Effect of superabsorbent polymer on photosynthetic traits, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence indices of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under drought stress
Subject Areas : Genetic
1 - Deptartment of Physiology, Kaleybar Branch, Islamic Azad University Kaleybar, Iran
Keywords: Water deficit, Bean, Fv/Fm, Chlorophyll fluorescence, Photosynthetic characteristics,
Abstract :
In order to investigate the effect of using superabsorbent polymer on photosynthetic traits, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence indices of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under drought stress, an experiment was conducted using a split-plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with 4 replications in the Research Field of Islamic Azad University, Kaleibar Branch, Iran in crop year 2018. Experimental treatments included irrigation intervals in the main plots (after 70, 140, and 210 mm water evaporation from class A evaporation pan) and application of different amounts of superabsorbent polymer (0, 75, and 150 Kg.ha-1) in sub plots. Results showed that the main effect of drought stress and superabsorbent were significantly different in most measured traits (p≤0.01). Interaction between drought stress and superabsorbent was significant only in the stomatal conductance, cell membrane stability, and chlorophyll index. Mean comparison results showed that severe drought stress significantly reduced maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, maximal fluorescence (Fm), chlorophyll content, transpiration rate, CO2 concentration under stomatal chamber, and photosynthesis rate, indicating the role of stomatal factors in reducing photosynthesis under stress conditions. The use of superabsorbent significantly increased photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, cell membrane stability, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, maximal fluorescence (Fm), minimum fluorescence (F0) and chlorophyll index while CO2 concentration under stomatal chamber reduced. The highest records of most measured traits were observed in 75 Kg.ha-1 superabsorbent polymer treatment. In general, it was concluded that superabsorbent improves photosynthetic properties, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, and chlorophyll content of beans under drought stress.
Abdoli, M., Saeidi, L., Jalali-Honarmand , S., Mansourifar, S. and Ghobadi, M.A. (2013). Evaluation of some physiological and biochemical traits and their relationships with yield and its components in some improved wheat cultivars under post-anthesis water deficit. Enviromental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 6(1): 47-63. (In Persian with English abstract).
Afshar Mohamadian, M Omidipour, M. and Omidi, J. (2018). Effect of different drought stress levels on chlorophyll fluorescence indices of two bean cultivars. Journal of plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology). 31(3): 694-709. (In Persian with English abstract).
Ahmadi, A. and Baker, D.A. (2000). Stomatal and nonstomatal limitations of photosynthesis under water stress conditions in wheat plant. Iranian Journal Agriculture Science. 31(4): 813-825.
Ahmadi Mousavi, A., Manouchehri Kalantari, Kh., Jafari, R., Hasibi, N. and Mahdavian, K. (2010). Investigation of the effects of 24-Apy Brasinolide and dehydration stress on some physiological parameters of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Journal of plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology). 23(8): 275-282. (In Persian with English abstract).
Ansari, M.H., Asadi, R. Mazaheri R., and Rezazadeh B. (2017). Effect of different nitrogen resources on nitrogen absorption and transferation in guilan local beans in organic agriculture. Scientific Journal of Plant Physiology. 9(35): 21-38. (In Persian with English abstract).
Anyia, A.O. and Herzog, H. (2004). Watar-use efficiency, leaf area and leaf gas exchange of cowpeas under mid-season drought. Europ Journal Agronomy. 20: 327-339.
Arnon, D.I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts; polyphenol-oxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology. 24: 1-15.
Baker, N.R. (2008). Chlorophyll fluorescence: a probe of photosynthesis in vivo. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59:89-113.
Chaves, M. (2002). Water stress in the regulation of photosynthesis in the field. Annuual of Botany, 89: 907-916.
Chelgerdi, A., Saffari, M. and Abdolshahi, R. (2014). Effect of super absorbent polymer, potassium sulphate and farmyard manure on physiological characteristics of millet (Setaria italica) optimum irrigation and drought stress conditions. Journal of Crop Production. 6(2): 35-56. (In Persian with English abstract).
