Pomological and Phenological Identification of Some Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Genotypes and Cultivars
Subject Areas : Pomology
1 - Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Kerman, Iran
Keywords: Correlation, cluster, Walnut, descriptive, analysis,
Abstract :
The Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) is one of the most valuable crops in Iran. The present study was conducted in The rabor agriculture research station (RARS) in Kerman province to investigate 21 important pomological and phenological variables among 37 walnut native genotypes and commercial cultivars in the year 2020. In general, results showed that walnuts from RARS were phenotypically diverse with the significant variation found across most traits examined. The highest and lowest coefficient of variation (CV) was for kernel percentage (CV= 29.48%), and time of male flowering (CV= 14.77%), respectively. Results also showed a strong positive correlation between nut weight and kernel weight (r= 0.727). The date of nut maturity had the lowest correlation with kernel intensity of the ground color (r= -0.476). Principal component analysis of variables revealed that the first eight principal components (PCs) accounted for 79.43% of the total variation. Cluster analysis based on variables produced a dendrogram with five main clusters. The grouping of genotypes was not following their geographical origin. This study revealed the presence of high phenotypic diversity in the walnut genotypes of Rabor Agricultural Research Station (RARS), supporting their breeding value for possible use in the future.
Abdi H, Williams LJ (2010) Principal component analysis. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Computational Statistics 2, 433–459.
Akça Y, Ozongun S (2004) Selection of late leafing, late flowering, laterally fruitful walnut (Juglans regia) types in Turkey. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science. 32, 337-342.
Akça Y, Yuldaşulu Y B, Murad E, Vahdati K (2020) Exploring of walnut genetic resources in Kazakhstan and evaluation of promising selections. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 7(2), 93-102
Alinia-ahandani E, Darzi-ramandi H, Sarmad J, Asadi Samani M, Yavari A, Alinia-ahandani R (2014) Evaluation of morphological diversity among some Persian walnut accessions (Juglans regia L.) in Guilan, Northern Iran. International Journal of Plant Biology and Research. 2(3), 1016–1024.
Amiri R, Vahdati K, Mohsenipoor S, Mozzaffari MR, Leslie C (2010) Correlations between some horticultural traits in walnut. Horticultural Science. 45, 1690–1694.
Anonymous (2018) Statistics of horticultural crops. Deputy Minister of planning and economic affairs of the ministry of Jihad agriculture. Iran. pp. 157. [In Persian].
Arab MM, Marrano A, Abdollahi-Arpanahi R, Leslie CA, Askari H, Neale DB, Vahdati K. (2019) Genome-wide patterns of population structure and association mapping of nut-related traits in Persian walnut populations from Iran using the Axiom J. regia 700K SNP array. Scientific Reports 9(1), 63-76.
Arzani K, Mansouri-Ardakan H, Vezvaei A, Roozban M (2008) Morphological variation among Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from central Iran. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science. 36, 159–168.
Ashrafi M, Azimi Moqadam MR, Moradi P, Shekari F, MohseniFard E (2018) Identification of drought tolerant and sensitive species of thyme through some physiological criteria. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 5(1), 53-63
Aslamraz AA, Vahdati K, Rahemi M, Hassani D (2009) Estimation of chilling and heat requirements of some Persian walnut cultivars and genotypes. HortScience. 44, 697-701.
Aslamarz AA, Vahdati K, Rahemi M, Hassani D, Leslie C (2010) Supercooling and cold-hardiness of acclimated and deacclimated buds and stems of Persian walnut cultivars and Selections. HortScience. 45(11), 1662–1667.
Aslantas R (2006) Identification of superior walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes in north eastern Anatolia, Turkey. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science. 34, 231–237.
ČrepinŠek Z, Solar M, Štampar F, Solar A (2009) Shifts in walnut (Juglans regia L.) phenology due to increasing temperatures in Slovenia. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 84 (1), 59–64.
Ebrahimi A, Khadivi-Khub A, Nosrati Z, Karimi R (2015) Identification of superior walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes with late leafing and high kernel quality in Iran. Scientia Horticulturae. 193, 195–201.
Farrokhi Toolir J, Mozzaffari MR (2020) Morphological study of some Persian walnut genotypes and commercial cultivars cultured in Kerman region in southeast of Iran. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus. 85(2), 123-137.
FAOSTAT (2019) Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Production crops. At: http:// faostat. fao. Org /site /567 /Desktop Default. Aspx Page ID=567.
Ghanbari A, Faraji M, Shokouhian A, Pyrayesh A (2018) Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes in the west of Meshkin-Shahr. Journal of Nuts. 9(1), 57–65.
Ghasemi M, Arzani K, Hassani D (2012)Evaluation and identification of walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes in Markazi province of Iran. Crop Breeding Journal. 2(2), 119-124.
Hassani D, Mozaffari MR, Dehghan Shoraki Y, Soleimani A, looni A (2014) Vegetative and reproductive traits of some Iranian local and foreign cultivars and genotypes of walnut (Juglans regia L.). Seed and Plant Improvement Journal. 4, 839–855.
