Predicting Men's Prejudice Against Women Based on the Maternal Parenting Authority Among University Students

Subject Areas : Family and Communication

Mansour Bayrami ¹ , Shermin Nasirkhani ^{2 *} , Amir Marouf Sofian ³

1 - Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
2 - MSc. in Rehabilitation Counseling, Department of Counseling, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3 - M.A General Psychology Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Irann.

Received: 2024-12-02 Accepted : 2025-01-28 Published : 2025-05-10

Keywords: Prejudice, Men, Maternal Parenting Authority,

Abstract :

Prejudices are stereotypical and inaccurate beliefs that assign specific roles, behaviors, and characteristics to different genders and can lead to discrimination and social limitations. This research aimed to predict male prejudices towards women based on parental authority among university students. The research method was descriptive of the correlation type, and the study population consisted of all male students at Tabriz University in the academic year 1402-1403. Using the random sampling method, 206 individuals were selected as a sample through the Klein method. The research tools included the Parenting Authority Questionnaire (1991) and the Gender Stereotype Resistance Scale (1395). For data analysis, the Spss26 software was used. The findings revealed a significant positive correlation (R=0/28) with gender stereotypes that men use against women, while the authoritative parenting style had a negative and significant relationship (R=0/33) with these stereotypes; however, no relationship was found between the permissive parenting style and these stereotypes. According to the findings, the mothers' parenting style of mothers is a relatively favorable factor for predicting men's attitudes and prejudices toward women in the future.

References:

1) بیرامی, منصور, معروف صوفیان, امیر, ابوسعیدی جیرفتی, سهیل, بخشی پور رودسری, عباس. (1403). نقش میانجی سبک‌های هویت در ارتباط میان شیوه‌های والدگری ادراک شده و تصورات قالبی جنسیتی در دانشجویان تحصیلات تکمیلی. پژوهش¬های روانشناسی اجتماعی, 14(54), 99-112 10.22034/spr.2024.431978.1897
2) Heilman, M. E., Caleo, S., & Manzi, F. (2024). Women at work: pathways from gender stereotypes to gender bias and discrimination. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 11(1), 165-192. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-110721-034105
3) Heilman, M. E. (2012). Gender stereotypes and workplace bias. Research in organizational Behavior, 32, 113-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2012.11.003
4) Diekman, A. B., & Eagly, A. H. (2000). Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 26(10), 1171-1188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200262001
5) Smetana, J. G. (2017). Current research on parenting styles, dimensions, and beliefs. Current opinion in psychology, 15, 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.012
6) Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4(1, Pt.2), 1–103. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030372
7) اژه ای، جواد، غلامعلی لواسانی، مسعود، مال احمدی، احسان، و خضری آذر، هیمن. (1390). الگوی علی روابط بین سبک‌های فرزندپروری ادراک شده, اهداف پیشرفت, خودکارآمدی و موفقیت تحصیلی. مجله روانشناسی، 15(3 (پیاپی 59))، 284-301.
8) رسول زاده اقدم، صمد؛ عدلی پور، صمد و کوهی، خدیجه. (1395). تحلیل رابطه سرمایه اجتماعی با هویت بازاندیشانه، فصلنامه توسعه اجتماعی، 11(2): 95-122.
9) Buri, J. R. (1991). Parental authority questionnaire. Journal of personality assessment, 57(1), 110-119. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5701_13
10) Dong, S., Dong, Q., & Chen, H. (2022). Mothers' parenting stress, depression, marital conflict, and marital satisfaction: The moderating effect of fathers' empathy tendency. Journal of affective disorders, 299, 682-690 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.079
11) Escamilla, S., & Saasa, S. (2020). Gendered patterns in depression and anxiety among african immigrants in the United States. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 17(4), 392-405 https://doi.org/10.1080/26408066.2020.1748153
12) Hentschel, T., Braun, S., Peus, C., & Frey, D. (2018). The communality-bonus effect for male transformational leaders–leadership style, gender, and promotability. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 27(1), 112-125 https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1402759
13) Hinton, P. (2017). Implicit stereotypes and the predictive brain: cognition and culture in “biased” person perception. Palgrave Communications, 3(1), 1-9 https://doi.org/10.1057/palcomms.2017.86
14) Luk, J. W., Patock-Peckham, J. A., Medina, M., Terrell, N., Belton, D., & King, K. M. (2016). Bullying perpetration and victimization as externalizing and internalizing pathways: A retrospective study linking parenting styles and self-esteem to depression, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems. Substance Use & Misuse, 51(1), 113-125.https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2015.1090453
15) Nelson, T., Brown, M. J., Garcia-Rodriguez, I., & Moreno, O. (2023). Gendered racism, anxiety, and depression: the mediating roles of gendered racialized stress and social isolation. Ethnicity & Health, 28(1), 12-28 https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2021.2002826
16) Pirc, T., Pecjak, S., Podlesek, A., & Štirn, M. (2023). Perceived Parenting Styles and Emotional Control as Predictors of Peer Bullying Involvement. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 15(4), 333-342 https://www.iejee.com/index.php/IEJEE/article/view/1994
17) Wu, C. W., Chen, W. W., & Jen, C. H. (2021). Emotional intelligence and cognitive flexibility in the relationship between parenting and subjective well-being. Journal of Adult Development, 28, 106-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-020-09357-x
18) Priyashantha, H., Quintáns, A. P., Baixauli, R., & Vidanarachchi, J. K. (2019). Type of starter culture influences on structural and sensorial properties of low protein fermented gels. Journal of texture studies, 50(6), 482-492.‏ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jtxs.12449