The Response of Plasma Levels of some Myokines in Men with Obesity to 12 Weeks of Different Resistance Training
Subject Areas : Journal of Animal Biology
Kwestan Hajihasani
1
(Department of Physical Education, Saghez Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saghez, Iran)
Saman Pashaei
2
(Department of Physical Education, Saghez Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saghez, Iran)
Ayoub Saeidi
3
(Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran)
Keywords: Resistance training, obese men, BDNF, SPARC,
Abstract :
Obesity and cardiovascular disease are the leading causes of death in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various resistance training (traditional, circuit and Interval) on BDNF and SPARC in obese men.For this purpose, 44 obese male volunteers after homogenization were randomly divided into 4 groups based on individual characteristics: control (n = 11), traditional (n = 11), Circuit (n = 11) and Interval (n = 11). Subjects performed three sessions of resistance training each week for 12 weeks. Blood samples were taken before first training session and 48 hours after the last training session and were used to analyze the factors. Examination of intergroup differences for BDNF and SPARC showed that there was a significant difference between groups (p < 0.001). The results of Bonferroni test for BDNF showed that there was a significant difference between control with interval (p < 0.001) and circuit (p < 0.001) and traditional (p = 0.012) groups. Also, the study of intragroup changes showed that BDNF values were significantly increased in the traditional training groups (p = 0.008), the circuit resistance training group (p < 0.001) and the interval training group (p < 0.001). The results of Bonferroni test for SPARC showed that there was a significant difference between control with interval (p < 0.001) and Circuit (p < 0.001) groups. Also, the study of intragroup changes showed that SPARC values were significantly reduced in the traditional training groups (p < 0.001), the interval training group (p < 0.001) and the circuit training group (p < 0.001). In the present study, it was shown that 12 weeks of traditional, circuit and interval resistance training, increased plasma BDNF levels and decreased SPARC plasma levels in obese men. It should be noted that the desired changes in circuit and interval resistance training protocols were better than the traditional type.
Adachi N., Numakawa T., Richards M., Nakajima S., Kunugi H. 2014. New insight in expression, transport, and secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor: implications in brain-related diseases. World Journal of Biological Chemistry, 5(4):409.
2. Adlard P.A., Perreau V.M., Engesser-Cesar C., Cotman C.W. 2004. The timecourse of induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA and protein in the rat hippocampus following voluntary exercise. Neuroscience Letters, 363(1):43-48.
3. Aoi W., Naito Y., Takagi,T., Tanimura Y., Takanami Y., Kawai Y., Hirai Y. 2013. A novel myokine, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), suppresses colon tumorigenesis via regular exercise. Gut, 62(6):882-889.
4. Baechle T., Earle R. 2008. Essentials of strength training and conditioning. Human Kinetics Champaign. Bandy, WD and Irion, JM (1994) The eŠect of time on static stretch on the‰ flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Physical Therapy, 74:845-852.
5. Bonakdaran S., Barazandeh Ahmadabadi F. 2014. Assessment of insulin resistance in idiopathic hirsutism in comparison with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) patients and healthy individuals. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 56(6):340-346.
6. Bruce C., Kriketos A., Cooney G., Hawley J. 2004. Disassociation of muscle triglyceride content and insulin sensitivity after exercise training in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 47(1):23-30.
7. Brzycki M. 1993. Strength testing-predicting a one-rep max from reps-to-fatigue. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 64(1):88-90.
8. Dashti N., Rezaeian N., Karimi M., Kooroshfard N. 2021. The effect of high intensity interval training on serum levels of osteopontin and insulin resistance index in sedentary overweight and obese women. Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology, 14(2):115-126.
9. Fallah Mohammadi Z., Nazari H. 2014. The effects of 4 weeks plyometric training on serum brain derived nerotrophic factor concentration in active men. Sport Physiology, 5(20):29-38.
10. Fujimura H., Altar C.A., Chen R., Nakamura T., Nakahashi T., Kambayashi J.I., Tandon N.N. 2002. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is stored in human platelets and released by agonist stimulation. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 87(04):728-734.
11. Fukuhara A., Matsuda M., Nishizawa M., Segawa K., Tanaka M., Kishimoto K., Murakami H. 2005. Visfatin: a protein secreted by visceral fat that mimics the effects of insulin. Science, 307(5708):426-430.
12. Goekint M., De Pauw K., Roelands B., Njemini R., Bautmans I., Mets T., Meeusen R. 2010. Strength training does not influence serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 110(2):285-293.
13. Harries L.W., McCulloch L.J., Holley J.E., Rawling, T.J., Welters H.J., Kos K. 2013. A role for SPARC in the moderation of human insulin secretion. PloS one, 8(6):e68253.
14. Huang T., Larsen K., Ried‐Larsen M., Møller N., Andersen L.B. 2014. The effects of physical activity and exercise on brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in healthy humans: A review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 24(1):1-10.
15. Iizuka K., Machida T., Hirafuji M. 2014. Skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 125(2):125-131.
16. Jafari A., Etemadian F., Baradaran B., Malekirad A.A. 2021. The effect of two-month concurrent training and caloric restriction on P65 amount in Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of inactive middle-aged men. Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology, 14(2/21):32.
