Evaluation of morphological and biochemical traits of wild primrose (Dionysia revolute) in north of Iran under the influence of ecological factor of altitude
Subject Areas : GeneticMehdi Mohammadi Azni 1 , Hossein Moradi 2
1 - Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Sari, Iran
2 - Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Sari, Iran
Keywords: Chlorophyll, Antioxidant, Mazandaran, flavonoid, phenol,
Abstract :
Environmental factors are the most important factors affecting morphological traits and expression of chemical synthesizing genes. Wild primrose has compounds such as calicillin, benzabolol, quinolone, thymol and is traditionally used to treat gastrointestinal and infectious wounds. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of differences in elevation level in Mazandaran province (Azni area with a height of 1035 meters and the Kasoot area with a height of 481 meters) on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of wild primrose. The studied phytochemical traits included total phenol content, total flavonoid, antioxidant capacity of samples using DPPH as well as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content. Also, morphological traits including leaf length, leaf width, root length, pedicel length, petiole length, and number of leaf were measured at the site of plant growth. Results showed that with increasing altitude in Azni site, leaf area, leaf width, petiole length, and pedicel length decreased compared to Kasoot region. But the plants in Azni region had longer roots and more leaves. On the other hand, the plants in Azni had higher leaf and flower flavonoid contents and their total phenol contents were more than those in Kasoot area. But considering the antioxidants and photosynthetic pigments, plants in Kasoot had significantly higher contents. In general, morphological traits decreased with increasing altitude while biochemical properties such as phenol and flavonoids increased.
Amin, A., Gali-Muhtasib, H., Ock, M. and SchneiderStock, R. (2009). Overview of major classes of plant-derived anticancer drugs. International Journal of Biomedical Science. 5: 1-11.
Arnon, D. (1994). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts: Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24: 1-10.
Buchholz, G., Ehmann, B. and Wellmann, E. (1995). Ultraviolet light inhibition of phytochrome-induced flavonoid biosynthesis and DNA photolyase formation in mustard cotyledons (Sinapis alba L.). Plant Physiology, 108(1): 227-234.
Chang, C., Yang, M., Wen, H. and Chern, J. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food Drug Anal, 10: 178-182
Cragg, G.M. and Newman, D.J. (2013). Natural products: a continuing source of novel drug leads. Biochimica et Biophysica acta, 1830: 3670-3695.
Davies, F.S. and Albrigo, L.G. (1994). Citrus. Wallingford: CAB International. Libraries Australia.
Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Nabavi, S.F., Nabavi, SM. and Eslami, B. (2010). Antihemolytic and antioxidant activities of Allium paradoxum. Central European Journal of Biology. 5: 338-345.
Ghasemi, K., Ghasemi, Y., Ehteshamnia, A., Nabavi, M., Nabavi, F., Ebrahimzadeh A. and Pourmand, F. (2011). Influence of environmental factors on antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid content of walnut. Medicinal Plant. 5(7): 1128-1133.
Haddadi Nejad, M., Mohammadi Azni, M., Mousavi, S.M. and Hosseini, S.M.A. (2018). Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Mint Medicinal Plants in Different Regions of Mazandaran Province Using Morphological Traits. First National Conference on Agricultural and Garden Plants 5 Bahman, 511-515
Hadiyan, J., Karimi, A., Shorabi, M., Najafi, F. and Kanaani, M.R. (2017). Investigation of morphological diversity and analysis of coefficients of essential oil yield in (Thymus daenensis Celak) populations. Plant Production Technology. 16)1(: 41-56.
Hemati, K.H., Omidbeigi, R. and Bashiri Sadr, Z. (2003). Effect of climate and harvest time on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of flavonoids of citrus varieties. PhD Thesis, Submitted to Modares University.
Jaakola, L. and Hohtola, A. (2010). Effect of latitude on flavonoid biosynthesis in plants. Plant, Cell and Environment, 33(8): 1239-124.
Slinkard, K. and Singleton, V.L. (1977). Total phenol analysis:automation and comparison with manual methods. Amrican Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 28: 49-55.