Dehbashi, S., Laden Moghaddam, A.R. and Ghafourian, A. (2014). The effect of superabsorbent on reducing the effect of drought stress on some physiological traits of parsley (Tagetes marigold). Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 9(3): 72-81. (In Persian with English abstract).
Dere, S., Gunes, T. and Sivaci, R. (1998). Spectrophotometric determination of chlorophyll- a, b and total carotenoids contents of some algae species using different solvents. Botany. 22: 13-17.
Esmaeelpour, P., Habibi, D. and Tavassoli, A. (2009). Super absorbent polymer water effect on different cultivars of red beans and physiological traits under drought stress under greenhouse conditions. Journal Plant Ecosystem Research. 21(6): 21. 75-91.
Farhoudi, R. and Tafti, M.M. )2011(. Effect of salt stress on seedlings growth and ions homeostasis of soybean (Glysin max) cultivars. Advances in Environmental Biology. 5(8): 2522-2526.
Farhoudi, R., Modhej, A. and Payandeh, Kh. (2015). Effect of final season drought tension on photosynthesis, seed yield and seed vigor of five soybean cultivars. Crop physiology journal. 24(6): 41-55. (In Persian with English abstract).
Farid, M., Earl, H.J. and Navabi, A. (2016). Yield stability of dry bean genotypes across nitrogen-fixation-dependent and fertilizerdependent management systems. Crop Science. 56(1):173-182.
Fazeli, F., Ghorbanli, M. and Niknam, V. (2007). Effect of drought on biomass, protein content, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in tow sesame cultivars. Journal of Biologia Plantarum. 51: 98-103.
Flexas, J., Briantais, J.M., Cerovic, Z., Medrano, H. and Moya, I. (2000). Steady-state and maximum chlorophyll flurescence response to water stress in grapevine leaves: a new remote sensing system. Remote Sensing of Environment. 73: 283-297.
Flexas, J., Ribas-Carbo, M., Diaz-Espejo, A., Galmes, J. and Medrano, H. (2008). Mesophyll conductance to CO2: current knowledge and future prospects. Plant Cell & Environment. 31: 602-621.
Fracheboud, Y. (2006). Using chlorophyll fluorescence to study photosynthesis. Institute of Plant Science ETH, Universitatstrass, CH- 8092 Zurich.
Gale, A., Csiszar, J., Tari, I. and Erdei, L. (2002). Change in water and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under osmotic stress in wheat cultivars. Acta Biologica Szegediensis. 46(3-4). 85-86.
Gavuzzi, P., Rizza, F., Palumbo, M., Campanile, R.G., Ricciardi, G.L. and Borghi, B. (1997). Evaluation of field and laboratory predictors of drought and heat tolerance in winter cereals. Canadian Journal of plant Science, 77(4): 523-531.
Ghahremani, M., Ebadi, A., Parmoon, Gh. and Jahanbakhsh, S. (2015). Investigation the effect of water deficiency tension on photosynthetic indices and yield of genotypes forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Crop physiology journal. 25(7): 59-74. (In Persian with English abstract).
Goldani, M. (2012). Effect of irrigation intervals on some growth indices ecotypes basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Iranian Agricultural Research. 10: 412-420.
Haghighi, M., Mozafariyan, M. and Afifipour, Z. (2014). The effect of superabsorbent polymer and different withholding irrigation level on some qualitative and quantitative traits of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). Journal of Horticultural Science. 28(1): 125-133. (In Persian with English abstract).
Heidari, N., Pouryousef, M. and Tavakkoli, A. (2014). ffects of drought stress on photosynthesis, its parameters and relative water content of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). Journal of plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology). 27(5): 829-839. (In Persian with English abstract).
Hirayama, M., Wada, Y. and Nemoto, H. (2006). Estimation of drought tolerance based on leaf temperature in upland rice breeding. Breed Science. 56: 47-54.