Hassankhah A, Vahdati K, Rahemi M, Hassani D, Sarikhani Khorami S (2017) Persian Walnut Phenology: Effect of chilling and heat requirements on bud break and flowering date. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 4(2), 259-271.
Hassanzadeh Khankahdani H, Bagheri A (2019) Identification of genetic variation of male and female date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars using morphological and molecular markers. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 6(1), 63-76.
Hauke J, Kossowski T (2011) Comparison of values of Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficients on the same sets of data. Questions geographic. 30(2), 40–48.
Khadivi-Khub A, Ebrahimi A, Mohammadi A, Kari A (2015) Characterization and selection of walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from seedling origin trees. Tree Genetics and Genomes. 11, 54.
Mahmoodi R, Dadpour MR, Hassani H, Zeinalabedini M, Vendramin E, Micali S, Zaare Nahandi F(2019) Development of a core collection in Iranian walnut (Juglans regia L.) germplasm using the phenotypic diversity. Scientia Horticulturae. 249, 439–448.
Manning CD, Raghavan P, Schütze H (2009) Hierarchical clustering. Cambridge University Press. Feedback welcome. 17, 377-401.
Mariana B, Niculina CS (2017) Effect of climatic conditions on flowering of walnut genotypes in Romania. Journal of Nuts. 8(2), 161-167.
Mohammadi SA, Prasanna BM (2003) Analysis of genetic diversity in crop plants-salient statistical tools and considerations. Crop Science. 43, 1235–1248.
Mosivand M, Hassani D, Payamnour V, JafarAghaei M (2012) Comparison of tree, nut, and kernel characteristics in several walnut species and inter-specific hybrids. Crop Breeding Journal. 3(1), 25–29.
Mozaffari MM, Hassani D, Fahhadan AA (2009) Walnut breeding to achieve new cultivars and rootstocks. Agricultural research, education and extension organization (AREEO), Kerman agriculture and natural resources research and education center, Agriculture Research. pp, 46. [In Persian].
Noorshah U, Mir JI, Ahmed N, Fazli KM (2018) Assessment of germplasm diversity and genetic relationships among walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes through microsatellite markers. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Science. 17, 339-350.
Poggetti L, Ermacora P, Cipriani G, Pavan F, Testolin R (2017) Morphological and carpological variability of walnut germplasm (Juglans regia L.) collected in North- Eastern Italy and selection of superior genotypes. Horticultural Science. 225, 615–619.
Pop IL, Vicol AC, Botu M, Raica PA, Vahdati K, Pamfi D (2013) Relationships of walnut cultivars in a germplasm collection: comparative analysis of phenotypic and molecular data. Scientia Horticulturae. 153, 124–135.
Pourkhaloee A, Khosh-Khui M, Arens P, Salehi H, Razi H, Niazi A, Afsharifar A, Van Tuyl J (2017) Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Iranian tulips revealed by EST-SSR and NBS-LRR Markers. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 4(2), 167-82.
Rezaei Z, Khadivi A, ValizadehKaji B, Abbasifar A (2018) The selection of superior walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes as revealed by morphological characterization. Euphytica https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10681-018-2153-z.
Sarikhani S, Vahdati K, Ligterink W (2021) Biochemical properties of superior Persian walnut genotypes originated from southwest of Iran. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 8(1), 13-24.
Sirvastava K, Khursheed KA, Zargar A, Shyma RS (2010) Genetic divergence among Corylus colurna genotypes based on morphological characters of hazelnut. Biodiversity Research and Conservation.17, 13–17.
Tadesse W, Bekele E (2001) Factor analysis of components of yield in grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.). Lathyrus Lathyrism. Newsletter 2, 91–93.
Thompson MM, Lagerstedt HB, Mehlenbacher SA (1996) Hazelnuts Janick J., Moore J.N, (Ed.). Fruit Breeding. Wageningen Press the Netherlands. 125-184.
UPOV (1999) Guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability. GENEV, A26 pp.
Vahdati K (2000). Walnut situation in Iran. Nucis Newsl. 9, 32–33.
Vahdati K, Mohseni Pourtaklu S, Karimi R, Barzehkar R, Amiri R, Mozzaffari MM, Woeste K (2015) Genetic diversity and gene flow of some Persian walnut populations in southeast of Iran revealed by SSR markers. Plant Systematic and Evolution. 301,691–699.
Vahdati K, Arab MM, Sarikhani S, Sadat Hosseini M, Leslie CA, Brown PJ (2019) Advances in Walnut Breeding Strategies. Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Nut and Beverage Crops. Springer Press.
Vrbik J (2018) Small-sample corrections to Kolmogorov–Smirnov test Statistic". Pioneer Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics. 15, 15–23.
Zeneli G, Kola H, Dida M (2005) Phenotypic variation in native walnut populations of Northern Albania. Scientia Horticulturae. 105, 91–100.