Francisco, A., Macias, J. and Galindo, J. (2007). Evolution and current status of ecological phytochemistry. Phytochemistry. 68: 2917-2936.
Fu, X., Ning, G., Gao, L. and Bao, M. (2008). Genetic diversity of dianthus accessions as assessed using two molecular marker systems (SRAPs and ISSRs) and morphological traits. Scientia Horticulture. 117: 263-27.
In-Sook, R.I.M. and Cha-Ho, J.E.E. (2006). Acaricidal effects of herb essential oils against Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) and qualitative analysis of a herb Mentha pulegium (pennyroyal). Korean Journal of Parasitology. 44 (2): 133-138
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Magnus, L. (2007). The genus Dionysia (Primulaceae), a synopsis and five new species. Wildenowia 37: 37-61.
Mohammad Nejad Ganji, S.M., Moradi, H., Ghanbari, A. and Akbarzadeh, M.A. (2018). The quantity and quality of secondary metabolism of lavender plant are affected by the ecological factor of altitude. New Findings in Life Sciences 4: 166-172.
Motalleb, G. and Hanachi, P. (2005). Evaluation of Phenolic content and total antioxidant activity in Berberis vulgaris fruit extracts. Journal Biological Sciences, 17: 648-653.
Najjar Firoozjayi, M., Hemati, K.h., Khorasani Nejad, S., Gariki Khani, A. and Bagheri Fard, A. (2015). Effect of Altitude on Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics of Urtica dioica L. in Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces. Iranian Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 35: 1-11.
Narimani, R., Moghaddam, M., Ghasemi Pirbaloti, A. and Shokouhi, D. (2018). The study of morphological diversity, total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity indifferent populations of Nepeta nuda and Nepetacrassifolia in Ardabil and East Azerbaijan provinces Quarterly. Journal of Ecophytochemistry of Medicinal Plants, 5(3): 13-22.
Nasibi, F., Kalantari, K. and Rashidi, M. (2003) .Investigation of change in morphological and physiological parameter induced by UV-A, UV-B and UV-C of ultraviolet radiation in colza seedling (Brassica napus). Research and Reconstruction, 16(3): 97-103.
Newman, D.J. and Cragg, G.M. (2012). Natural products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years from 1981 to 2010. Journal of Natural Products 75: 311-335.
Omid Beigi, R. (2009). Production and processing of medicinal plants. Volume 3 (Third Edition). Astan Quds Razavi Publishing House, 397 p.
Omidbaigi, R. (2000). Approaches to production and processing of medicinal Plants. Publication Designers city. Mashhad. Volume 1. Second Edition. 281 p. (In Persian)
Omidbeigi, R. (2005). Production and processing of medicinal plant.- BahNashr. Mashhad.1: 347.
Oomaha, B.D. and Mazza, G. (1996). Flavonoids and antioxidative activities in buckwheat. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 44(7): 1746-1750.
Sa'adtmand, S., Alaedini, A.R. and Salehi, M. (2009). Antimicrobial properties of essential oil of Dionysia revolute on Staphylococcus aureus and determination of its chemical composition by GC-Mass method. Journal of Biological Sciences, 1(2): 57-63.
30. Singh, A.P., Dwivedi, S., Bharti, S., Srivastava, A., Singh, V. and Khanuja, S.P. (2004). Phylogenetic relationships as in Ocimum revealed by RAPD markers. Euphytica, 136:11-20.
Sonboli, A., Canaani, M., Yousefzadi, M. and Mojarrad, M. (2009). Comparison of chemical composition and antibacterial effects of essential oil (Salvia hydrangea L.) in two different localities- Iranian J. of Med. and Arom. Plant, 9: 20-28.
Srivastava, A.W. and Shym, S. (2002). Citrus: climate and soil. Int. Book Distributing Company. 559 p.
Srivastava, V., Negi, A.S., Kumar, J.K., Gupta, M.M. and Khanuja, S.P. (2005). Plant-based anticancer molecules: a chemical and biological profile of some important leads. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry. 13: 5892-5908.