Hosseinzadeh, S.R., Salimi, A., Ganjeali, A. and Ahmadpour, R. (2013). Effects of foliar application of methanol on photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 18 (5): 115-132. (In Persian with English abstract).
Inze, D. and Van Montagu, M. (1995). Oxidative stress in plants. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 6: 153-158.
Javadipour, Z., Movahhedi Dehnavi, M. and Baluchi, H.R. (2013). Comparison of photosynthesis parameters and leaf chlorophyll content and fluorescence of safflower cultivars under slaine conditions. Journal of Crop Production. 6(2): 35-56. (In Persian with English abstract).
Klamkowski, K. and Treder, W. (2006). Morphological and physiological responses of strawberry plants to water stress. Agriculture Conspectus Science, 71(4): 159-165.
Klughammer, C. and Schreiber, U. (2008). Complementary PS II quantum yields calculated from simple fluorescence parameters measured by PAM fluorometry and the Saturation Pulse method. PAM Application Notes. 1: 27 -35.
Koc, M., Barutcular, C. and Genc, I. (2004). Photosynthesis and productivity of old and modern durum wheats in Mediterranean environment. Crop Science. 43: 2089-2098.
Kordrostami, F., Shirvany, A., Attarod, P. and Khoshnevis, M. (2014). Does drought stress induce physiological mechanisms in Celtis caucasica L. Seedlings. Advances in Bioresearch. 5(4): 30-34.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. and Burkart, S. (1999). Photosynthesis and high light stress. Bulgharestan Journal of Plant Physiology. 25: 3-16.
Mamnoei, E. and Seyed Sharifi, R. (2010). Study the effects of water deficit on chlorophyll fluorescenceindices and the amount of proline in six barley genotypes and its relation with canopy temperatureand yield. Iranian Journal Plant Biology. 5: 51-62.
Masoumi, A., Kafi, M. Khazaei, H.R. and Davari, K. (2010). Effect of drought stress on water status, electrolyte Leakage and enzymatic antioxidants of Kochia (Kochia scoparia) under saline conditions. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 42(5): 3517-3524.
Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell and Environment. 25: 239-250.
Nazarli, H., Zardashti, Darvishzadeh, M.R., R. and Najafi, S. (2010). The effect of water stress and polymer on water use efficiency, yield and several morphological traits of sunflower. Notulae Science Biologicae. 4: 53-58.
Ohashi, Y., Saneoka, H. and Fujita, K. (2012). Effect of water stress on growth, photosynthesis, and photoassimilate translocation in soybean and tropical pasture legume siratro. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 46(2): 417-425.
Oukarroum, A., El Madidi, S., Schansker, G. and Strasser, R.J. (2007). Probing the responses of barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) by chlorophyll a fluorescence OLKJIP under drought stress and
re-watering. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 60(3):438-446.
Pakmehr, A., Shekari, F. and Rastgoo, M. (2014). Effect of seed priming by salicylic acid on some photosynthetic traits of cowpea under water deficit in flowering stage. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research. 31(3): 694-709. (In Persian with English abstract).
Paknejad, F., Nasri, M., Tohidi Moghadam, H.R., Zahedi, H., and Jami Alahmad, M. (2007). Effects of drought stress on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters chlorophyll content and grain yield of wheat cultivars. Journal of Biological Sciences. 7(6): 841-847.
Pearce, D.W., Millard, S., Bray, D.F. and Rood, S.B. (2006). Stomatal characteristics of riparian poplar species in a semi-arid environment. Tree Physiology. 26: 211-218.
Peralta, H., Aguilar, A., Díaz, R., Mora, Y., Martínez-Batallar, G., Salazar, E., Vargas-Lagunas, C., Martínez, E., Encarnación, S. and Girard, L. (2016). Genomic studies of nitrogenfixing rhizobial strains from Phaseolus vulgaris seeds and nodules. BMC Genomics. 17(1):711.
