Evaluation of Freezing Damage in some Pistachio Seedling Rootstocks
Subject Areas : MicrobiologyMaryam Afrousheh 1 , Hossein Hokmabadi 2 , Hasan Arab 3 , Ali Tajabadipour 4
1 - Pistachio Research Center, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rafsanjan, Iran
2 - Damghan Pistachio Station, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Semnan Province (Shahrood), AREEO, Iran
3 - Pistachio Research Center, Horticulture Sciences Research Institute, Agriculture Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rafsanjan, Iran
4 - Pistachio Research Center, Horticulture Sciences Research Institute, Agriculture Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rafsanjan, Iran
Keywords: pH, Ionic leakage, Freezing tolerance, Pistachio rootstocks,
Abstract :
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the freezing damage in some pistachio rootstocks by ion leakage and pH changes of leaked solution. A factorial experiment was carried out in randomized block designs (RBD) with three factors: Temperature (A) including 4 ̊C, 0 ̊C, -2 ̊C, -4 ̊C, -6 ̊C, Time (B) including 3, 12, 24h , and Rootstock (C) including P. vera cv 'Badami Zarand' (V13) and 'Sarakhs' (S5), P. mutica (M1)and P. atlantica (A7). For this, one-year-old seedlings were kept at these five temperatures in incubator for 2 hours. Then in the first 24 hours in three hour intervals and during four days, EC and pH in leaked solution were measured daily. After four days the seedling samples were autoclaved at temperatures 105°C for 4 minutes to destroy all cell membrane. EC and pH of remaining solution were measured again and the percentage of ionic leakage was calculated. The results showed that the best time to evaluate the pH and ionic leakage was 24 hours after incubation of samples. Based on the results, ionic leakage dramatically increased with decreasing temperatures from 0°C to -6°C, while pH of leaked solution had no significant difference in 0°C and 4°C temperature treatments. When temperature reduced from 0°C to -6°C, like ionic leakage, pH greatly reduced. So the pH of the leaked solution could be an appropriate tool to study the freezing damage of pistachio rootstocks. Based on the results of pH and ionic leakage, P. mutica and P. atlantica were the most frost tolerant and sensitive rootstocks of this experiment, respectively.
Afshari H, Hokmabadi H, Ebadi A, Arab H, Ghorbanian A (2008) Investigation of frost damage tolerance of pistachio commercial cultivar of Damghan area. Journal of plants and ecosystems (Quarterly).18, 60-76. [In Persian].
Ashworth EN (1982) Properties of peach flower buds which facilitate super cooling. Journal of Plant Physiology. 70, 1475- 1479.
Arrora R, Wisniewski ME, Scorza R (1992) Cold acclimation in genetically related (sibling) deciduous and ever green peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). Plant Physiology. 99, 1562-1568.
Bartolozzi F, Fontanazza G (1999) Assessment of frost tolerance in olive (Olea europaea L.). ScientiaHorticulturea. 81, 309–319.
Burke MJ, Gusta LV, Quamme HA, Weiser CJ, Li PH (1976) Freezing and injuring plants. Annual Reviews in Plant Physiology. 27, 507-528.
Cary JW (1985) Freeze survival in peach and prune flowers. Plant Science Letters. 37, 265-274.
Chen PW, Li PH (2002) Membrane stabilization by abscisic acid under cold aids proline in alleviating chilling injury in maize. Plant Cell and Environment. 25, 955-962.
Dexter ST, Tottingham WE, Graber LF (1932) Investigations of the hardiness of plants by measurement of electrical conductivity. Journal of Plant Physiology. 7, 63-78.
Emmert FH, Howlett FS (1953) Electrolytic determinations of the tolerance of fifty-five apple varieties to low temperatures. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 62, 311-318.
Flinn CL, Ashworth EN (1995) The relationship between carbohydrates and flower bud hardiness among three Forsythia taxa. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 120, 607-613.
Flint HL, Boyce BR, Beattie DJ (1967).Index of injury – A useful expression of freezing injury to plant tissues as determined by the electrolytic method. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 47, 229-230.
Hokmabadi h, Alipoor H, Sohrabi N, Dargahi R. Askari R, Ismaili Ranjbar A (2011) Investigation of frost damage tolerance of three Iranian commercial pistachios by rates of ionic leakage, proline, soluble sugar and nutrition element content. The final report of the research project: Pistachio Research Institute in Iran. [In Persian].
Leinonen I (1996) A simulation model for the annual frost hardiness and freeze damage of Scots pine. Annals of Botany. 78, 687-693.
Mavali M (2011) Pistachio rootstocks evaluation which is tolerance to cold. MS thesis, Islamic Azad University of Jiroft.
McKellar M, Buchanan A, Ingram DL, Campbell CW (1992) Freezing tolerance of Avocado leaves. HortScience. 27, 341-343.
Mikal ES (2002) The rate of ion leakage from chilling-sensitive tissue does not immediately increase upon exposure to chilling temperatures. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 26, 295-304.
Mirmohamadi Meibodi A, Tarkeshe Esfahani S (2004) Aspects of physiology and breeding for cold and freezing in crops. Golbon Publication, Isfahan, Iran. pp. 223. [In Persian].
Murata T, Tatsumi Y (1979) Ion leakage in chilled plant tissues. In: Low temperature stress in crop plants, the role of the membrane. Academic Press, New York.
Nunes M ES, Smith GR (2003) Ionic leakage assay capable of quantifying freezing tolerance in Rose Clover. Crop Science. 43, 1349-1357.
Patterson B, Murata D, Urata T, Graham D (1976) Electrolyte leakage induced by chilling in Passiflora species tolerant to different climates. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology. 3, 435-42.
Soleimani A, Lessan H, Talaie A (2003) Relationship between density and ionic leakage as indicators of cold hardiness in Olive (Olea europea L.). Acta Horticulturae. 618, 521-525.
Sukumaran NP, Weiser CJ (1972) An excised leaflet test for evaluating potato frost tolerance. HortScience. 7, 467-468.
Tavallali V and Rahemi M (2007) Effects of Rootstock on Nutrient Acquisition by Leaf, Kernel and Quality of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.).American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science. 2 (3), 240-246.
Xin Z, Browse J (2000) Cold comfort farm: the acclimation of plants to freezing temperatures. Journal of Plant Cell. 23, 893-902.
Yoshida S, Hotsubo K, Kawamura Y, Murai M, Arakawa K, Takezawa D (1999) Alterations of intracellular pH in Response to Low Temperature Stresses. Journal of Plant Research. 112, 225-236.