Effect of Dormex® Application on Flowering Time and Vegetative and Reproductive Characteristics of Akbari Pistachio Cultivar
Subject Areas : PistachioAli Taj Abadi Pour 1 , Maryam Afrousheh 2
1 - Pistachio Research Center, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rafsanjan, Iran
2 - Pistachio Research Center, Horticulture Sciences Research Institute, Agriculture Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rafsanjan, Iran
Keywords: Chilling requirements, Hydrogen cyanimide, Pistacia vera, Volk oil,
Abstract :
In recent years, global warming and unusually warm winters have caused many problems for pistachio production in Iran. The effects of the Dormex® application were studied in a randomized complete block design with three treatments and three replications on the Akbari commercial pistachio cultivar in Kerman province. Treatments included Dormex® 4%, Volk oil 4%, and control, all applied in mid-February. Flowering time, gum secretion, current branch length, and qualitative and quantitative yield characteristics were measured. Results showed that Volk oil and Dormex® spring treatments caused early flowering in the Akbari cultivar. The Dormex® 4% treatment significantly prolonged flowering time (8 days earlier than Volk oil 4%, and 12 days earlier than the control). Based on the results, Volk oil treatment increased gum secretion from buds and perennial shoots compared to the Dormex® treatment and control. The results of yield indices showed that the weight of clusters in the Dormex® 4% treatment was 2.3 times higher than the control and about 21% more than the Volk oil 4% treatment, showing a significant difference with the control. Dormex® and Volk oil treatments increased split nut percentage by 66 % and 88%, respectively, but there was no significant difference between them. Based on the results, the blank nut percentage in the Dormex® 4% treatment significantly increased compared to the control and Volk oil treatment by 33% and 41%, respectively. The length of current season growth in the Dormex® 4% treatment significantly increased by 68% compared to the control. The Volk oil 4% treatment had no significant effect on the length of current season growth compared to the control.
Abdalla RD (2007) Effect of some rest breakages on bud development stages, vegetative growth and productivity of Flame seedless grapevines. Ph. D. Thesis Faculty of Agriculture. Minia University. Egypt.
Alipour H (2018) Photosynthesis properties and ion homeostasis of different pistachio cultivar seedlings in response to salinity stress. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 5, 19-29.
Arora RLJ, Rowland, K Tanino (2003) Induction and release of bud dormancy in woody perennials: a science comes of age. Horticultural Science. 38, 911–921.
Aslamarz AA, Vahdati K, Rahemi M, Hasani D (2009) Estimation of chilling and heat requirements of some Persian walnut cultivars and genotypes. HortScience. 44(3), 697–701.
Bajji M, M.M.Hamdi F, Gastiny JA, Rojas-Beltran, Jardin P (2007) Catalase inhibition accelerates dormancy release and sprouting in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers. Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment. 11,121–131.
Baygi MJ, Alizadeh M, Ghaderifar F, Sharifani M (2015) Dormancy removal in pistachio nut: Influences of Hydrogen Cyanamid (Dormex®) as compared to ordinary seed chemical pre-treatments. Advances in Horticultural Science. 29(4), 171-175.
Beede RH, Padillia J (1999) Growth, yield and nut quality responses in a commercial pistachio orchard from dormant applied horticultural mineral oil. California Pistachio Industry. Annual Report.112-114.
Ben Mohamed H, Vadel MA, Khemira H (2010) Estimation of chilling requirement and effect of hydrogen cyanamide on budbreak and fruit characteristics of ‘Superior Seedless’ table grape cultivated in a mild winter climate. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 42, 1761–1770.
Bisson MM, Groth G (2012) Cyanide is an adequate agonist of the plant hormone ethylene for studying signaling of sensor kinase ETR1 at the molecular level. Biochemical Journal. 444, 261–267.
Bound SA, Jones KM (2004) Hydrogen cyanamide impacts on flowering, crop load, and fruit quality of red ‘Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica). New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science. 32, 227–234.
Clements JM, Autio WR, Cowgill WP (2010) Using heading vs. Notching with or without BA application to induce branching in non-feathered, first-leaf apple Trees. 75, 7–11.
Cooke JEK, Weih M (2005) Nitrogen storage and seasonal nitrogen cycling in Populus: bridging molecular physiology and ecophysiology. New Phytologist. 167, 19–30.
Doizier WA, Powell AA, Caylor AW (1990) Hydrogen cyanamide induces bud break of peaches and nectarines following inadequate chilling. Hort Science. 25(12), 1573-1575.
Dokoozlian NK, Williams LE, Neja RA (1995) Chilling exposure and hydrogen cyanamide interact in breaking dormancy of grape buds. HortScience. 30, 1244–1247.