Pirzad, A., Alyari, H., Shakiba, M. R., Zehtab-Salmasi, S. and Mohammad, A. (2009). Effect of water stress on chlorophyll amounts in german chamomile (Matrica chamomilla L.). Annals of Applied Biology. 6:315-317.
Polley, H.W. (2002). Implication of atmospheric and climatic change for crop yield and water use efficiency. Crop Science. 42: 131-140.
Premachandra, G.S., Saneoka, H., Fujita, K. and Ogata, S. (1992). Seasonal changes in leaf water relations and cell membrane stability in Orchard grass. Journal Agriculture Science. 121: 169- 175.
Rahbarian, R., Khavari-nejad, R.A., Ganjeali, A., Bagheri, A.R. and Najafi, F. (2011). Drought stress effects on photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and water relations in tolerant and susceptible chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. Acta biologica Cracoviensia Series botanica. 53: 47-56.
Shangguan, Z., Shao, M. and Dyckmans, J. (2000). Effects of nitrogen nuttition and water deficit on net photosynthetic rate chlorophyll florescence in winter wheat. Plant Physiology. 156: 45-51.
Soheili movahhed, S., Esmaeili, M.A., Jabbari, F., Khorramdel, S. and Fouladi, A. (2017). Effects of water deficit on relative water content, chlorophyll fFluorescence indices and seed yield in four pinto bean genotypes. Journal of Crop Production. 10(1): 169-190. (In Persian with English abstract).
Souza, R.P., Machado, E.C., Silva, J.A.B. and Silveira, J.A.G. (2004). Photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and some associated metabolic changes in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) during water stress and recovery. Environmental & Experimental Botany. 51: 45–56.
Tohidi-Moghadam, H.R., Shirani Radi, A.H., Nour-Mohammadi, G., Habibi, D., Modarres-sanavy, S.A.M., Mashhadi-Akbar–boojar, M. and Dolatabadian, A. (2009). Response of six oil seed rape genotypes to water stress and hydrogel application. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropical. 39: 243-250.
Wu, L., Liu, M. and Liang, R. (2008).
Preparation and properties of a double-coated slow-release NPK compound fertilizer with superabsorbent and water-retention. Bioresource Technology. 99: 547-554.
Yordanov, I., Tsonko, T., Velikova, V., Georgieva, K., Ivanov, P., Tsenov, N. and Petrova, T. (2001). Change in CO2 assimilation, transpiration and stomatal resistance to different wheat cultivars expressing drought under field conditions. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology. 27: 20-33.
Zlatev, Z. (2009). Drought-induced changes in chlorophyll fluorescence of young wheat plants. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment. 23(4): 438-441.
Zou, G.H., Liu, H.Y., Mei, H.W., Liu, G.L., Yu, X.Q. and Luo, L.J. (2007). Screening for drought resistance of rice recombinant inbred populations in the field. Journal Integrative Plant Biology. 49: 1508-1516.
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Abdoli, M., Saeidi, L., Jalali-Honarmand , S., Mansourifar, S. and Ghobadi, M.A. (2013). Evaluation of some physiological and biochemical traits and their relationships with yield and its components in some improved wheat cultivars under post-anthesis water deficit. Enviromental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 6(1): 47-63. (In Persian with English abstract).
Afshar Mohamadian, M Omidipour, M. and Omidi, J. (2018). Effect of different drought stress levels on chlorophyll fluorescence indices of two bean cultivars. Journal of plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology). 31(3): 694-709. (In Persian with English abstract).
Ahmadi, A. and Baker, D.A. (2000). Stomatal and nonstomatal limitations of photosynthesis under water stress conditions in wheat plant. Iranian Journal Agriculture Science. 31(4): 813-825.
Ahmadi Mousavi, A., Manouchehri Kalantari, Kh., Jafari, R., Hasibi, N. and Mahdavian, K. (2010). Investigation of the effects of 24-Apy Brasinolide and dehydration stress on some physiological parameters of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Journal of plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology). 23(8): 275-282. (In Persian with English abstract).
