Effect of Gender Inequality on Economic Growth in Iran
Subject Areas : Labor and Demographic Economics
Keywords: Economic Growth, Gender inequality,
Abstract :
This paper reviews the effect of human capital on economic growth in Iran in the period 1966-2006. With this regard to gender issues in human capital. For this field, gender inequality in employment and education is intended. This paper focus on this Question what affects this kind of inequality on economic growth in Iran. while check stationary variables and using method of Engel Grangers for persistent residual estimation of the model, the results were positive and significant impact of education on economic growth, in addition any increase of gender inequality in education and employment, reduction economic growth rate in Iran. In other words, increasing the average years of education women ratio will increase economic growth and increasing the employment ratio of women will increase economic growth.
منابع و ماخذ:
- افشاری زهرا(1380):"برنامه ریزی اقتصادی"، انتشارات سمت.
- آمارتیاسن (1381):"توسعه به مثابه آزادی"، ترجمه:دکتر وحید محمودی، انتشارات دستان.
- دیوید رومر (1383)،"اقتصاد کلان پیشرفته(جلد اول: نظریه رشد)"،ترجمه: مهدی تقوی،انتشارات دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی،واحد علوم و تحقیقات
- سازمان برنامه و بودجه (1378): "اولین گزارش ملی توسعه انسانی".
- سفیری خدیجه(1373): "بررسی جنبه‌های کمی و کیفی اشتغال زنان و رابطه آن با توسعه اقتصادی"، پایان نامه دکتری جامعه شناسی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس.
- شیبانی ابراهیم و زهرا افشاری (1380) :"تجزیه جنسیتی در بازار کار ایران"، فصلنامه پژوهش زنان، مرکز مطالعات زنان، شماره 1.
- شیبانی ابراهیم و زهرا افشاری (1382) :" نابرابری جنسیتی و توسعه اقتصادی در ایران"، مجله تحقیقات اقتصادی، شماره 62، بهار و تابستان.
- عظیمی(آرانی) حسین (1371):"مدارهای توسعه نیافتگی در اقتصاد ایران"، تهران، نشر نی.
- عماد زاده مصطفی(1373):"مباحثی از اقتصاد آموزش و پرورش"، انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی اصفهان.
- نوفرستی محمد(1378):"ریشه واحد و همجمعی در اقتصاد سنجی"، محمد نوفرستی،مؤسسه خدمات فرهنگی رسا.
- نیلی مسعود و نفیسی شهاب(1384):" رابطه سرمایه انسانی و رشد اقتصادی با تاکید بر نقش توزیع تحصیلات نیروی کار"،مجله پژوهشهای اقتصادی،شماره 17.
- زنجانی زاده، هما(1370):" بررسی نظریات در باره نابرابری جنسیتی در بازار کار"، مجله دانشکده ادبیات مشهد، شماره 1.
- یوسفی دیندارلو مجتبی(1382) :"بررسی تاثیر آموزش رسمی بر نرخ رشد اقتصادی در ایران"، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، دانشکده علوم اقتصادی و سیاسی.
- Abu-Ghaida, D. and S. Klasen. 2002. “The costs of missing the Millennium Development Goal on Gender Equity.” World Bank Working Paper.
- Baliamoune, Mina.2002. "Gender Inequality and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa and Arab Countries" UNU/WIDER Discussion paper 91, World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki: United Nations University
- Dollar, D. and R. Gatti. 1999. "Gender Inequality, Income, and Growth: Are Good Times good forWomen?" Mimeographed. Washington DC: The World Bank
- Klasen, Stephan (1999). “Does Gender Inequality Reduce Growth and Development? Evidence from Cross-Country Regressions”. Policy Research Report on Gender andDevelopment Working Paper series, No. 7, Washington DC: World Bank
- Seguino, S. 1998. Gender Inequality and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis.Mimeographed. University of Vermont.
