Effect of water deficit stress and application of humic and salicylic acid on physiological traits, yield and yield components of corn
Subject Areas : Genetic
Seyyed
Moosavi
1
(Associate Prof. of Department of Agronomy, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran)
hossain
Ragh ara
2
(گروه زراعت، واحد بیرجند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بیرجند، ایران)
Keywords: Yield, Corn, Chlorophyll, low irrigation, Humic acid, Salicylic Acid, Stomatal conductivity,
Abstract :
In order to study the effect of water deficit and the application of humic and salicylic acid on physiological traits, yield and yield components of corn, an experiment was carried out as a split-plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the research field of Islamic Azad Universityof Birjand, Iran in 2014. The main factor was irrigation in three levels (supply of 33, 67 and 100% water requirement) and the sub-factor was humic and salicylic acid application in 4 levels (application of humic acid, salicylic acid, humic + salicylic acid and no application). The results of variance analysis showed that irrigation significantly affected traits of physiological, seed yield components and yield but humic acid and salicylic acid application significantly affected chlorophyle index, stomatal conductivity, 1000-seed weight and seed yield. Also, interaction effect of irrigation and humic acid and salicylic acid was no significant on measured traits. Chlorophyle index, stomatal conductivity, ear number per m2, row number per ear, seed number per row, seed number per ear and 1000-seed weight significantly decreased by 15.6, 35.6, 41.2, 14.1, 33.9, 61.8 and 40%, respectively with the decreas of water requirement from 100 to 33%. Seed yield and biological yield in treatment of 100% water requirement supply, had significantly superiority 3.9 and 2.4 times, respectively as compared with treatment of 33% water requirement supply. Chlorophyle index by 7.5, 7.7 and 8.9%, 1000-seed weight by 22.5, 26.6 and 20.7% and seed yield by 26.5, 18.5 and 21.7%, significantly increased with application of humic acid, salicylic acid and humic acid + salicylic acid respectively as compaed with no application of this acids. The results showed that supply of 100% water requirement and independent application of humic acid or salicylic acid can increase seed yield of corn.
Abd El-Baky, H.M., Hussein, M. and El-Baroty, G. )2008(. Algal extracts improve antioxidant defense abilities and salt tolerance of wheat plant irrigated with sea water. African Journal of Biochemistry. 2: 151–164.
Abedi Koupai, J., Khajeali, J., Soleimani, R. and Mollaei, R. (2014). Influence of moisture and pests stresses on corn yield. Journal of Water and Soil Sciences. 18(67): 23-34.
Amini, E., Mehrabi, A., Hatami, A. and Fasih, K. (2015). Evaluation of yield, yield components and water content of four grain corn hybrids in different levels irrigation. Cereal Research. 4(4): 333-344.
Attarzadeh, M., Torabi, B. and Madah Hossieni, Sh. (2014). The interaction effect of salicylic acid and high temperature stress on some physiological characteristics of maize (Zea mays L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 12(4): 718-726.
Balakumbahan, R. and Rajamani, K. (2010). Effect of bio stimulants on growth and yield of Senna (Cassia angustifoliavar). Journal of Horticultural Science and Ornamental Plants. 2(1): 8-16.
Bassetti, P. and Westgate, M.E. (1993). Water deficit affects receptivity of maize silks. Crop Science. 33: 278-182.
Bayat, H., Mardani, H., Arouie, H. and Salahvarzi, Y. (2011). Effects of salicylic acid on morphological and physiological characteristics of cucumber seedling (Cucumis sativus cv. Super Dominus) under drought stress. Journal of Plant Production. 18(3): 63-76.
Chamani, E., Bonyadi, M. and Ghanbari, A. )2015(. Effects of salicylic acid and humic acid on vegetative indices of periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.). Journal of Horticultural Science. 29(4): 631-641.
Chaudhari, C.R., Patel, P.M., Dabhi, M.S. and Patel, V.P. (2017). Response of organic acids and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of Rabi maize (Zea mays L.). International Journal of Chemical Studies. 5(4): 964-966.
Chaves, M.M., Maroco, J.S.J., Rodrigues, M.L., Osorio, C.P.M., Carvalho, I. Faria, T. and Pinheiro, C. (2002). How plants cope with water stress in the field I- photosynthesis and growth. Annual Botany. 89: 907-916.