Tajali, A.A. and Khazaeipool, M. (2012). Effects of height and organs on flavonoids of Crataegus microphylla C. Koch in Iran. International Journal of Biosciences (IJB), 2(7): 54-58.
Tatian, M.R. (2001). Sociological studies of plant (Phytosociology) summer pastures Hezarjarib-Behshahr- Master s thesis. 128p.
Tosserams, M., Sa, A.P. and Rozema, J. (1996). The effect of solar UV radiation on four plant species occurring in a coastal grassland vegetation in The Netherlands. Physiologia Plantarum, 97(4):731-739
Wendelbo, P. (1961). Studies in Primulaceae I. A monograph of genus Dionysia. Aarbok Univ. Bergen, Mat. Naturvitensk. Ser. 3:87-98.
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Amin, A., Gali-Muhtasib, H., Ock, M. and SchneiderStock, R. (2009). Overview of major classes of plant-derived anticancer drugs. International Journal of Biomedical Science. 5: 1-11.
Arnon, D. (1994). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts: Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24: 1-10.
Buchholz, G., Ehmann, B. and Wellmann, E. (1995). Ultraviolet light inhibition of phytochrome-induced flavonoid biosynthesis and DNA photolyase formation in mustard cotyledons (Sinapis alba L.). Plant Physiology, 108(1): 227-234.
Chang, C., Yang, M., Wen, H. and Chern, J. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food Drug Anal, 10: 178-182
Cragg, G.M. and Newman, D.J. (2013). Natural products: a continuing source of novel drug leads. Biochimica et Biophysica acta, 1830: 3670-3695.
Davies, F.S. and Albrigo, L.G. (1994). Citrus. Wallingford: CAB International. Libraries Australia.
Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Nabavi, S.F., Nabavi, SM. and Eslami, B. (2010). Antihemolytic and antioxidant activities of Allium paradoxum. Central European Journal of Biology. 5: 338-345.
Ghasemi, K., Ghasemi, Y., Ehteshamnia, A., Nabavi, M., Nabavi, F., Ebrahimzadeh A. and Pourmand, F. (2011). Influence of environmental factors on antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid content of walnut. Medicinal Plant. 5(7): 1128-1133.
Haddadi Nejad, M., Mohammadi Azni, M., Mousavi, S.M. and Hosseini, S.M.A. (2018). Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Mint Medicinal Plants in Different Regions of Mazandaran Province Using Morphological Traits. First National Conference on Agricultural and Garden Plants 5 Bahman, 511-515
Hadiyan, J., Karimi, A., Shorabi, M., Najafi, F. and Kanaani, M.R. (2017). Investigation of morphological diversity and analysis of coefficients of essential oil yield in (Thymus daenensis Celak) populations. Plant Production Technology. 16)1(: 41-56.
Hemati, K.H., Omidbeigi, R. and Bashiri Sadr, Z. (2003). Effect of climate and harvest time on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of flavonoids of citrus varieties. PhD Thesis, Submitted to Modares University.
Jaakola, L. and Hohtola, A. (2010). Effect of latitude on flavonoid biosynthesis in plants. Plant, Cell and Environment, 33(8): 1239-124.
Slinkard, K. and Singleton, V.L. (1977). Total phenol analysis:automation and comparison with manual methods. Amrican Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 28: 49-55.
Francisco, A., Macias, J. and Galindo, J. (2007). Evolution and current status of ecological phytochemistry. Phytochemistry. 68: 2917-2936.
Fu, X., Ning, G., Gao, L. and Bao, M. (2008). Genetic diversity of dianthus accessions as assessed using two molecular marker systems (SRAPs and ISSRs) and morphological traits. Scientia Horticulture. 117: 263-27.
In-Sook, R.I.M. and Cha-Ho, J.E.E. (2006). Acaricidal effects of herb essential oils against Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) and qualitative analysis of a herb Mentha pulegium (pennyroyal). Korean Journal of Parasitology. 44 (2): 133-138
Kurian, A. and Sankar, M.A. (2007). Medicinal Plants, New India Publishing Agency.
Magnus, L. (2007). The genus Dionysia (Primulaceae), a synopsis and five new species. Wildenowia 37: 37-61.
