Evaluation of the effect of day length on morphological and physiological indices of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) and Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Turfgrasses in field conditions
Subject Areas : GeneticNader Adamipour 1 , Hassan Salehi 2 , Morteza Khosh-Khui 3
1 - Department of Horticulture Science, College of Agriculture, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran
2 - Department of Horticulture Science, College of Agriculture, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran
3 - Department of Horticulture Science, College of Agriculture, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran
Keywords: Chlorophyll, Antioxidant, Day length, Turfgrasses,
Abstract :
It is estimated that 20 to 25 percent of all turfgrasses are maintained under some shades, whether from building or trees. Shade affects plant growth by influencing light intensity, quality, and duration. Given the importance of turfgrasses in the beauty of the environment surrounding human beings, so far enough research has not been done to understand the morpho-physiological properties of the turfgrasses under different day length conditions. For this purpose, a field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of day length on some morphological and physiological characteristics of two turfgrass genera in a split plot study based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in research farm of the Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University. Day length at three levels including long day length (16 hours), intermediate day length (12 hours), and short day length (8 hours) were considered as the main factor and two turfgrasses genera (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. and Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) were considered as sub plots. The results showed that short day causes decreasing tiller density, fresh and dry weight of shoot, fresh and dry weight of root, and chlorophyll and starch contents and led to increasing leaf area and superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes activities. Also, results showed that long day causes increasing tiller density, fresh and dry weight of shoot, fresh and dry weight of root and chlorophyll and starch contents and led to decreasing leaf area and superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes activities. Festuca arundinacea turfgrass compared with Cynodon dactylon turfgrass showed more resistance to decrease in day length. Regarding the possibility of increasing the period of light in parks and stadiums, in cold seasons when turfgrasses turn yellow, increasing photoperiod leads to improvement of the green color and increasing the efficiency of turfgrasses.
Adamipour, N., Salehi, H. and Khosh-Khui, M. (2016). Morpho-physiological alteration in common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] subjected to limited irrigation and light condition. Advances in Horticultural Science. 30: 141-149.
Baldwin, C.M., Liu, H. and McCarty, L.B. (2008). Diversity of 42 bermudagrass cultivars in a reduced light environment. Acta Horticulturae. 83: 147-158.
Bates, L.S., Waldern, R.P. and Teave, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water stress standies. Plant Soil.39: 205-107.
Beauchamp, C. and Fridovich, I. (1971). Superoxide dismutases: improved assays and an assay predictable to acrylamide gels. Analytical Biochemistry. 44: 276–287.
Burritt, D.J. and Mackenzie, S. (2003). Antioxidant metabolism during acclimation of Begonia erythrophylla to high light levels. Annals of Botany. 91: 783–794.
Chance, B. and Maehly, A.C. (1995). Assay of catalase and peroxidase. In: S.P. Culowic and N.O. Kaplan (eds). Methods in enzymology Vol. 2. Academic Press. Inc. New York. U.S.A. 764-765.
Choudhury, F.K., Rivero, R.M. Blumwald, E. and Mittler, R. (2017). Reactive oxygen species, abiotic stress and stress combination. The Plant Journal. 90: 856-867.
Dakah, A., Zaid, S. Suleiman, M. Abbas, S. and Wink, M. (2014). In vitro propagation of the medicinal plant Ziziphora tenuior L. and evaluation of its antioxidant activity. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 21: 317-323.
Dhindsa, R.S., Plumb-Dhindsa, P. and Thorpe, T.A. (1981). Leaf senescence: correlated with increased levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation, and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 32: 93-101.
Dietz, K.J., Mittler, R. and Noctor, G. (2016). Recent progress in understanding the role of reactive oxygen species in plant cell signaling. Plant Physiology. 171: 1535-1539.
Dong, B., Deng, Y. Wang, H. Gao, R. Stephen, G.K. Chen, S. Jiang, J. and Chen, F. (2017). Gibberellic acid signaling is required to induce flowering of chrysanthemums grown under both short and long days. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 8: 23-59.
Esmaili, S. and Salehi, H. (2012). Effects of temperature and photoperiod on postponing bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) turf dormancy. Journal of Plant Physiology. 169: 851-858.
Fry, J. and Huang, B. (2004). Applied turfgrass science and physiology. Journal Wiley. pp 320.