Dashagha, Z., Mazaheri Tirani, M. and Ghasemi, M. (2012). Effect of salicylic acid on some growth parameters and biochemical of wheat and corn under salinity stress. Journal of Crop production and Processing. 4(11); 207-215.
Farjam, S., Rokhzadi, A., Mohammadi, H. and Ghaleshakhati, S. (2014). Effect of cut irrigation tension and foliar application of salicylic acid on growth, yield and yield components of three safflower cultivars. Crop Physiology Journal. 6(23): 99-112.
Fazeli Rostampour, M., Yarnia, M., Farokhzadeh Khoee, R., Seghatoleslami, M.J. and Moosavi, G.R. (2013). Physiological response of forage sorghum to polymer under water deficit conditions. Agronomy Journal. 105(4): 1-9.
Galmes, J., Medrano, H. and Flexa, J. (2007). Photosynthetic limitation in response to water stress and recovery in Mediterranean plants with different growth forms. New Phytology. 175: 81–93.
Ghanbari, S. and Moosavi, S.G. (2016). Grain yield of maize influenced by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and zinc under water deficit stress. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 26(3): 21-41.
Ghorbani , S., Khazaee , H.R., Kafi, M. and Binayan,M. (2010). The Effect of application of humic acid on irrigation water on yield and yield components of maize. Journal of Agroecology. 8(2): 111-118.
Ghosh, P.K., Ajay, K.K., Manna, M.C., Bandyopadhyay, K.G., Mandal A.K. and Hati, K.M. (2004). Comparative effectiveness of cattle manure, poultry manure, phosphocompost and fertilizer-NPK on three cropping system in vertisoils of semi-arid tropics. Dry matter yield, nodulation, chlorophyll content and enzyme activity. Bioresource Technology. 95: 85-93.
Gomaa, M.A, Radwan, F.I., Khalil, G.A.M., Kandil, E.E. and El-Saber, M.M. (2014). Impact of humic acid application on productivity of some maize hybrids under water stress conditions. Middle East Journal of Applied Sciences. 4(3): 668-673.
Hatami, H. (2017). The effect of zinc and humic acid applications on yield and yield components of sunflower in drought stress. Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologie. 4(1): 36-39.
Jalota, S.K., Sood, A. and Harman, W.L. (2006). Assessing the response of chickpea (Cicer aretinum L.) yield to irrigation water on two soils in Punjab of India: A simulation analysis using the CROPMAN model. Agricultural Water Management. 79: 312–320.
Kamali, M., Kharazi, S.M., Salahvarzi, Y. and Tehranifar, A. (2012). Effect of salicylic acid on growth and some morphophysiologic of Gomphrena globosa L. under salinity stress conditions. Journal of Horticultural Science. 26(1): 104-112.
Keshavarz, H., Modarressani, A.M., Zarin Kamar, F., Dolat abadiyan, A., Panahi, M. and Sadat Asilan, K. (2012). Study of foliar application of salicylic acid on some biochemical properties of two canola cultivars (Brassica napus L.) under cold stress condition. Iranian Journal Field Crop Science. 42(4): 723-734.
Khan, N.A., Shabian, S., Masood, A., Nazar, A. and Iqbal, N. (2010). Application of salicylic acid increases contents of nutrients and antioxidative metabolism in mungbean and alleviates adverse effects of salinity stress. International Journal of Plant Biology. 1: 1-8.
Khorshidi, M.F., Rahimzadeh, B., Yaradi, M. and Noormohamadi, G. (2002).Study of drought stress effects of Solanum tuberosum varieties in growth stages. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 59: 41-48.
Lack, Sh. (2013). Evaluation of physiological traits effective on seed yield of corn in different irrigation, nitrogen and plant density levels. Crop Physiology Journal. 5(19): 17-33.
Lopez, F.B., Setter, T.L. and Mc David, C.R., (1988). Photosynthesis and water vapor exchange of pigeon pea leaves in response to water deficit and recovery. Crop Science. 28: 141-145.