El– Halaby EHS (2006) Trials for producing early with high quality "Superior grapes". M.Sc. Thesis Faculty of Agriculture. Minia University. Egypt.
El- Sawy YAE (2009) Attempts for breaking dormancy and improving fruiting of superior grapevines. Ph.D. Thesis Faculty of Agriculture. Minia University. Egypt.
Elloumi O, M Ghrab, Kessentini H, Mimoun MB (2013) Chilling accumulation effects on performance of pistachio trees cv. Mateur in dry and warm area climate. Scientia Horticulturae. 159, 80-87.
Engin H, Gokbayrak Z, Dardeniz A (2010) Effect of hydrogen cyanamide on the floral morphogenesis of kiwi fruit buds. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research.70, 503–509.
Eslami M, Nasibi F, Manouchehri Kalantari K, Khezri M, Oloumi H (2019) Effect of exogenous application of L-arginine and sodium nitroprusside on fruit abscission and physiological disorders of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) scions. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 6, 51-62.
Finetto GA (1997) Effect of hydrogen cyanamide treatment after various periods of chilling on breaking endodormancy in apples bud. Acta Hort. (ISHS). 441, 191-200.
Germchi S, Behroozi FG, Badri S (2011) Effect of thiourea on dormancy breaking and yield of potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) Minitubers Marfona cv. in Greenhouse. International Conference on Environmental Agricultural Engineering.15, 19–24.
Gholizadeh J, Sadeghipour HR, Abdolzadeh A, Hemmati Kh, Hassani D, Vahdati K (2017) Redox rather than carbohydrate metabolism differentiates endodormant lateral buds in walnut cultivars with contrasting chilling requirements. Scientia Horticulturae. 225, 29-37.
Ghrab M, Mimoun MB (2014) Effective hydrogen cyanamide (Dormex®) application for bud break, flowering and nut yield of pistachio trees cv. Mateur in warm growing areas. Experimental agriculture. 50(3), 399-406.
Godini A, Palasciano Ferrara M, Camposeo GS, Pacifico A (2008) On the advancement of bud break and fruit ripening induced by hydrogen cyanamide (Dormex®) in sweet cherry: a three-year study. Acta Horticulturae. 795, 469–478.
Hendricks SB, Taylorson RB (1975) Breaking of seed dormancy by catalase inhibition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 72, 306–309.
Henzell LH, Briscoe MR (1996) Hydrogen cyanamide: A tool for consistently high kiwifruit production. New Zealand Kiwifruit Special Publication.1, 8-11.
Hussein MAH (2009) Adjusting the suitable vine bud load as well as the optimum date and concentration of Dormex® for advancing bud burst and improving productivity of Superior grapevines. Ph. D. Thesis Faculty of Agriculture. Minia University. Egypt.
Ionescu IA, López-Ortega G, Burow M, Bayo-Canha A, Junge A, Gericke O, Møller BL, Sánchez-Pérez R (2017) Transcriptome and Metabolite Changes during Hydrogen Cyanamide-Induced Floral Bud Break in Sweet Cherry. Journal of Frontiers in Plant Science. 8, 1-17.
Klotke J, Kopha J, Gatzke N, Heyer AG (2004) Impact of soluble sugar concentrations on the acquisition of freezing tolerance in accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana with contrasting cold adaptation-evidence for a role of raffinose in cold acclimation. Plant Cell Environ. 27, 1395–1404.
Kuden AB, Kaska N, Tanriver E, Ak BE (1995) Determining the chilling requirements and growing degree hours of some pistachio nut cultivars and regions. Acta Hort. 419, 85-90
Linsley-Noakes GC (1999) Improving flowering of kiwifruit in climatically marginal areas using hydrogen cyanamide. Scientia Horticulturae. 38, 247-259.
Luedeling E, Zhang M, Girvetz EH (2009) Climatic changes lead to declining winter chill for fruit and nut trees in California during 1950-2099. PLoS ONE. 4, 6166.
Mekawy AY (2008) Attempts for breaking Endo dormancy in Red Roomy Grapevines. M.Sc. Thesis Faculty of Agriculture. Minia University. Egypt.
Norozi M, ValizadehKaji B, Karimi R, Nikoogoftar Sedghi M (2019) Effects of foliar application of potassium and zinc on pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) fruit yield. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 6, 113-123.
Oracz K, El-Maarouf Bouteau H, Farrant JM, Cooper K, Belghazi M, Job C, Job D, Corbineau F, Bailly C (2007) ROS production and protein oxidation as a novel mechanism for seed dormancy alleviation. The Plant Journal. 50, 452–465.
