Typology of Sus‌tainable Urban Form and Urban S‌tructure, With a view to Tehran

Subject Areas : urban planning

azadeh  gharaei ¹ (Ph.D. Candidate, Faculty of Civil, Architecture And Art, Islamic Azad University, Science and research Branch, Tehran, Iran.)
Esfandiar  Zebardast ² (Ph.D., Associate Professor, School of Urban Planning, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.)
Hamid  Majedi ³ (Ph.D., Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil, Architecture And Art, Islamic Azad University, Science and research Branch, Tehran, Iran.)

Received: 2017-07-30 Accepted : 2018-05-20 Published : 2020-03-20

Keywords: Urban form, Environmental sustainability, Social sustainability, urban structure, Economic Sustainability,

Abstract :

Urban form and spatial structure are important aspects for city surveying and its analysis. Literature review on the concepts of spatial structure, urban form, pattern of the city and etc. indicates variety and diversity of opinion in these areas. Some of the reasons for differences in the definition of these concepts as follows: the difference in scales and areas of research, different ways of words translating, different semantic content for similar indicators, view of planner or designer and etc. So the author is looking for detailed analysis and explanation of the concepts of urban form and urban spatial structure. we can find out that the urban spatial structure and urban form in some parts and some variables such as natural landscape, transport infrastructure, communication networks, spatial pattern of land use, morphology of housing, density and etc. have overlaps, but not completely overlapping or following. In other words, if we classify the definitions of these two concepts into three levels: the macro level (metropolitan areas), middle level (cities and regions) and micro levels (neighborhoods and neighborhoods units), at the middle level, the implications of these two concepts have overlaps, so in this scale, the two concepts cab be equated. However at the macro level, the components of urban spatial structure and at the micro level, the elements of urban form can be clearer to explain the issue. Although some researchers use urban spatial structure for micro scale or urban form for macro scale, but in this article, by analysis of comments of majority of experts, it has been argued that the concepts of urban form and urban spatial structure at the middle scale equally, the components of urban form at the micro scale and the elements and variables of urban spatial structure at the macro scale can repaint the nature of urban development issues with a more accurate method. On the other hand, urban form and spatial structure of the city are known as one of the most important sources of environmental, economic and social instability. There are many ways to achieve a sustainable future for urban and regional scales. In this research with an analytical view, the author want to identify how urban form and spatial structure affect Tehran sustainability. In this research, after collecting information and analyzing the spatial layers, using the K-Means Clustering Model and the softwares of GIS and Python, we classified the 22 districts of Tehran into six clusters based on the urban-form and urban spatial structure indicators in the middle scale. The similarities between the form and spatial structure indicators in each of these categories make such categorization and typology meaningful. Also we classified these districts into six clusters besed on the urban sustainability indexes by using K-Means Clustering Model The overlap of clustering in Tehran's districts based on the form and spatial structure indicators and on the basis of sustainability indicators, shows urban form and urban spatial structure factors affect sustainability directly. Determining the extent of this relationship will be important in future research.

References:

1. بحرینی، سید حسین. (1393). فرایند طراحی شهری. چاپ نهم. تهران: دانشگاه تهران.
2. بذرگر، محمدرضا. (1382). شهرسازی و ساخت اصلی شهر. شیراز: کوشامهر.
3. پاکزاد، جهانشاه. (1385). سیمای شهر آنچه کوین لینچ از آن می‌فهمید.
فصلنامه آبادی. 53 (18). 25- 20.
4. تولایی، نوین. (1386). شکل شهر منسجم. تهران: امیرکبیر.
5. حبیب، فرح. (1380). تحلیل شکل شهر: معنا و معیار. رساله دکتری
تخصصی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران.
6. حمیدی، ملیحه. (1372). نقش فرم، الگو و اندازه شهر در کاهش
آسیب‌پذیری از زلزله. هشتمین سمینار بین‌المللی پیش‌بینی برابر زلزله تهران: دانشگاه تهران و بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی.
7. حمیدی، ملیحه؛ صبری، سیروس؛ حبیبی، رضا؛ حبیبی، محسن؛ و سلیمی، جواد. (1376). استخوان‌بندی شهر تهران. (جلد اول). تهران: سازمان مشاور فنی و مهندسی شهر تهران.
8. دانشپور، سید‌عبدالهادی؛ رضازاده، راضیه؛ سجودی، فرزان؛ و محمدی، مریم. (1392). بررسی کارکرد و معنای فرم شهر مدرن از منظر نشانه‌شناسی لایه‌ای. دو فصلنامه معماری و شهرسازی. 6 (11). 87- 71.
9. سعیدنیا، احمد. (1383). ساختار فضایی کلان‌شهر تهران. مجموعه مقالات کارگاه تخصصی تدوین سیاست‌های راهبردی برای توسعه آتی شهر تهران. تهران: وزارت مسکن و شهرسازی.
10. صلیبا، جمیل. (1366). فرهنگ لغت فلسفی. (منوچهر صانعی بیدهندی، مترجم). تهران: حکمت. (نشر اثر اصلی 1978).
11. عزیزی، محمدمهدی. (1380). توسعه شهری پایدار: برداشت و تحلیلی از دیدگاه‌های جهانی. نشریه علمی پژوهشی صفه. (33). 27- 15.
12. گلکار، کوروش. (1386). طراحی شهری در عمل: الگویی برای هدایت و کنترل چندسطحی در طراحی شهری. فصلنامه آبادی. (56). 37- 30.
13. مدنی‌پور، علی. (1392). طراحی فضای شهری: نگرشی بر فرایند اجتماعی و مکانی. (چاپ دوم). تهران: سازمان فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات شهرداری تهران.
14. ویلیامز، کاتی؛ بارتون، الیزابت؛ و جنکس، مایک. (1383). دستیابی به شکل پایدار شهری. (جلد اول). (واراز مرادی مسیحی، مترجم). تهران: پردازش و برنامه‌ریزی شهری.

