Effect of 12 Weeks of High Intensity Interval Training with Spirulina Supplementation on Novel Adipokines in Obese Men

Subject Areas : Journal of Animal Biology

Farideh  Afsheh ¹ (Department of Exercise Physiology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran)
Alireza  Barari ² (Department of Exercise Physiology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran)
Asieh  abbassi-daloii ³ (Department of Exercise Physiology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran)
Ayoub  Saeidi ⁴ (Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran)

Received: 2024-01-01 Accepted : 2024-02-04 Published : 2024-06-01

Keywords: Interval training, Spirulina, Adipokine, Obesity,

Abstract :

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) with spirulina supplementation on dermatopontine (DPT) and TGF-β in obese men. 44 obese men were divided into four groups of 11 including: control, Training, supplement and supplemental training. Subjects in the 12-week training group perform three HIIT sessions per week. Also, subjects in the supplement group took 6 grams of spirulina per day (three grams in the morning and three grams in the evening) for 12 weeks. 48 hours before the start of the research and 48 hours after the last day of training, blood Blood was drawn and, finally the aforementioned indicators were measured using an ELISA kit and device. The results of the present study showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (p < 0.05). The post hoc analysis showed that training and supplementary training decreased DPT and TGF-β compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The present study showed that HIIT alone and with spirulina supplementation decreased DPT and TGF-β levels in obese men. Also, the consumption of spirulina along with HIIT compared to HIIT alone had a greater effect on the levels of the investigated variables.

References:

