F., Little, K.R. and Brown, A.L. (2014). A meta-analysis and review of plant-growth response to humic substances: practical implications for agriculture, Advance in Agronomy. 124: 37-89.
Sabzevari, S., Khazaie, H.R., and Kafi, M. (2009). Effect of humic acid on root and shoot growth of two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal Water Soil. 23(2): 87-94. (In Persian with English abstract).
Sarwar, G., Schmeisky, H., Hussain, N., Muhammad, S., Tahir, M.A. and Saleem, U. (2009). Variations in nutrient concentrations of wheat and paddy as affected by different levels of compost and chemical fertilizer in normal soil, International Journal on Plant-Soil. 5: 2403-2410.
Sofi A., Ebrahimi M., and Shirmohammadi, E. (2018). Effect of Humic Acid on Germination, Growth, and Photosynthetic Pigments of Medicago sativa L. under Salt Stress. Ecopersia. 6(1): 21-30.
Sofi, A., Ebrahimi, M. and Shirmohammadi, E. (2016). The effect of humic acid fertilizer on quantitative characteristics of flover. Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Development, Strategies and Challenges with Focus on Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment and Tourism. Tabriz: Permanent Secretariat of the International Conference on Sustainable Development, Solutions and Challenges; pp. 1-7. (In Persian with English abstract).
Zimdahl, R.L. (2004). Weed-Crop Competition: A Review, 2nd ed. Blackwell Publishing, 2121 State Avenue, Ames, IA50014.
Tsimba, R., Edmeades, G.O., Millner, J.P. and Kemp, P.D. (2013). The effect of planting date on maize grain yields and yield components, Field Crops Research. 150: 135-144.
Weiner, J. (2004). Allocation, plasticity and allometry in plants. Prospect, Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 6: 207-215.