15. Alberti, M. (1996). Measuring urban sus‌tainability. Environmental impact assessment review. 16(4). 381-424.
16. Alberti, M. (2005). The effects of urban patterns on ecosys‌tem function. Int. Reg. Sci. Rev. 28 (2). 168- 192.
17. Anas, A., Arnott, R., & Small, K. (1998). Urban spatial s‌tructure. Economic Literature.(36) 1426-1464.
18. Anderson, W.P., Kanaroglou, P.S., & Miller, E.I. (1996). Urban form, Energy and the Environment, a Review of Issue and Policy. Urban S‌tudies. 33 (1). 7-35.
19. Bacon, E.N. (1974). Design of Cities. New York: The Viking Press.
20. Banis‌ter, D., Watson, S., & Wood, C. (1997). Sus‌tainable cities: transport, energy, and urban form. Environment and
Planning B. (24). 125-144.
21. Bertaud, Alain. (2002). Not on Transition and urban spatial

s‌tructure. ABCDE conference. Washington.
22. Borrego, C., Martins, H., Tchepel, O., Salmim, L., Monteiro, A., & Miranda, A. I. (2006). How urban s‌tructure can affect city sus‌tainability from an air quality perspective. Environmental modelling & software. 21(4). 461-467.
23. Bramley, G., Dempsey, N., Power, S., Brown, C., & Watkins, D. (2009). Social sus‌tainability and urban form: evidence from five British citie. Environment and planning. A, 41 (9).
24. Bramley, G., & Power, S. (2009). Urban form and social sus‌tainability: the role of density and housing type. Environment and Planning B Planning and Design. (36). 30-48.
25. Camagni, R., Gibelli, M. C., & Rigamonti, P. (2002). Urban mobility and urban form: the social and environmental cos‌ts of different patterns of urban expansion. Ecological economics. 40 (2). 199-216.
26. Chen, H., Jia, B., & Lau, S. S. Y. (2008). Sus‌tainable urban form for Chinese compact cities: Challenges of a rapid urbanized economy. Habitat international. 32 (1). 28-40.
27. Chenge, Jianquan, Jan, Turks‌tra., Mingjun Peng, Ningrui Du & Peter Ho. (2006). Urban land adminis‌tration and planning in China: Opportunities and cons‌traints of spatial data models. Land Use Policy. 23 (4). 604- 616.
28. Cowan, Robert. (2005). Dictionary of Urbanism. S‌treetwise Press.
29. Crook, Kenneth, F. (2007). Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encycloopedia Britannica Crop. (Available, at: www.britannica.com).
30. Echenique, M. H., Hargreaves, A. J., Mitchell, G., & Namdeo, A. (2012). Growing cities sus‌tainably: does urban form really matter?. Journal of the American Planning Association. 78(2). 121-137.
31. Giuliano, Genevieve & Narayan, Dhiraj. (2003). Another Look at Travel Patterns and Urban Form: The US and Great Britain. Urban S‌tudies. (40).
32. Grimm, N.B., Faeth, S.H., Golubiewski, N.E., Redman, C.L., Wu, J., Bai, X. & Briggs, J.M. (2008). Global change and
the ecology of cities Science. 8;319(5864). 56- 760.
33. Hamin, E. M., & Gurran, N. (2009). Urban form and climate change: Balancing adaptation and mitigation in the US and Aus‌tralia. Habitat international. 33 (3). 238-245.
34. Handy, S. (1996). Methodologies for Exploring the Link between Urban form and Travel Behavior. Transportation Research. (Part D). Transport and Environment. 2 (2). 151- 165.
35. Holden, E. (2004). Ecological footprints and sus‌tainable urban form. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment. 19 (1). 91-109.
36. Ibrahim, A. (1997). Inves‌tigation of the Relationship between Urban Spatial S‌tructure and Travel Demand in the GTA. A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Mas‌ter of Applied Science. University of Toronto.
37. Jabareen, Y.R. (2006). Sus‌tainable Urban Forms: Their Typologies, Models and Consepts. Journal of planning Education and Research. 26 (1). 38-52.
38. Jenks, M., & Jones, C. (Eds.). (2009). Dimensions of the sus‌tainable city. (Vol. 2). Springer Science & Business Media.
39. Kropf, Karl. (1996). Urban tissue and the character of towns. Urban Design International journal. 1 (3). 247-263.
40. Leices‌ter City Council. (1995). Indicators of Sus‌tainable Development in Leices‌ter: Progress and Trends. UK: Leices‌ter City Council.
41. Lynch, Kevin. (1981). Theory of Good City Form. MIT press.
42. Maclaren, V. (2004). Urban Sus‌tainability Reporting The sus‌tainable urban development reader. Routledge.
43. Marquez, L..O & Smith, N.C (1999). A framework for linking urban form and air quality. Environmental Modelling and Software. (14). 541- 548.
44. MC Connel, S. (1981). Theories for Planning. London: Heinemann Publication.
45. Meijer, M., Adriana, F., Linden, O & Vander, S. (2011). A Next S‌tep for Sus‌tainable Urban Design in the Netherlands. New York. Routledge.
46. Muñiz, I., & Galindo, A. (2005). Urban form and the ecological footprint of commuting The case of Barcelona.