Mafakheri, A., Siosemardeh, A., Bahramnejad, B., Struik, P.C. and Sohrabi, Y. (2011). Effect of drought stress and subsequent recovery on protein, carbohydrate contents, catalase and peroxidase activities in three chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars. Australian Journal of Crop Sciences. 5: 1255-1260.
Mansourifar, C., Modarres Sanavy, S.A.M. and Saberali, S.F. (2010). Maize yield response to deficit irrigation during low-sensitive growth stages and nitrogen rate under semi-arid climatic conditions. Agricultre Water Management. 97(1): 12-22.
Mehrabian Moghadam, N., Arvin, M.J., Khajevi Nejad, G., Maghsoudi, K. (2011). Effect of salicylic acid on growth and yield of forage and maize grain under drought stress conditions in the field. Journal of Seedlings and Seeds (Seedlings and Seeds). 2-27(1): 41-55.
Mohammadai, H., Soleymani, A., Shams, M. (2012). Evaluation of drought stress effects on yield components and seed yield of three maize cultivars (Zea mays L.) in Isfahan region. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 4: 1436-1439.
Momeni, S. (2011). The effect of salicylic acid and polyethylene glycol priming with salicylic acid spraying the plant with resistance to drought maize (Zea mays L.). Master's thesis of Birjand University.
Moslemi, Z. (2010). Effect of superabsorbent polymer and PGPR on growth and yield of corn under drought stress and normal conditions. M. Sc. Thesis, Islamic Azad University of Karaj Branch.
Ortega, R. and Fernandez, M. (2007). Agronomic evaluation of liquid humus derived from earthworm humic substances. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 30: 2091–2104.
Pakar, N., Pirasteh, A. and Emam, Y. (2014). Effect of salicylic acid concentrations on quantitive and quality charectristicts of barley under salinity stress. Journal of Crop Production and Processing.4(14): 191-201.
Parvazi Shandi, S., Pazoki, A., Asgharzadeh, A., Azadi, A. and Paknejad, F. (2013).Effect of irrigation interval, humic acid and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on physiological characteristics of Kavir cultivar wheat. Crop Physiology Journal. 5(18): 19-33.
Rafiei, M., Karimi, M., Noormohamadi, G. and Nadian, H.A. (2009). Effects of drought stress and zinc and phosphorus rates on some morphological traits and physiological of grain corn. Crop Physiology Journal. 1(1): 58-66.
Rahimi, Z., Mozaffari,H. andHasanpour, D. (2016). Study of the effect of humic acid on irrigation water on yield and yield components of rapeseed. Agronomy and Plant Breeding. 12(1): 95-106.
Ramak, P., Khavirenejad, R.A., Heydari Sharifabad, H. and Rafiee, M. (2008). Effect of water stress on photosynthesis and growth factors in two sainfoin species. 10th congress of agriculture and plant breeding.
Ramezannezhad, R., Lahouti, M. and Ganjali, A. (2013). Effect of salicylic acid spraying on some physiological and biochemical indices of sensitive and susceptible chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) under drought stress. Plant Eco-Physiology. 5(12): 24-36.
Robertson, M.J., Fukai, S. and Peoples, M.B. (2004). The effect of timing and severity of water deficit on growth development, yield accumulation and nitrogen fixation of Mung bean. Field Crop Research. 86(1): 67-80.
Salarpour, F. and Farahbakhsh, H. (2016). Effects of salicylic acid on some physiological traits, yield and yield components of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 32(2): 216-230.
Samavat, S. and Malakuti, M. (2005). Important use of organic acid (humic and fulvic) for increase quantity and quality agriculture productions. Water and Soil Researchers Technical. 463: 1-13.
Setter, T.L., Brian, A., Lannigan, F. and Melkonian, J. (2001). Loss of kernel set due to water deficit and shade in maize: carbohydrate supplies, abscissic acid and cytokinins. Crop Science. 41: 1530-1540.
Shahriari, A., Puteh, A.B., Abdul Rahim, A.B., Saleh, G.B. (2014). Physiological responses of sweet corn under water deficit and nitrogen rates at different growth stages. Plant Ecophysiology. 19: 1-17.