- Solow, R. 1956. A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics 70: 65-94
ضمایم
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Dependent Variable: G |
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Method: Least Squares |
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Date: 01/22/07 Time: 19:11 |
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Sample(adjusted): 1350 1385 |
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Included observations: 36 after adjusting endpoints |
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Variable |
Coefficient |
Std. Error |
t-Statistic |
Prob. |
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C |
0.225607 |
0.075862 |
2.973909 |
0.0066 |
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INV(-1) |
0.115432 |
0.040330 |
2.862206 |
0.0086 |
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LFG |
2.581641 |
0.615119 |
4.196981 |
0.0003 |
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EMPF |
1.163805 |
0.450573 |
2.582943 |
0.0163 |
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GDP(-1) |
-79.03368 |
10.11732 |
-7.811722 |
0.0000 |
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DLOG(ED(-4)) |
0.487215 |
0.231985 |
2.100198 |
0.0464 |
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DLOG(RED) |
0.220006 |
0.103677 |
2.122026 |
0.0444 |
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D57 |
-0.079661 |
0.020981 |
-3.796842 |
0.0009 |
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WAR |
-0.049410 |
0.021817 |
-2.264715 |
0.0328 |
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R-squared |
0.830307 |
Mean dependent var |
0.011652 |
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Adjusted R-squared |
0.773743 |
S.D. dependent var |
0.077328 |
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S.E. of regression |
0.036782 |
Akaike info criterion |
-3.540617 |
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Sum squared resid |
0.032470 |
Schwarz criterion |
-3.132478 |
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Log likelihood |
67.42018 |
F-statistic |
14.67901 |
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Durbin-Watson stat |
2.036352 |
Prob(F-statistic) |
0.000000 |
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Null Hypothesis: D(EMPF) has a unit root |
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Exogenous: Constant |
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Lag Length: 0 (Automatic based on SIC, MAXLAG=9) |
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t-Statistic |
Prob.* |
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Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic |
-6.113664 |
0.0000 |
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Test critical values: |
1% level |
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-3.632900 |
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5% level |
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-2.948404 |
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10% level |
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-2.612874 |
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*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values. |
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Null Hypothesis: D(G) has a unit root |
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Exogenous: Constant |
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Lag Length: 0 (Automatic based on SIC, MAXLAG=9) |
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t-Statistic |
Prob.* |
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Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic |
-7.616097 |
0.0000 |
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Test critical values: |
1% level |
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-3.632900 |
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5% level |
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-2.948404 |
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10% level |
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-2.612874 |
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*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values. |
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Null Hypothesis: D(GDP) has a unit root |
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Exogenous: Constant |
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Lag Length: 0 (Automatic based on SIC, MAXLAG=9) |
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t-Statistic |
Prob.* |
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Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic |
-3.446952 |
0.0156 |
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Test critical values: |
1% level |
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-3.626784 |
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5% level |
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-2.945842 |
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10% level |
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-2.611531 |
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*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values. |
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Null Hypothesis: EMPF has a unit root |
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Exogenous: Constant |
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Lag Length: 1 (Automatic based on SIC, MAXLAG=9) |
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t-Statistic |
Prob.* |
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Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic |
-1.735482 |
0.4054 |
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Test critical values: |
1% level |
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-3.626784 |
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5% level |
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-2.945842 |
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10% level |
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-2.611531 |
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*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values. |
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Null Hypothesis: G has a unit root |
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Exogenous: Constant |
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Lag Length: 0 (Automatic based on SIC, MAXLAG=9) |
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t-Statistic |
Prob.* |
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Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic |
-3.300150 |
0.0223 |
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Test critical values: |
1% level |
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-3.626784 |
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5% level |
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-2.945842 |
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10% level |
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-2.611531 |
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*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values. |
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Null Hypothesis: GDP has a unit root |
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Exogenous: Constant |
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Lag Length: 1 (Automatic based on SIC, MAXLAG=9) |
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t-Statistic |
Prob.* |
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Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic |
-2.389426 |
0.1517 |
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Test critical values: |
1% level |
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-3.626784 |
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5% level |
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-2.945842 |
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10% level |
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-2.611531 |
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*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values. |
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Null Hypothesis: GED has a unit root |
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Exogenous: Constant |
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Lag Length: 0 (Automatic based on SIC, MAXLAG=9) |
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t-Statistic |
Prob.* |
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Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic |
-3.948577 |
0.0043 |
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Test critical values: |
1% level |
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-3.626784 |
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5% level |
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-2.945842 |
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10% level |
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-2.611531 |
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*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values. |
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Null Hypothesis: GRED has a unit root |
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Exogenous: Constant |
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Lag Length: 0 (Automatic based on SIC, MAXLAG=9) |
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t-Statistic |
Prob.* |
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Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic |
-6.600250 |
0.0000 |
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Test critical values: |
1% level |
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-3.626784 |
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5% level |
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-2.945842 |
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10% level |
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-2.611531 |
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*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values. |
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Null Hypothesis: INV has a unit root |
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Exogenous: Constant |
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Lag Length: 0 (Automatic based on SIC, MAXLAG=9) |
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t-Statistic |
Prob.* |
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Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic |
-4.035027 |
0.0035 |
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Test critical values: |
1% level |
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-3.626784 |
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5% level |
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-2.945842 |
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10% level |
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-2.611531 |
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*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values. |
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Null Hypothesis: LFG has a unit root |
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Exogenous: Constant |
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Lag Length: 0 (Automatic based on SIC, MAXLAG=9) |
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t-Statistic |
Prob.* |
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Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic |
-3.651194 |
0.0094 |
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Test critical values: |
1% level |
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-3.626784 |
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5% level |
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-2.945842 |
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10% level |
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-2.611531 |
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*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values. |
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