Mohammad Nejad Ganji, S.M., Moradi, H., Ghanbari, A. and Akbarzadeh, M.A. (2018). The quantity and quality of secondary metabolism of lavender plant are affected by the ecological factor of altitude. New Findings in Life Sciences 4: 166-172.
Motalleb, G. and Hanachi, P. (2005). Evaluation of Phenolic content and total antioxidant activity in Berberis vulgaris fruit extracts. Journal Biological Sciences, 17: 648-653.
Najjar Firoozjayi, M., Hemati, K.h., Khorasani Nejad, S., Gariki Khani, A. and Bagheri Fard, A. (2015). Effect of Altitude on Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics of Urtica dioica L. in Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces. Iranian Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 35: 1-11.
Narimani, R., Moghaddam, M., Ghasemi Pirbaloti, A. and Shokouhi, D. (2018). The study of morphological diversity, total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity indifferent populations of Nepeta nuda and Nepetacrassifolia in Ardabil and East Azerbaijan provinces Quarterly. Journal of Ecophytochemistry of Medicinal Plants, 5(3): 13-22.
Nasibi, F., Kalantari, K. and Rashidi, M. (2003) .Investigation of change in morphological and physiological parameter induced by UV-A, UV-B and UV-C of ultraviolet radiation in colza seedling (Brassica napus). Research and Reconstruction, 16(3): 97-103.
Newman, D.J. and Cragg, G.M. (2012). Natural products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years from 1981 to 2010. Journal of Natural Products 75: 311-335.
Omid Beigi, R. (2009). Production and processing of medicinal plants. Volume 3 (Third Edition). Astan Quds Razavi Publishing House, 397 p.
Omidbaigi, R. (2000). Approaches to production and processing of medicinal Plants. Publication Designers city. Mashhad. Volume 1. Second Edition. 281 p. (In Persian)
Omidbeigi, R. (2005). Production and processing of medicinal plant.- BahNashr. Mashhad.1: 347.
Oomaha, B.D. and Mazza, G. (1996). Flavonoids and antioxidative activities in buckwheat. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 44(7): 1746-1750.
Sa'adtmand, S., Alaedini, A.R. and Salehi, M. (2009). Antimicrobial properties of essential oil of Dionysia revolute on Staphylococcus aureus and determination of its chemical composition by GC-Mass method. Journal of Biological Sciences, 1(2): 57-63.
30. Singh, A.P., Dwivedi, S., Bharti, S., Srivastava, A., Singh, V. and Khanuja, S.P. (2004). Phylogenetic relationships as in Ocimum revealed by RAPD markers. Euphytica, 136:11-20.
Sonboli, A., Canaani, M., Yousefzadi, M. and Mojarrad, M. (2009). Comparison of chemical composition and antibacterial effects of essential oil (Salvia hydrangea L.) in two different localities- Iranian J. of Med. and Arom. Plant, 9: 20-28.
Srivastava, A.W. and Shym, S. (2002). Citrus: climate and soil. Int. Book Distributing Company. 559 p.
Srivastava, V., Negi, A.S., Kumar, J.K., Gupta, M.M. and Khanuja, S.P. (2005). Plant-based anticancer molecules: a chemical and biological profile of some important leads. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry. 13: 5892-5908.
Tajali, A.A. and Khazaeipool, M. (2012). Effects of height and organs on flavonoids of Crataegus microphylla C. Koch in Iran. International Journal of Biosciences (IJB), 2(7): 54-58.
Tatian, M.R. (2001). Sociological studies of plant (Phytosociology) summer pastures Hezarjarib-Behshahr- Master s thesis. 128p.
Tosserams, M., Sa, A.P. and Rozema, J. (1996). The effect of solar UV radiation on four plant species occurring in a coastal grassland vegetation in The Netherlands. Physiologia Plantarum, 97(4):731-739
Wendelbo, P. (1961). Studies in Primulaceae I. A monograph of genus Dionysia. Aarbok Univ. Bergen, Mat. Naturvitensk. Ser. 3:87-98.