Effect of size and canopy position on physicochemical properties, carbohydrate, and bioactive compounds of Thomson Navel orange (Citrus sinensis cv. Thomson Navel)
Subject Areas : Geneticsomayeh Rezaei 1 , Javad Fatahi moghadam 2 , Parvaneh Rahdari 3 , Babak Babakhani 4 , Mahmoud Asadi 5
1 - Department of Biology Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch, Tonekabon, Iran
2 - Agriculture Research Institute, Citrus and Semitropical Fruits Research, Organization of Research, Education, and Extension of Agriculture, Ramsar, Iran
3 - Department of Biology Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch, Tonekabon, Iran
4 - Department of Biology Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch, Tonekabon, Iran
5 - Department of Biology Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch, Tonekabon, Iran
Keywords: Carbohydrate, Antioxidant capacity, Orange, Rind pigment, Canopy position,
Abstract :
Citrus fruits contain numerous beneficial bioactive compounds including vitamin C, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carotenoids, and sugars which have high nutritional and antioxidant value. Some factors such as the canopy position of the fruit and fruit size affect the quality and quantity of these compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of canopy position and fruit size on morphophysiological and biochemical properties of Thomson orange fruit. In the first experiment, fruits with medium and uniform size were harvested from inside and outside canopy positions of the tree. In the second experiment, after harvest the fruits were grouped into three sizes of small, medium, and large. Traits such as weight, volume, length, and width of fruit, skin color, skin thickness, extract content, dry matter percentage, TA, TSS, TSS/TA, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids, antioxidant capacity, phenolic acid content, vitamin C, total sugars, and reducing sugars were evaluated on the peel and pulp of fruit along with a panel test. Results revealed that fruit volume, peel thickness, TSS/TA, a* value, CCI value, peel antioxidant capacity, and peel total sugars were higher in the fruits from the external canopy position while TA, L*, C*, h°, and b* in the fruits from internal canopies were significantly higher. Fruit size had a significant effect on physical parameters of fruit, CCI, h°, juice, and dry matter while it did not affect the quality and chemical traits of fruit. The results of this study showed that orange fruit with a position outside the crown and a large size has a significant increase in extract content, actual volume, average fruit diameter, aroma, taste, and sweetness compared to the position inside the crown with a small size.
Anonymous. (2018). Agricultural Statistics, Horticultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Deputy Director of Planning and Economics, Center for Information and Communication Technology (In Persian).
Apak, R., Guclu, K., Demirata, B., Ozyurek, M., Celik, S.E., Bektasoglu, B. and Ozyurt, D. (2007). Comparative evaluation of various total antioxidant capacity assays applied to phenolic compounds with the CUPRAC assay. Molecules. 12: 1496-1547.
Awad, M.A., de Jager, A., van der Plas, L.H. and van der Krol, A.R. (2001). Flavonoid and chlorogenic acid changes in skin of ‘Elstar’and ‘Jonagold’apples during development and ripening. Scientia Horticulturae. 90: 69-83.
Barry, G.H. and Castle, W.S. (2004). Soluble solids accumulations in ‘Valencia’ sweet orange as related to rootstock selection and fruit size. Horticulture Science. 129: 594-598.
Boonyakiat, D., Seehanam, P. and Rattanapanone, N. (2012). Effect of fruit size and coating material on quality of tangerine fruit cv. Sai Nam Phueng. Chiang Mai University Journal of Natural Sciences. 11: 213-230.
Bor, J.Y., Chen, H.Y. and Yen G.C. (2006). Evaluation of antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect on nitric oxid production of some common vegetables. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54: 1680-1686.
Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E. and Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT- Food Science and Technology. 28: 25-30.
Carabante, K.M. and Prinyawiwatkul, W. (2018). Data analyses of a multiple-samples sensory ranking test and its duplicated test: A review. Journal of Sensory Studies. 33(4), e12435.
Ceccarelli, D., Talento, C., Sartori, A., Terlizzi, M., Caboni, E. and Carbone, K. (2016). Comparative characterization of fruit quality, phenols and antioxidant activity of de-pigmented “Ghiaccio” and white flesh peaches. Advances in Horticultural Science. 30: 175-181.
Crisosto, C. H. and Valero, D. (2008). Harvesting and Postharvest Handling of Peaches for the Fresh Market. The Peach: Botany, Production and Uses, CAB International, Wallingford. 575-596.
Cronje, A. (2014). Effect of canopy position on fruit quality and consumer preference for the appearance and taste of pears. MSc thesis. Department of Food Science Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University.