Ansari, M.H., Asadi, R. Mazaheri R., and Rezazadeh B. (2017). Effect of different nitrogen resources on nitrogen absorption and transferation in guilan local beans in organic agriculture. Scientific Journal of Plant Physiology. 9(35): 21-38. (In Persian with English abstract).
Anyia, A.O. and Herzog, H. (2004). Watar-use efficiency, leaf area and leaf gas exchange of cowpeas under mid-season drought. Europ Journal Agronomy. 20: 327-339.
Arnon, D.I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts; polyphenol-oxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology. 24: 1-15.
Baker, N.R. (2008). Chlorophyll fluorescence: a probe of photosynthesis in vivo. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59:89-113.
Chaves, M. (2002). Water stress in the regulation of photosynthesis in the field. Annuual of Botany, 89: 907-916.
Chelgerdi, A., Saffari, M. and Abdolshahi, R. (2014). Effect of super absorbent polymer, potassium sulphate and farmyard manure on physiological characteristics of millet (Setaria italica) optimum irrigation and drought stress conditions. Journal of Crop Production. 6(2): 35-56. (In Persian with English abstract).
Dehbashi, S., Laden Moghaddam, A.R. and Ghafourian, A. (2014). The effect of superabsorbent on reducing the effect of drought stress on some physiological traits of parsley (Tagetes marigold). Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 9(3): 72-81. (In Persian with English abstract).
Dere, S., Gunes, T. and Sivaci, R. (1998). Spectrophotometric determination of chlorophyll- a, b and total carotenoids contents of some algae species using different solvents. Botany. 22: 13-17.
Esmaeelpour, P., Habibi, D. and Tavassoli, A. (2009). Super absorbent polymer water effect on different cultivars of red beans and physiological traits under drought stress under greenhouse conditions. Journal Plant Ecosystem Research. 21(6): 21. 75-91.
Farhoudi, R. and Tafti, M.M. )2011(. Effect of salt stress on seedlings growth and ions homeostasis of soybean (Glysin max) cultivars. Advances in Environmental Biology. 5(8): 2522-2526.
Farhoudi, R., Modhej, A. and Payandeh, Kh. (2015). Effect of final season drought tension on photosynthesis, seed yield and seed vigor of five soybean cultivars. Crop physiology journal. 24(6): 41-55. (In Persian with English abstract).
Farid, M., Earl, H.J. and Navabi, A. (2016). Yield stability of dry bean genotypes across nitrogen-fixation-dependent and fertilizerdependent management systems. Crop Science. 56(1):173-182.
Fazeli, F., Ghorbanli, M. and Niknam, V. (2007). Effect of drought on biomass, protein content, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in tow sesame cultivars. Journal of Biologia Plantarum. 51: 98-103.
Flexas, J., Briantais, J.M., Cerovic, Z., Medrano, H. and Moya, I. (2000). Steady-state and maximum chlorophyll flurescence response to water stress in grapevine leaves: a new remote sensing system. Remote Sensing of Environment. 73: 283-297.
Flexas, J., Ribas-Carbo, M., Diaz-Espejo, A., Galmes, J. and Medrano, H. (2008). Mesophyll conductance to CO2: current knowledge and future prospects. Plant Cell & Environment. 31: 602-621.
Fracheboud, Y. (2006). Using chlorophyll fluorescence to study photosynthesis. Institute of Plant Science ETH, Universitatstrass, CH- 8092 Zurich.
Gale, A., Csiszar, J., Tari, I. and Erdei, L. (2002). Change in water and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under osmotic stress in wheat cultivars. Acta Biologica Szegediensis. 46(3-4). 85-86.
Gavuzzi, P., Rizza, F., Palumbo, M., Campanile, R.G., Ricciardi, G.L. and Borghi, B. (1997). Evaluation of field and laboratory predictors of drought and heat tolerance in winter cereals. Canadian Journal of plant Science, 77(4): 523-531.