Oracz K, El-Maarouf-Bouteau H, Bogatek R, Corbineau F, Bailly C (2008) Release of sunflower seed dormancy by cyanide: cross-talk with ethylene signalling pathway. Journal of Experimental Botany. 59, 2241–2251.
Pereira N, Oliveira CM, Mota M, Sousa RM (2010) Evaluation of five dormancy breaking agent to induce synchronized flowering in ‘‘Roche’’ pear. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS). 909, 423–428.
Pičmanov M, Neilson EH, Motawia MS (2015) A recycling pathway for cyanogenic glycosides evidenced by the comparative metabolic profiling in three cyanogenic plant species. Biochemical Journal. 469, 375–389.
Powell AA (1999) Action program for Dormex® application on peaches. Available on the http://www. Aces.edu/department/peaches/index.html.
Powell AA (2000) Guide for timing Dormex® sprays. Available on the http://www. Aces.edu/department/anDormex®.txt-6k
Procopiou J (1973) The induction of earlier blooming in female pistachio trees by mineral oil-DNOC winter sprays. Journal of The society for Horticulture. 48, 393-95.
Rahemi M, Asghari H (2004) Effect of hydrogen cyanamide (Hydrogen cyanamide), volk oil and potassium nitrate on budbreak, yield and nut characteristics of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 79, 823–827.
Romberger JA (1963) Part 2: Episodic growth and dormancy of shoots. In: Meristems, growth, and development in woody plants. U.S.D.A Technical Bulletin No. 1293. 71-73; 84-89.
Sabry GH, El-Helw HA, Abd El-Rahman AS (2011) A study on using jasmine oil as a breaking bud dormancy for Flame Seedless grapevines. Report and Opinion. 3, 48–56.
SAPPA (2019) Establishing an orchard - important aspects, SAPPA, viewed 26 Novemeber 2019.https://www.sappa.za.org/technical-info/.
Seif El-Yazal MA, Rady MM (2012) Changes in nitrogen and polyamines during breaking bud dormancy in ‘‘Anna’’ apple trees with foliar application of some compounds. Scientia Horticulturae. 136, 75–80.
Sharifkhah M, Bakhshi D, Pourghayoum M, Abdi S, Hokmabadi H (2020) Effect of pollination time on yield and antioxidant properties of some pistachio cultivars. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 7, 51-58.
Sudawan B, Chang CS, Chao HF, Ku MS, Yen YF (2016) Hydrogen cyanamide breaks grapevine bud dormancy in the summer through transient activation of gene expression and accumulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. BMC Plant Biology. 16, 1-18.
Tohbe M, Ryosuke M, Horiuchi S, Ogata T, Shiozaki S, Kurooka H (1999) The influence of substances related to ethylene biosynthesis. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science. 67, 902–906.
Trejo-Martı´nez MA, Orozco JA, Almaguer-Vargas G, Carvajal-Milla´n E, Gardea AA (2009) Metabolic activity of low chilling grapevine buds forced to break. Thermochimica Acta. 481, 28–31.
Vahdati K, Bavani AR, Khosh-Khui M, Fakour P, Sarikhani S. (2019) Applying the AOGCM-AR5 models to the assessments of land suitability for walnut cultivation in response to climate change: A case study of Iran. PloS ONE. 14(6), e0218725
Walton EF, Fowke PJ (1993) Effects of hydrogen cyanamide on kiwifruit shoot flower number and position. Horticultural Science. 68, 529-534.
Walton EF, Wu RM, Richardson AC, Davy M, Hellens RP, Thodey K, Janssen BJ, Gleave AP, Rae GM, Wood M, Schaffer RJ (2009) A rapid transcriptional activation is induced by the dormancy-breaking chemical hydrogen cyanamide in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) buds. Journal of Experimental Botany. 60, 3835–3848
Yamane H, Ooka T, Jotatsu H, Hosaka Y, Sasaki R, Tao R (2011) Expressional regulation of Pp-DAM5 and PpDAM6, peach (Prunus persica) dormancy-associated MADS-box genes, by low temperature and dormancy-breaking reagent treatment. Journal of Experimental Botany. 62, 3481-3488.
Zhang J, Ranford T (2014) Winter oil application in Australian pistachio production. In XXIX International Horticultural Congress on Horticulture: Sustaining Lives, Livelihoods and Landscapes (IHC2014): 1109, pp. 49-5.
Zhang Y, Dan Y, Chunying L, Shupeng G (2018) Dynamic of carbohydrate metabolism and the related genes highlights PPP pathway activation during chilling induced bud dormancy release in tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa). Scientia Horticulturae. 242, 36-43.