Cronje, P.J., Barry, G.H. and Huysamer, M. (2011). Fruiting position during development of ‘Nules Clementine’ mandarin affects the concentration of K, Mg and Ca in the flavedo. Scientia horticulturae. 130(4): 829-837.
Cronje, P.J., Barry, G.H. and Huysamer, M. (2013). Canopy position affects pigment expression and accumulation of flavedo carbohydrates of ‘Nules Clementine’mandarin fruit, thereby affecting rind condition. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 138: 217-224.
Datio, H. and Tominaga, S. (1981). Organic acids and amino acids in the juice of fruit at various locations within the canopies of differently trained Satsuma trees. Journal of Horticulture Science. 50: 143-156.
FAO. (2020). Citrus fruit fresh and processed annual statistics. Commodities and Trade Division, FAO of the UN, Rome.
Gill, P.S., Singh, S.N. and Dhatt, A.S. (2002). Fruit quality of Kinnow mandarin in response to foliar application of K and N fertilizers. Indian Journal of Citricult, 1(2): 150-153.
Harada, T., Kurahashi, W., Yanai, M., Wakasa, Y. and Satoh, T. (2005). Involvement of cell proliferation and cell enlargement in increasing the fruit size of Malus species. Scientia Horticulturae. 105(4): 447-456.
HE, F.L., Fei, W.A. N.G., WEI, Q.P., WANG, X.W. and ZHANG, Q. (2008). Relationships between the distribution of relative canopy light intensity and the peach yield and quality. Agricultural Sciences in China. 7(3): 297-302.
Holland, N., Menezes, H.C. and Lafuente, M.T. (2002). Carbohydrates as related to the heat-induced chilling tolerance and respiratory rate of ‘Fortune’mandarin fruit harvested at different maturity stages. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 25(2): 181-191.
Huff, A. (1984). Sugar regulation of plastid interconversions in epicarp of citrus fruit. Plant Physiology. 76(2): 307-312.
Iglesias, D.J., Cercós, M., Colmenero-Flores, J.M., Naranjo, M.A., Ríos, G., Carrera, E. and Talon, M. (2007). Physiology of citrus fruiting. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology. 19(4): 333-362.
Ikpechukwu, C.O., Sims, C.A., Danyluk, M.D., Spann, T.M. and Goodrich, R. M. (2011). Effect of fruit size and huanglongbing disease on orange juice attributes. In Proc. Fla. State. Horticulture Science. 124: 202-206.
Jimenez, C.M., Cuquerella, J., and Martinez-Javaga, J.M. (1981). Determination of a color index for citrus fruit degreening. Proc. Int. Soc. Citricul. 2: 750-753.
Johnson, L.K., Malladi, A. and NeSmith, D.S. (2011). Differences in cell number facilitate fruit size variation in rabbiteye blueberry genotypes. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 136(1): 10-15.
Khalid, S., Malik, A.U., Saleem, B.A., Khan, A.S., Khalid, M.S. and Amin, M. (2012). Treeage and canopy position affect rind quality, fruit quality and rind nutrient con-tent of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour × Citrus deliciosa Tenora). Scientia Horticulturae. 135: 137–144.
Khan, A.S., Malik, A.U., Pervez, M.A., Saleem, B.A., Rajwana, I.A., Shaheen, T. and Anwar, R. (2009). Foliar application of low-biuret urea and fruit canopy position in the tree influence the leaf nitrogen status and physicochemical characteristics of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco). Pakistan Journal of Botany. 41: 73-85.
Kumar, A., Avasthe, R.K., Pandey, B., Lepcha, B. and Rahman, H. (2011). Effect of fruit size and orchard location on fruit quality and seed traits of mandarin (Citrus reticulata) in Sikkim Himalayas. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 81(9): 821.
Lee, S.K. and Kader, A.A. (2000). Preharvest and postharvest factors influencing vitamin Ccontent of horticultural crops. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 20: 207-220.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. (1987). Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods in Enzymology. 148: 350-382.
Liu, Y., Heying, E. and Tanumihardjo, S.A. (2012). History, global distribution, and nutritional importance of citrus fruits. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 11(6): 530-545.
Lu, Z., Fleming, H. P. and McFeeters, R.F. (2002). Effects of fruit size on fresh cucumber composition and the chemical and physical consequences of fermentation. Journal of food science. 67(8): 2934-2939.
Lv, X., Zhao, S., Ning, Z., Zeng, H., Shu, Y., Tao, O. and Liu, Y. (2015). Citrus fruits as a treasure trove of active natural metabolites that potentially provide benefits for human health. Chemistry Central Journal. 9(1): 68-75.