Ghahremani, M., Ebadi, A., Parmoon, Gh. and Jahanbakhsh, S. (2015). Investigation the effect of water deficiency tension on photosynthetic indices and yield of genotypes forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Crop physiology journal. 25(7): 59-74. (In Persian with English abstract).
Goldani, M. (2012). Effect of irrigation intervals on some growth indices ecotypes basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Iranian Agricultural Research. 10: 412-420.
Haghighi, M., Mozafariyan, M. and Afifipour, Z. (2014). The effect of superabsorbent polymer and different withholding irrigation level on some qualitative and quantitative traits of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). Journal of Horticultural Science. 28(1): 125-133. (In Persian with English abstract).
Heidari, N., Pouryousef, M. and Tavakkoli, A. (2014). ffects of drought stress on photosynthesis, its parameters and relative water content of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). Journal of plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology). 27(5): 829-839. (In Persian with English abstract).
Hirayama, M., Wada, Y. and Nemoto, H. (2006). Estimation of drought tolerance based on leaf temperature in upland rice breeding. Breed Science. 56: 47-54.
Hosseinzadeh, S.R., Salimi, A., Ganjeali, A. and Ahmadpour, R. (2013). Effects of foliar application of methanol on photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 18 (5): 115-132. (In Persian with English abstract).
Inze, D. and Van Montagu, M. (1995). Oxidative stress in plants. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 6: 153-158.
Javadipour, Z., Movahhedi Dehnavi, M. and Baluchi, H.R. (2013). Comparison of photosynthesis parameters and leaf chlorophyll content and fluorescence of safflower cultivars under slaine conditions. Journal of Crop Production. 6(2): 35-56. (In Persian with English abstract).
Klamkowski, K. and Treder, W. (2006). Morphological and physiological responses of strawberry plants to water stress. Agriculture Conspectus Science, 71(4): 159-165.
Klughammer, C. and Schreiber, U. (2008). Complementary PS II quantum yields calculated from simple fluorescence parameters measured by PAM fluorometry and the Saturation Pulse method. PAM Application Notes. 1: 27 -35.
Koc, M., Barutcular, C. and Genc, I. (2004). Photosynthesis and productivity of old and modern durum wheats in Mediterranean environment. Crop Science. 43: 2089-2098.
Kordrostami, F., Shirvany, A., Attarod, P. and Khoshnevis, M. (2014). Does drought stress induce physiological mechanisms in Celtis caucasica L. Seedlings. Advances in Bioresearch. 5(4): 30-34.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. and Burkart, S. (1999). Photosynthesis and high light stress. Bulgharestan Journal of Plant Physiology. 25: 3-16.
Mamnoei, E. and Seyed Sharifi, R. (2010). Study the effects of water deficit on chlorophyll fluorescenceindices and the amount of proline in six barley genotypes and its relation with canopy temperatureand yield. Iranian Journal Plant Biology. 5: 51-62.
Masoumi, A., Kafi, M. Khazaei, H.R. and Davari, K. (2010). Effect of drought stress on water status, electrolyte Leakage and enzymatic antioxidants of Kochia (Kochia scoparia) under saline conditions. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 42(5): 3517-3524.
Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell and Environment. 25: 239-250.
Nazarli, H., Zardashti, Darvishzadeh, M.R., R. and Najafi, S. (2010). The effect of water stress and polymer on water use efficiency, yield and several morphological traits of sunflower. Notulae Science Biologicae. 4: 53-58.
Ohashi, Y., Saneoka, H. and Fujita, K. (2012). Effect of water stress on growth, photosynthesis, and photoassimilate translocation in soybean and tropical pasture legume siratro. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 46(2): 417-425.
Oukarroum, A., El Madidi, S., Schansker, G. and Strasser, R.J. (2007). Probing the responses of barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) by chlorophyll a fluorescence OLKJIP under drought stress and
re-watering. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 60(3):438-446.