17. Kazemi A., Imani M., Banitalebi E. 2018. An Investigation of the Effects of the 8-Week Intense Interval Training and Combined Strength-Endurance Training on Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) levels in Women with Type 2 Diabetes. Community Health Journal, 12(2):47-56.
18. Laurens C., Bergouignan A., Moro C. 2020. Exercise-released myokines in the control of energy metabolism. Frontiers in Physiology, 11:91.
19. Lommatzsch M., Schloetcke K., Klotz, J., Schuhbaeck K., Zingler D., Zingler C., Virchow J.C. 2005. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in platelets and airflow limitation in asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 171(2):115-120.
20. Mandolesi L., Polverino A., Montuori S., Foti F., Ferraioli G., Sorrentino P., Sorrentino, G. 2018. Effects of physical exercise on cognitive functioning and wellbeing: biological and psychological benefits. Frontiers in Psychology, 9:509.
21. Marosi K., Mattson M.P. 2014. BDNF mediates adaptive brain and body responses to energetic challenges. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 25(2):89-98.
22. Moh M.C., Sum C.F., Tavintharan S., Pek S.L.T., Yeoh L.Y., Ng X., Lim S.C. 2017. Association of the anti-angiogenic factor secreted protein and rich in cysteine (SPARC) with vascular complications among Chinese type 2 diabetic patients in Singapore. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, 31(7): 1222-1227.
23. Pedersen B.K., Febbraio M.A. 2012. Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 8(8):457-465.
24. Raschke S., Eckel J. 2013. Adipo-myokines: two sides of the same coin—mediators of inflammation and mediators of exercise. Mediators of Inflammation, 2013: 320724.
25. Ravasi A.A., Pournemati P., Kordi M. R., Hedayati M. 2013. The effects of resistance and endurance training on BDNF and cortisol levels in young male rats. Journal of Sport Biosciences, 1(16):49-78.
26. Roh H.T., Cho S.Y., So W.Y. 2020. Effects of Regular Taekwondo Intervention on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Myokines in Overweight and Obese Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7):2505.
27. Rotondi M., Magri F., Chiovato L. 2011. Thyroid and obesity: not a one-way interaction. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 96(2):344-346.
28. Russell, A.P., Feilchenfeldt, J., Schreiber S., Praz M., Crettenand A., Gobelet C., Giacobino J.P. 2003. Endurance training in humans leads to fiber type-specific increases in levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α in skeletal muscle. Diabetes, 52(12):2874-2881.
29. Sakuma K., Yamaguchi A. 2011. The recent understanding of the neurotrophin's role in skeletal muscle adaptation. BioMed Research International, 2011:201696.
30. Schiffer T., Schulte S., Hollmann W., Bloch W., Strüder H. 2009. Effects of strength and endurance training on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor 1 in humans. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 41(03):250-254.
31. Schnyder S., Handschin C. 2015. Skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ: PGC-1α, myokines and exercise. Bone, 80:115-125.
32. Scribbans T.D., Edgett B.A., Vorobej K., Mitchell A.S., Joanisse S.D., Matusiak J.B., Gurd B.J. 2014. Fibre-specific responses to endurance and low volume high intensity interval training: striking similarities in acute and chronic adaptation. PloS one, 9(6):e98119.
33. Severinsen M.C.K., Pedersen B.K. 2020. Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines. Endocrine Reviews, 41(4):bnaa016.
34. Shabani M., Hovanloo F., Ebrahim K., Hedayati M. 2014. The effect of acute resistance exercise on BDNF, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in the elderly. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 9(3):218-226.
35. Sharifi G.R., Bani Hashemi Emam Gheysi M., Rahnama N., Babai Mazrae No A.R. 2015. Comparison of the Effect of 8 Weeks Aerobic Exercise With Resistance Exercise on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Elderly Men. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 10(3):148-155.
36. Son J.S., Kim J.H., Kim H.J., Yoon D.H., Kim J.S., Song H.S., Song W. 2016. Effect of resistance ladder training on sparc expression in skeletal muscle of hindlimb immobilized rats. Muscle and Nerve, 53(6):951-957.
37. Suijo K., Inoue S., Ohya Y., Odagiri Y., Takamiya T., Ishibashi H., Shimomitsu T. 2013. Resistance exercise enhances cognitive function in mouse. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(04):368-375.
38. Valipour Dehnou V., Motamedi R. 2018. assessing and comparing of balance and flexibility among elderly men and women in the age group of 60-79 years. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 13(2):210-221.
39. Yarrow J.F., White L.J., McCoy S.C., Borst S.E. 2010. Training augments resistance exercise induced elevation of circulating brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Neuroscience Letters, 479(2):161-165.
40. Ziegenhorn A.A., Schulte-Herbrüggen O., Danker-Hopfe H., Malbranc M., Hartung H.D., Anders D., Hellweg R. 2007. Serum neurotrophins-a study on the time course and influencing factors in a large old age sample. Neurobiology of Aging, 28(9):1436-1445.
41. Zuccato C., Cattaneo E. 2009. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature Reviews Neurology, 5(6):311-322.