Ma, F. and Cheng, L. (2004). Exposure of the shaded side of apple fruit to full sun leads to up-regulation of both the xanthophyll cycle and the ascorbate–glutathione cycle. Plant Science. 166(6): 1479-1486.
Magwaza, L.S., Opara, U.L., Cronje, P.J., Landahl, S. and Terry, L.A. (2013). Canopy position affects rind biochemical profile of ‘Nules Clementine’mandarin fruit during postharvest storage. Postharvest biology and technology. 86: 300-308.
McCready, R.M., Guggolz, J., Silviera, V. and Ownes, H.S. (1950). Determination of starch and amylase in vegetables, application to peas. Anals Chemistary. 22: 1156-1158.
Miller, G.L. (1959). Modified DNS method for reducing sugars. Anals Chemistary. 31(3): 426-428.
Mohsenin, N.N. (1986). Physical Properties of Plant and Animal Materials. 2nd, Edn. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers 742 Pp. NewYork.
Morales, P., Davies, F.S. and Littell, R.C. (2000). Pruning and skirting affect canopy microclimate, yields, and fruit quality oforlando tangelo. HortScience. 35(1): 30-35.
Olmstead, J.W., Iezzoni, A.F. and Whiting, M.D. (2007). Genotypic differences in sweet cherry fruit size are primarily a function of cell number. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 132(5): 697-703.
Prakash, A., Rigelhof, F. and Miller, E. (2001). Medallion laboratories analytical progress: Antioxidant activity.Medallion Labs publication. 19(2): 1-4.
Reginato, G.H., de Cortazar, V.G. and Robinson, T.L. (2007). Predicted crop value for nectarines and cling peaches of different harvest season as a function of crop load. HortScience. 42(2): 239-245.
Roberts, S.C. and Steyn, W.J. (2008). Effect of rootstock on red colour of bi-coloured ‘Forelle’ pears. Acta Horticulturae. 800: 625-631.
Roux, S. and Barry, G. (2006). Preharvest manipulation of rind pigments of Citrus spp. MS Thesis, Department of Horticultural Science, Stellenbosch University.
Shiri, M.A., Ghasemnezhad, M., Fattahi Moghaddam, J. and Ebrahimi, R. (2016). Enhancing and maintaining nutritional quality and bioactive compounds of ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit: Comparison the effectiveness of different CaCl2 spraying times. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 40(5): 850-862.
Singleton, VL., Orthofer, R. and Lamuela-Raventos, RS. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Method Enzymol. 299:152-178.
Tsai, H. L., Chang, S.K. and Chang, S.J. (2007). Antioxidant content and free radical scavenging ability of fresh red pummelo [Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck] juice and freeze-dried products. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 55(8): 2867-2872.
Usenik, V., Stampar, F., Petkovsek, M. M. and Kastelec, D. (2015). The effect of fruit size and fruit colour on chemical composition in ‘Kordia’sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 38: 121-130.
Verreynne, J. S., Rabe, E. and Theron, K.I. (2004). Effect of bearing position on fruit quality of mandarin types. South African Journal of Plant and Soil. 21(1): 1-7.
Wetzstein, H. and Ravid, N. (2008). Floral initiation and development in pomegranate. In HortScience. 43: 1140-1140.
Yakushiji, H., Morinaga, K. and Nonami, H. (1998). Sugar accumulation and partitioningin Satsuma mandarin tree tissues and fruit in response to drought stress. Journalof the American Society for Horticultural Science, 123: 719-726.
_||_
Anonymous. (2018). Agricultural Statistics, Horticultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Deputy Director of Planning and Economics, Center for Information and Communication Technology (In Persian).
Apak, R., Guclu, K., Demirata, B., Ozyurek, M., Celik, S.E., Bektasoglu, B. and Ozyurt, D. (2007). Comparative evaluation of various total antioxidant capacity assays applied to phenolic compounds with the CUPRAC assay. Molecules. 12: 1496-1547.
Awad, M.A., de Jager, A., van der Plas, L.H. and van der Krol, A.R. (2001). Flavonoid and chlorogenic acid changes in skin of ‘Elstar’and ‘Jonagold’apples during development and ripening. Scientia Horticulturae. 90: 69-83.
Barry, G.H. and Castle, W.S. (2004). Soluble solids accumulations in ‘Valencia’ sweet orange as related to rootstock selection and fruit size. Horticulture Science. 129: 594-598.
Boonyakiat, D., Seehanam, P. and Rattanapanone, N. (2012). Effect of fruit size and coating material on quality of tangerine fruit cv. Sai Nam Phueng. Chiang Mai University Journal of Natural Sciences. 11: 213-230.