Shakirova, F.M., Sakhabutdinova, A.R., Bezrukova, M.V., Fatkhutdinova, R.A. and Fatkhutdinova, D.R. (2003). Changes in the hormonal status of wheat seedlings induced by salicylic acid and salinity. Plant Science. 164: 317-322
Si-o-semardeh, A. (2003). Physiological of growth and yield of wheat cultivar related to drought resistance ATP synthesis. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Tehran, Iran.
Taheri Oshtrinani, F. and Fathi, A. (2016). The impacts of mycorrhiza and phsphorus along with the use of salicylic acid on maize seed yield. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 10(39): 657-668.
Tarumingkeng, R.C. and Coto, Z. (2003). Effects of drought stress on growth and yield of soybean. Kisman, Science Philosophy PPs 702, Term paper, Graduate School, Borgor Agricultural University (Institute Pertainian Borgor).
Vicente‚ M.R. and Plasencia, J. (2011). Salicylic acid beyond defence: its role in plant growth and development. Journal of Experiment Botany. 62: 1–18.
Westage, M.E., and Boyer, J.S. (1998). Reproduction at low silk and pollen water potentials in maize. Crop Science. 26: 951-956.
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Abd El-Baky, H.M., Hussein, M. and El-Baroty, G. )2008(. Algal extracts improve antioxidant defense abilities and salt tolerance of wheat plant irrigated with sea water. African Journal of Biochemistry. 2: 151–164.
Abedi Koupai, J., Khajeali, J., Soleimani, R. and Mollaei, R. (2014). Influence of moisture and pests stresses on corn yield. Journal of Water and Soil Sciences. 18(67): 23-34.
Amini, E., Mehrabi, A., Hatami, A. and Fasih, K. (2015). Evaluation of yield, yield components and water content of four grain corn hybrids in different levels irrigation. Cereal Research. 4(4): 333-344.
Attarzadeh, M., Torabi, B. and Madah Hossieni, Sh. (2014). The interaction effect of salicylic acid and high temperature stress on some physiological characteristics of maize (Zea mays L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 12(4): 718-726.
Balakumbahan, R. and Rajamani, K. (2010). Effect of bio stimulants on growth and yield of Senna (Cassia angustifoliavar). Journal of Horticultural Science and Ornamental Plants. 2(1): 8-16.
Bassetti, P. and Westgate, M.E. (1993). Water deficit affects receptivity of maize silks. Crop Science. 33: 278-182.
Bayat, H., Mardani, H., Arouie, H. and Salahvarzi, Y. (2011). Effects of salicylic acid on morphological and physiological characteristics of cucumber seedling (Cucumis sativus cv. Super Dominus) under drought stress. Journal of Plant Production. 18(3): 63-76.
Chamani, E., Bonyadi, M. and Ghanbari, A. )2015(. Effects of salicylic acid and humic acid on vegetative indices of periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.). Journal of Horticultural Science. 29(4): 631-641.
Chaudhari, C.R., Patel, P.M., Dabhi, M.S. and Patel, V.P. (2017). Response of organic acids and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of Rabi maize (Zea mays L.). International Journal of Chemical Studies. 5(4): 964-966.
Chaves, M.M., Maroco, J.S.J., Rodrigues, M.L., Osorio, C.P.M., Carvalho, I. Faria, T. and Pinheiro, C. (2002). How plants cope with water stress in the field I- photosynthesis and growth. Annual Botany. 89: 907-916.
Dashagha, Z., Mazaheri Tirani, M. and Ghasemi, M. (2012). Effect of salicylic acid on some growth parameters and biochemical of wheat and corn under salinity stress. Journal of Crop production and Processing. 4(11); 207-215.
Farjam, S., Rokhzadi, A., Mohammadi, H. and Ghaleshakhati, S. (2014). Effect of cut irrigation tension and foliar application of salicylic acid on growth, yield and yield components of three safflower cultivars. Crop Physiology Journal. 6(23): 99-112.
Fazeli Rostampour, M., Yarnia, M., Farokhzadeh Khoee, R., Seghatoleslami, M.J. and Moosavi, G.R. (2013). Physiological response of forage sorghum to polymer under water deficit conditions. Agronomy Journal. 105(4): 1-9.
Galmes, J., Medrano, H. and Flexa, J. (2007). Photosynthetic limitation in response to water stress and recovery in Mediterranean plants with different growth forms. New Phytology. 175: 81–93.