Ghasemi Ghehsareh, M. and Salehi, H. (2011). Applied turfgrass science and physiology. Esfehan. pp 370.
Gong, Y., Toivonen, P.M. Lau, O.L. and Wiersma, A.P. (2001). Antioxidant system level in "Braeburn" apple is related in its browning disorder. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica. 42: 259-264.
Grace, S.C. and Logan, B.A. (1996). Acclimation of foliar antioxidant systems to growth irradiance in three broadleaved evergreen species. Plant Physiology. 112: 1631–1640.
Han, H., Gao, S.H. Li, B. Dong, X. Feng, H. and Meng, Q. (2009). Overexpression of violaxanthin de-epoxidase gene alleviates photoinhibition of PSII and PSI in tomato during high light and chilling stress. Journal of Plant Physiology. In Press.
Jiang, Y., Duncan, R.R. and Carrow, R.N. (2004). Assessment of low light tolerance of seashore paspalum and bermudagrass. Crop Science. 44: 587-594.
McCready, R.M., Guggolz, J. Silviera, V. and Owens, H.S. (1950). Determination of starch and amylase in hemocuprein. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 244: 6094-55.
Mengin, V., Pyl, E.T. Moraes, T.A. Sulpice, R. Krohn, N. Encke, B. and Stitt, M. (2017). Photosynthate partitioning to starch in Arabidopsis thaliana is insensitive to light intensity but sensitive to photoperiod due to a restriction on growth in the light in short photoperiods. Plant, Cell and Environment. In Press.
Nakano, Y. and Asada, K. (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiology. 22: 867–880.
Saini, R.S., Sharme, K.D., Dhankhar, O.P. and Kaushik, R.A. (2001). Laboratory manual of analytical techniques in horticulture. India: Agrobios. 10: 49–50.
Sinclair, T.R., Ray, J.D. Permazzi, L.M. and Mislevy, P. (2004). Photosynthetic photon flux density influences grass responses to extended photoperiod. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 51: 69-74.
Van Huylenbroeck, J.M. and Van Bockstaele, E. (2001). Effects of shading on photosynthetic capacity and growth of turf grass species. International Truf Society Research Journal. 9: 353-359.
Wang, Zh., Xu, Q. and Huang, B. (2004). Endogenous cytokinin level and growth responses to extended photoperiods for creeping bentgrass under heat stress. Crop Science. 44: 209-213.
Wherley, B. and Metzger, J.D.S. (2005). Tall fescue photomorphogenesis as influenced by changes in the spectral composition and light intensity. Crop Science. 45: 562-594.
Xu, Q. and Huang, B. (2004). Physiological responses to extended photoperiod under heat stress for creeping bentgrass. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 44: 209-214.
Xu, Y.F., Sun, X.L. Jin, J.W. and Zhou, H. (2010). Protective roles of nitric oxide on antioxidant systems in tall fescue leaves under high-light stress. African Journal of Biotechnology. 9: 300-306.
Yamori, W. and Shikanai, T. (2016). Physiological functions of cyclic electron transport around photosystem I in sustaining photosynthesis and plant growth. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 67: 81-106.
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Adamipour, N., Salehi, H. and Khosh-Khui, M. (2016). Morpho-physiological alteration in common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] subjected to limited irrigation and light condition. Advances in Horticultural Science. 30: 141-149.
Baldwin, C.M., Liu, H. and McCarty, L.B. (2008). Diversity of 42 bermudagrass cultivars in a reduced light environment. Acta Horticulturae. 83: 147-158.
Bates, L.S., Waldern, R.P. and Teave, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water stress standies. Plant Soil.39: 205-107.
Beauchamp, C. and Fridovich, I. (1971). Superoxide dismutases: improved assays and an assay predictable to acrylamide gels. Analytical Biochemistry. 44: 276–287.
Burritt, D.J. and Mackenzie, S. (2003). Antioxidant metabolism during acclimation of Begonia erythrophylla to high light levels. Annals of Botany. 91: 783–794.
Chance, B. and Maehly, A.C. (1995). Assay of catalase and peroxidase. In: S.P. Culowic and N.O. Kaplan (eds). Methods in enzymology Vol. 2. Academic Press. Inc. New York. U.S.A. 764-765.
Choudhury, F.K., Rivero, R.M. Blumwald, E. and Mittler, R. (2017). Reactive oxygen species, abiotic stress and stress combination. The Plant Journal. 90: 856-867.