Bor, J.Y., Chen, H.Y. and Yen G.C. (2006). Evaluation of antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect on nitric oxid production of some common vegetables. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54: 1680-1686.
Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E. and Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT- Food Science and Technology. 28: 25-30.
Carabante, K.M. and Prinyawiwatkul, W. (2018). Data analyses of a multiple-samples sensory ranking test and its duplicated test: A review. Journal of Sensory Studies. 33(4), e12435.
Ceccarelli, D., Talento, C., Sartori, A., Terlizzi, M., Caboni, E. and Carbone, K. (2016). Comparative characterization of fruit quality, phenols and antioxidant activity of de-pigmented “Ghiaccio” and white flesh peaches. Advances in Horticultural Science. 30: 175-181.
Crisosto, C. H. and Valero, D. (2008). Harvesting and Postharvest Handling of Peaches for the Fresh Market. The Peach: Botany, Production and Uses, CAB International, Wallingford. 575-596.
Cronje, A. (2014). Effect of canopy position on fruit quality and consumer preference for the appearance and taste of pears. MSc thesis. Department of Food Science Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University.
Cronje, P.J., Barry, G.H. and Huysamer, M. (2011). Fruiting position during development of ‘Nules Clementine’ mandarin affects the concentration of K, Mg and Ca in the flavedo. Scientia horticulturae. 130(4): 829-837.
Cronje, P.J., Barry, G.H. and Huysamer, M. (2013). Canopy position affects pigment expression and accumulation of flavedo carbohydrates of ‘Nules Clementine’mandarin fruit, thereby affecting rind condition. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 138: 217-224.
Datio, H. and Tominaga, S. (1981). Organic acids and amino acids in the juice of fruit at various locations within the canopies of differently trained Satsuma trees. Journal of Horticulture Science. 50: 143-156.
FAO. (2020). Citrus fruit fresh and processed annual statistics. Commodities and Trade Division, FAO of the UN, Rome.
Gill, P.S., Singh, S.N. and Dhatt, A.S. (2002). Fruit quality of Kinnow mandarin in response to foliar application of K and N fertilizers. Indian Journal of Citricult, 1(2): 150-153.
Harada, T., Kurahashi, W., Yanai, M., Wakasa, Y. and Satoh, T. (2005). Involvement of cell proliferation and cell enlargement in increasing the fruit size of Malus species. Scientia Horticulturae. 105(4): 447-456.
HE, F.L., Fei, W.A. N.G., WEI, Q.P., WANG, X.W. and ZHANG, Q. (2008). Relationships between the distribution of relative canopy light intensity and the peach yield and quality. Agricultural Sciences in China. 7(3): 297-302.
Holland, N., Menezes, H.C. and Lafuente, M.T. (2002). Carbohydrates as related to the heat-induced chilling tolerance and respiratory rate of ‘Fortune’mandarin fruit harvested at different maturity stages. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 25(2): 181-191.
Huff, A. (1984). Sugar regulation of plastid interconversions in epicarp of citrus fruit. Plant Physiology. 76(2): 307-312.
Iglesias, D.J., Cercós, M., Colmenero-Flores, J.M., Naranjo, M.A., Ríos, G., Carrera, E. and Talon, M. (2007). Physiology of citrus fruiting. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology. 19(4): 333-362.
Ikpechukwu, C.O., Sims, C.A., Danyluk, M.D., Spann, T.M. and Goodrich, R. M. (2011). Effect of fruit size and huanglongbing disease on orange juice attributes. In Proc. Fla. State. Horticulture Science. 124: 202-206.
Jimenez, C.M., Cuquerella, J., and Martinez-Javaga, J.M. (1981). Determination of a color index for citrus fruit degreening. Proc. Int. Soc. Citricul. 2: 750-753.
Johnson, L.K., Malladi, A. and NeSmith, D.S. (2011). Differences in cell number facilitate fruit size variation in rabbiteye blueberry genotypes. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 136(1): 10-15.
Khalid, S., Malik, A.U., Saleem, B.A., Khan, A.S., Khalid, M.S. and Amin, M. (2012). Treeage and canopy position affect rind quality, fruit quality and rind nutrient con-tent of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour × Citrus deliciosa Tenora). Scientia Horticulturae. 135: 137–144.
Khan, A.S., Malik, A.U., Pervez, M.A., Saleem, B.A., Rajwana, I.A., Shaheen, T. and Anwar, R. (2009). Foliar application of low-biuret urea and fruit canopy position in the tree influence the leaf nitrogen status and physicochemical characteristics of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco). Pakistan Journal of Botany. 41: 73-85.