Pakmehr, A., Shekari, F. and Rastgoo, M. (2014). Effect of seed priming by salicylic acid on some photosynthetic traits of cowpea under water deficit in flowering stage. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research. 31(3): 694-709. (In Persian with English abstract).
Paknejad, F., Nasri, M., Tohidi Moghadam, H.R., Zahedi, H., and Jami Alahmad, M. (2007). Effects of drought stress on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters chlorophyll content and grain yield of wheat cultivars. Journal of Biological Sciences. 7(6): 841-847.
Pearce, D.W., Millard, S., Bray, D.F. and Rood, S.B. (2006). Stomatal characteristics of riparian poplar species in a semi-arid environment. Tree Physiology. 26: 211-218.
Peralta, H., Aguilar, A., Díaz, R., Mora, Y., Martínez-Batallar, G., Salazar, E., Vargas-Lagunas, C., Martínez, E., Encarnación, S. and Girard, L. (2016). Genomic studies of nitrogenfixing rhizobial strains from Phaseolus vulgaris seeds and nodules. BMC Genomics. 17(1):711.
Pirzad, A., Alyari, H., Shakiba, M. R., Zehtab-Salmasi, S. and Mohammad, A. (2009). Effect of water stress on chlorophyll amounts in german chamomile (Matrica chamomilla L.). Annals of Applied Biology. 6:315-317.
Polley, H.W. (2002). Implication of atmospheric and climatic change for crop yield and water use efficiency. Crop Science. 42: 131-140.
Premachandra, G.S., Saneoka, H., Fujita, K. and Ogata, S. (1992). Seasonal changes in leaf water relations and cell membrane stability in Orchard grass. Journal Agriculture Science. 121: 169- 175.
Rahbarian, R., Khavari-nejad, R.A., Ganjeali, A., Bagheri, A.R. and Najafi, F. (2011). Drought stress effects on photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and water relations in tolerant and susceptible chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. Acta biologica Cracoviensia Series botanica. 53: 47-56.
Shangguan, Z., Shao, M. and Dyckmans, J. (2000). Effects of nitrogen nuttition and water deficit on net photosynthetic rate chlorophyll florescence in winter wheat. Plant Physiology. 156: 45-51.
Soheili movahhed, S., Esmaeili, M.A., Jabbari, F., Khorramdel, S. and Fouladi, A. (2017). Effects of water deficit on relative water content, chlorophyll fFluorescence indices and seed yield in four pinto bean genotypes. Journal of Crop Production. 10(1): 169-190. (In Persian with English abstract).
Souza, R.P., Machado, E.C., Silva, J.A.B. and Silveira, J.A.G. (2004). Photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and some associated metabolic changes in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) during water stress and recovery. Environmental & Experimental Botany. 51: 45–56.
Tohidi-Moghadam, H.R., Shirani Radi, A.H., Nour-Mohammadi, G., Habibi, D., Modarres-sanavy, S.A.M., Mashhadi-Akbar–boojar, M. and Dolatabadian, A. (2009). Response of six oil seed rape genotypes to water stress and hydrogel application. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropical. 39: 243-250.
Wu, L., Liu, M. and Liang, R. (2008).
Preparation and properties of a double-coated slow-release NPK compound fertilizer with superabsorbent and water-retention. Bioresource Technology. 99: 547-554.
Yordanov, I., Tsonko, T., Velikova, V., Georgieva, K., Ivanov, P., Tsenov, N. and Petrova, T. (2001). Change in CO2 assimilation, transpiration and stomatal resistance to different wheat cultivars expressing drought under field conditions. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology. 27: 20-33.
Zlatev, Z. (2009). Drought-induced changes in chlorophyll fluorescence of young wheat plants. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment. 23(4): 438-441.
Zou, G.H., Liu, H.Y., Mei, H.W., Liu, G.L., Yu, X.Q. and Luo, L.J. (2007). Screening for drought resistance of rice recombinant inbred populations in the field. Journal Integrative Plant Biology. 49: 1508-1516.