Dakah, A., Zaid, S. Suleiman, M. Abbas, S. and Wink, M. (2014). In vitro propagation of the medicinal plant Ziziphora tenuior L. and evaluation of its antioxidant activity. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 21: 317-323.
Dhindsa, R.S., Plumb-Dhindsa, P. and Thorpe, T.A. (1981). Leaf senescence: correlated with increased levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation, and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 32: 93-101.
Dietz, K.J., Mittler, R. and Noctor, G. (2016). Recent progress in understanding the role of reactive oxygen species in plant cell signaling. Plant Physiology. 171: 1535-1539.
Dong, B., Deng, Y. Wang, H. Gao, R. Stephen, G.K. Chen, S. Jiang, J. and Chen, F. (2017). Gibberellic acid signaling is required to induce flowering of chrysanthemums grown under both short and long days. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 8: 23-59.
Esmaili, S. and Salehi, H. (2012). Effects of temperature and photoperiod on postponing bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) turf dormancy. Journal of Plant Physiology. 169: 851-858.
Fry, J. and Huang, B. (2004). Applied turfgrass science and physiology. Journal Wiley. pp 320.
Ghasemi Ghehsareh, M. and Salehi, H. (2011). Applied turfgrass science and physiology. Esfehan. pp 370.
Gong, Y., Toivonen, P.M. Lau, O.L. and Wiersma, A.P. (2001). Antioxidant system level in "Braeburn" apple is related in its browning disorder. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica. 42: 259-264.
Grace, S.C. and Logan, B.A. (1996). Acclimation of foliar antioxidant systems to growth irradiance in three broadleaved evergreen species. Plant Physiology. 112: 1631–1640.
Han, H., Gao, S.H. Li, B. Dong, X. Feng, H. and Meng, Q. (2009). Overexpression of violaxanthin de-epoxidase gene alleviates photoinhibition of PSII and PSI in tomato during high light and chilling stress. Journal of Plant Physiology. In Press.
Jiang, Y., Duncan, R.R. and Carrow, R.N. (2004). Assessment of low light tolerance of seashore paspalum and bermudagrass. Crop Science. 44: 587-594.
McCready, R.M., Guggolz, J. Silviera, V. and Owens, H.S. (1950). Determination of starch and amylase in hemocuprein. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 244: 6094-55.
Mengin, V., Pyl, E.T. Moraes, T.A. Sulpice, R. Krohn, N. Encke, B. and Stitt, M. (2017). Photosynthate partitioning to starch in Arabidopsis thaliana is insensitive to light intensity but sensitive to photoperiod due to a restriction on growth in the light in short photoperiods. Plant, Cell and Environment. In Press.
Nakano, Y. and Asada, K. (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiology. 22: 867–880.
Saini, R.S., Sharme, K.D., Dhankhar, O.P. and Kaushik, R.A. (2001). Laboratory manual of analytical techniques in horticulture. India: Agrobios. 10: 49–50.
Sinclair, T.R., Ray, J.D. Permazzi, L.M. and Mislevy, P. (2004). Photosynthetic photon flux density influences grass responses to extended photoperiod. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 51: 69-74.
Van Huylenbroeck, J.M. and Van Bockstaele, E. (2001). Effects of shading on photosynthetic capacity and growth of turf grass species. International Truf Society Research Journal. 9: 353-359.
Wang, Zh., Xu, Q. and Huang, B. (2004). Endogenous cytokinin level and growth responses to extended photoperiods for creeping bentgrass under heat stress. Crop Science. 44: 209-213.
Wherley, B. and Metzger, J.D.S. (2005). Tall fescue photomorphogenesis as influenced by changes in the spectral composition and light intensity. Crop Science. 45: 562-594.
Xu, Q. and Huang, B. (2004). Physiological responses to extended photoperiod under heat stress for creeping bentgrass. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 44: 209-214.
Xu, Y.F., Sun, X.L. Jin, J.W. and Zhou, H. (2010). Protective roles of nitric oxide on antioxidant systems in tall fescue leaves under high-light stress. African Journal of Biotechnology. 9: 300-306.
Yamori, W. and Shikanai, T. (2016). Physiological functions of cyclic electron transport around photosystem I in sustaining photosynthesis and plant growth. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 67: 81-106.