Kumar, A., Avasthe, R.K., Pandey, B., Lepcha, B. and Rahman, H. (2011). Effect of fruit size and orchard location on fruit quality and seed traits of mandarin (Citrus reticulata) in Sikkim Himalayas. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 81(9): 821.
Lee, S.K. and Kader, A.A. (2000). Preharvest and postharvest factors influencing vitamin Ccontent of horticultural crops. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 20: 207-220.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. (1987). Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods in Enzymology. 148: 350-382.
Liu, Y., Heying, E. and Tanumihardjo, S.A. (2012). History, global distribution, and nutritional importance of citrus fruits. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 11(6): 530-545.
Lu, Z., Fleming, H. P. and McFeeters, R.F. (2002). Effects of fruit size on fresh cucumber composition and the chemical and physical consequences of fermentation. Journal of food science. 67(8): 2934-2939.
Lv, X., Zhao, S., Ning, Z., Zeng, H., Shu, Y., Tao, O. and Liu, Y. (2015). Citrus fruits as a treasure trove of active natural metabolites that potentially provide benefits for human health. Chemistry Central Journal. 9(1): 68-75.
Ma, F. and Cheng, L. (2004). Exposure of the shaded side of apple fruit to full sun leads to up-regulation of both the xanthophyll cycle and the ascorbate–glutathione cycle. Plant Science. 166(6): 1479-1486.
Magwaza, L.S., Opara, U.L., Cronje, P.J., Landahl, S. and Terry, L.A. (2013). Canopy position affects rind biochemical profile of ‘Nules Clementine’mandarin fruit during postharvest storage. Postharvest biology and technology. 86: 300-308.
McCready, R.M., Guggolz, J., Silviera, V. and Ownes, H.S. (1950). Determination of starch and amylase in vegetables, application to peas. Anals Chemistary. 22: 1156-1158.
Miller, G.L. (1959). Modified DNS method for reducing sugars. Anals Chemistary. 31(3): 426-428.
Mohsenin, N.N. (1986). Physical Properties of Plant and Animal Materials. 2nd, Edn. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers 742 Pp. NewYork.
Morales, P., Davies, F.S. and Littell, R.C. (2000). Pruning and skirting affect canopy microclimate, yields, and fruit quality oforlando tangelo. HortScience. 35(1): 30-35.
Olmstead, J.W., Iezzoni, A.F. and Whiting, M.D. (2007). Genotypic differences in sweet cherry fruit size are primarily a function of cell number. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 132(5): 697-703.
Prakash, A., Rigelhof, F. and Miller, E. (2001). Medallion laboratories analytical progress: Antioxidant activity.Medallion Labs publication. 19(2): 1-4.
Reginato, G.H., de Cortazar, V.G. and Robinson, T.L. (2007). Predicted crop value for nectarines and cling peaches of different harvest season as a function of crop load. HortScience. 42(2): 239-245.
Roberts, S.C. and Steyn, W.J. (2008). Effect of rootstock on red colour of bi-coloured ‘Forelle’ pears. Acta Horticulturae. 800: 625-631.
Roux, S. and Barry, G. (2006). Preharvest manipulation of rind pigments of Citrus spp. MS Thesis, Department of Horticultural Science, Stellenbosch University.
Shiri, M.A., Ghasemnezhad, M., Fattahi Moghaddam, J. and Ebrahimi, R. (2016). Enhancing and maintaining nutritional quality and bioactive compounds of ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit: Comparison the effectiveness of different CaCl2 spraying times. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 40(5): 850-862.
Singleton, VL., Orthofer, R. and Lamuela-Raventos, RS. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Method Enzymol. 299:152-178.
Tsai, H. L., Chang, S.K. and Chang, S.J. (2007). Antioxidant content and free radical scavenging ability of fresh red pummelo [Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck] juice and freeze-dried products. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 55(8): 2867-2872.
Usenik, V., Stampar, F., Petkovsek, M. M. and Kastelec, D. (2015). The effect of fruit size and fruit colour on chemical composition in ‘Kordia’sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 38: 121-130.
Verreynne, J. S., Rabe, E. and Theron, K.I. (2004). Effect of bearing position on fruit quality of mandarin types. South African Journal of Plant and Soil. 21(1): 1-7.
Wetzstein, H. and Ravid, N. (2008). Floral initiation and development in pomegranate. In HortScience. 43: 1140-1140.
Yakushiji, H., Morinaga, K. and Nonami, H. (1998). Sugar accumulation and partitioningin Satsuma mandarin tree tissues and fruit in response to drought stress. Journalof the American Society for Horticultural Science, 123: 719-726.