Ghanbari, S. and Moosavi, S.G. (2016). Grain yield of maize influenced by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and zinc under water deficit stress. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 26(3): 21-41.
Ghorbani , S., Khazaee , H.R., Kafi, M. and Binayan,M. (2010). The Effect of application of humic acid on irrigation water on yield and yield components of maize. Journal of Agroecology. 8(2): 111-118.
Ghosh, P.K., Ajay, K.K., Manna, M.C., Bandyopadhyay, K.G., Mandal A.K. and Hati, K.M. (2004). Comparative effectiveness of cattle manure, poultry manure, phosphocompost and fertilizer-NPK on three cropping system in vertisoils of semi-arid tropics. Dry matter yield, nodulation, chlorophyll content and enzyme activity. Bioresource Technology. 95: 85-93.
Gomaa, M.A, Radwan, F.I., Khalil, G.A.M., Kandil, E.E. and El-Saber, M.M. (2014). Impact of humic acid application on productivity of some maize hybrids under water stress conditions. Middle East Journal of Applied Sciences. 4(3): 668-673.
Hatami, H. (2017). The effect of zinc and humic acid applications on yield and yield components of sunflower in drought stress. Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologie. 4(1): 36-39.
Jalota, S.K., Sood, A. and Harman, W.L. (2006). Assessing the response of chickpea (Cicer aretinum L.) yield to irrigation water on two soils in Punjab of India: A simulation analysis using the CROPMAN model. Agricultural Water Management. 79: 312–320.
Kamali, M., Kharazi, S.M., Salahvarzi, Y. and Tehranifar, A. (2012). Effect of salicylic acid on growth and some morphophysiologic of Gomphrena globosa L. under salinity stress conditions. Journal of Horticultural Science. 26(1): 104-112.
Keshavarz, H., Modarressani, A.M., Zarin Kamar, F., Dolat abadiyan, A., Panahi, M. and Sadat Asilan, K. (2012). Study of foliar application of salicylic acid on some biochemical properties of two canola cultivars (Brassica napus L.) under cold stress condition. Iranian Journal Field Crop Science. 42(4): 723-734.
Khan, N.A., Shabian, S., Masood, A., Nazar, A. and Iqbal, N. (2010). Application of salicylic acid increases contents of nutrients and antioxidative metabolism in mungbean and alleviates adverse effects of salinity stress. International Journal of Plant Biology. 1: 1-8.
Khorshidi, M.F., Rahimzadeh, B., Yaradi, M. and Noormohamadi, G. (2002).Study of drought stress effects of Solanum tuberosum varieties in growth stages. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 59: 41-48.
Lack, Sh. (2013). Evaluation of physiological traits effective on seed yield of corn in different irrigation, nitrogen and plant density levels. Crop Physiology Journal. 5(19): 17-33.
Lopez, F.B., Setter, T.L. and Mc David, C.R., (1988). Photosynthesis and water vapor exchange of pigeon pea leaves in response to water deficit and recovery. Crop Science. 28: 141-145.
Mafakheri, A., Siosemardeh, A., Bahramnejad, B., Struik, P.C. and Sohrabi, Y. (2011). Effect of drought stress and subsequent recovery on protein, carbohydrate contents, catalase and peroxidase activities in three chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars. Australian Journal of Crop Sciences. 5: 1255-1260.
Mansourifar, C., Modarres Sanavy, S.A.M. and Saberali, S.F. (2010). Maize yield response to deficit irrigation during low-sensitive growth stages and nitrogen rate under semi-arid climatic conditions. Agricultre Water Management. 97(1): 12-22.
Mehrabian Moghadam, N., Arvin, M.J., Khajevi Nejad, G., Maghsoudi, K. (2011). Effect of salicylic acid on growth and yield of forage and maize grain under drought stress conditions in the field. Journal of Seedlings and Seeds (Seedlings and Seeds). 2-27(1): 41-55.
Mohammadai, H., Soleymani, A., Shams, M. (2012). Evaluation of drought stress effects on yield components and seed yield of three maize cultivars (Zea mays L.) in Isfahan region. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 4: 1436-1439.
Momeni, S. (2011). The effect of salicylic acid and polyethylene glycol priming with salicylic acid spraying the plant with resistance to drought maize (Zea mays L.). Master's thesis of Birjand University.
Moslemi, Z. (2010). Effect of superabsorbent polymer and PGPR on growth and yield of corn under drought stress and normal conditions. M. Sc. Thesis, Islamic Azad University of Karaj Branch.
Ortega, R. and Fernandez, M. (2007). Agronomic evaluation of liquid humus derived from earthworm humic substances. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 30: 2091–2104.
Pakar, N., Pirasteh, A. and Emam, Y. (2014). Effect of salicylic acid concentrations on quantitive and quality charectristicts of barley under salinity stress. Journal of Crop Production and Processing.4(14): 191-201.
Parvazi Shandi, S., Pazoki, A., Asgharzadeh, A., Azadi, A. and Paknejad, F. (2013).Effect of irrigation interval, humic acid and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on physiological characteristics of Kavir cultivar wheat. Crop Physiology Journal. 5(18): 19-33.
Rafiei, M., Karimi, M., Noormohamadi, G. and Nadian, H.A. (2009). Effects of drought stress and zinc and phosphorus rates on some morphological traits and physiological of grain corn. Crop Physiology Journal. 1(1): 58-66.
Rahimi, Z., Mozaffari,H. andHasanpour, D. (2016). Study of the effect of humic acid on irrigation water on yield and yield components of rapeseed. Agronomy and Plant Breeding. 12(1): 95-106.
Ramak, P., Khavirenejad, R.A., Heydari Sharifabad, H. and Rafiee, M. (2008). Effect of water stress on photosynthesis and growth factors in two sainfoin species. 10th congress of agriculture and plant breeding.
Ramezannezhad, R., Lahouti, M. and Ganjali, A. (2013). Effect of salicylic acid spraying on some physiological and biochemical indices of sensitive and susceptible chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) under drought stress. Plant Eco-Physiology. 5(12): 24-36.
Robertson, M.J., Fukai, S. and Peoples, M.B. (2004). The effect of timing and severity of water deficit on growth development, yield accumulation and nitrogen fixation of Mung bean. Field Crop Research. 86(1): 67-80.
Salarpour, F. and Farahbakhsh, H. (2016). Effects of salicylic acid on some physiological traits, yield and yield components of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 32(2): 216-230.
Samavat, S. and Malakuti, M. (2005). Important use of organic acid (humic and fulvic) for increase quantity and quality agriculture productions. Water and Soil Researchers Technical. 463: 1-13.
Setter, T.L., Brian, A., Lannigan, F. and Melkonian, J. (2001). Loss of kernel set due to water deficit and shade in maize: carbohydrate supplies, abscissic acid and cytokinins. Crop Science. 41: 1530-1540.
Shahriari, A., Puteh, A.B., Abdul Rahim, A.B., Saleh, G.B. (2014). Physiological responses of sweet corn under water deficit and nitrogen rates at different growth stages. Plant Ecophysiology. 19: 1-17.
Shakirova, F.M., Sakhabutdinova, A.R., Bezrukova, M.V., Fatkhutdinova, R.A. and Fatkhutdinova, D.R. (2003). Changes in the hormonal status of wheat seedlings induced by salicylic acid and salinity. Plant Science. 164: 317-322
Si-o-semardeh, A. (2003). Physiological of growth and yield of wheat cultivar related to drought resistance ATP synthesis. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Tehran, Iran.
Taheri Oshtrinani, F. and Fathi, A. (2016). The impacts of mycorrhiza and phsphorus along with the use of salicylic acid on maize seed yield. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 10(39): 657-668.
Tarumingkeng, R.C. and Coto, Z. (2003). Effects of drought stress on growth and yield of soybean. Kisman, Science Philosophy PPs 702, Term paper, Graduate School, Borgor Agricultural University (Institute Pertainian Borgor).
Vicente‚ M.R. and Plasencia, J. (2011). Salicylic acid beyond defence: its role in plant growth and development. Journal of Experiment Botany. 62: 1–18.
Westage, M.E., and Boyer, J.S. (1998). Reproduction at low silk and pollen water potentials in maize. Crop Science. 26: 951-956.