1. Alcalá M., Sánchez‐Vera I., Sevillano J., Herrero L., Serra D., Ramos M.P., Viana M. 2015. Vitamin E reduces adipose tissue fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress and improves metabolic profile in obesity. Obesity, 23(8):1598-1606.
2. Bagheri R., Negaresh R., Motevalli M. S., Wong A., Ashtary-Larky D., Kargarfard M., Rashidlamir A. 2022. Spirulina supplementation during gradual weight loss in competitive wrestlers. British Journal of Nutrition, 127(2):248-256.
3. Banji, D., Banji O.J., Pratusha N.G., Annamalai A. 2013. Investigation on the role of Spirulina platensis in ameliorating behavioural changes, thyroid dysfunction and oxidative stress in offspring of pregnant rats exposed to fluoride. Food chemistry, 140(1-2): 321-331.
4. Bonos E., Kasapidou E., Kargopoulos A., Karampampas A., Nikolakakis I., Christaki E., Florou-Paneri P. 2016. Spirulina as a functional ingredient in broiler chicken diets. South African Journal of Animal Science, 46(1):94-102.
5. Chei S., Koh E.J., Seo Y.J., Choi J., Lee Y.J., Hwang J. H., Lee B.Y. 2017. Neuroprotective Effect of Spirulina maxima Extract against Trimethyltin‐Induced Neuronal Damage in HT‐22 Cells. The FASEB Journal, 31:636.617-636.617.
6. de Sousa Neto I.V., Durigan J.L.Q., da Silva A.S.R., de Cássia M.R. 2022. Adipose tissue extracellular matrix remodeling in response to dietary patterns and exercise: molecular landscape, mechanistic insights, and therapeutic approaches. Biology, 11(5):765-787.
7. EL-Sabagh M.R., Abd Eldaim M.A., Mahboub D., Abdel-Daim M. 2014. Effects of Spirulina platensis algae on growth performance, antioxidative status and blood metabolites in fattening lambs. Journal of Agricultural Science, 6(3):92-98.
8. Farrell P.A., Joyner M.J., Caiozzo V. 2011. ACSM's advanced exercise physiology: Wolters Kluwer Health Adis (ESP).
9. Flores L.E.R., Madrigal-Bujaidar E., Salazar M.A., Chamorro G. 2003. Anticlastogenic effect of Spirulina maxima extract on the micronuclei induced by maleic hydrazide in Tradescantia. Life Sciences, 72(12):1345-1351.
10. Fujimoto M., Tsuneyama K., Fujimoto T., Selmi C., Gershwin M.E., Shimada Y. 2012. Spirulina improves non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, visceral fat macrophage aggregation, and serum leptin in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome. Digestive and Liver Disease, 44(9):767-774.
11. Hirahashi T., Matsumoto M., Hazeki K., Saek Y., Ui M., Seya T. 2002. Activation of the human innate immune system by Spirulina: augmentation of interferon production and NK cytotoxicity by oral administration of hot water extract of Spirulina platensis. International Immunopharmacology, 2(4):423-434.
12. Ibuki A., Akase T., Nagase T., Minematsu T., Nakagam G., Horii M., Shimada T. 2012. Skin fragility in obese diabetic mice: possible involvement of elevated oxidative stress and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases. Experimental Dermatology, 21(3):178-183.
13. Jensen G.S., Drapeau C., Lenninger M., Benson K.F. 2016. Clinical safety of a high dose of Phycocyanin-enriched aqueous extract from Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis: Results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with a focus on anticoagulant activity and platelet activation. Journal of Medicinal Food, 19(7):645-653.
14. Kawanishi N., Niihara H., Mizokami T., Yano H., Suzuki K. 2013. Exercise training attenuates adipose tissue fibrosis in diet-induced obese mice. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 440(4):774-779.
15. Khan T., Muise, E.S., Iyengar P., Wang Z.V., Chandalia M., Abate N., Scherer P.E. 2009. Metabolic dysregulation and adipose tissue fibrosis: role of collagen VI. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 29(6):1575-1591.
16. Krishnaswamy V.R., Manikandan M., Munirajan A.K., Vijayaraghavan D., Korrapati P.S. 2014. Expression and integrity of dermatopontin in chronic cutaneous wounds: a crucial factor in impaired wound healing. Cell and Tissue Research, 358(3):833-841.
17. Lefebvre P., Lalloyer F., Baugé E., Pawlak M., Gheeraert C., Dehondt H., Mazuy C. 2017. Interspecies NASH disease activity whole-genome profiling identifies a fibrogenic role of PPARα-regulated dermatopontin. JCI Insight, 2(13):e92264.
18. Lehrke M.J. 2015. Dermatopontin reduces adhesion of bone marrow and endothelial cells in vitro. University of Minnesota.
19. Li L., Wei, Y., Fang C., Liu S., Zhou F., Zhao G., Lin W. 2021. Exercise retards ongoing adipose tissue fibrosis in diet-induced obese mice. Endocrine Connections, 10(3): 325-335.
20. Martland, R., Mondelli V., Gaughran F., Stubbs B. 2020. Can high-intensity interval training improve physical and mental health outcomes? A meta-review of 33 systematic reviews across the lifespan. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(4):430-469.
21. Mazokopakis E.E., Papadomanolaki M.G., Fousteris A.A., Kotsiris D.A., Lampadakis I.M., Ganotakis E.S. 2014. The hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation in a Cretan population with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective pilot study. Annals of gastroenterology: quarterly publication of the Hellenic Society of Gastroenterology, 27(4):387-394.
22. Nanjundappa R.R. 2011. Nesprin-2 Giant at the nuclear envelope with roles in cell differentiation, proliferation and chromatin association. Universität zu Köln,
23. Okamoto, O., Hozumi K., Katagiri F., Takahashi N., Sumiyoshi H., Matsuo N., Fujiwara S. 2010. Dermatopontin promotes epidermal keratinocyte adhesion via α3β1 integrin and a proteoglycan receptor. Biochemistry, 49(1):147-155.
24. Parikh P., Mani, U., Iyer U. 2001. Role of Spirulina in the control of glycemia and lipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Medicinal Food, 4(4):193-199.
25. Pourabdi K., Shakeriyan S., Pourabdi Z., Janbozorgi M. 2013. Effects of short-term interval training courses on fitness and weight loss of untrained girls. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 1(2):1-9.
26. Raoufi Sangachin, A., Abdi A., Barari A. 2022. Effect of endurance training and Spirulina supplementation on inflammatory cytokines level in overweight men: A clinical trial study. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, 24(2);1-9.
27. Salla A.C.V., Margarites A.C., Seibel F.I., Holz L.C., Brião V.B., Bertolin T.E., Costa, J.A.V. 2016. Increase in the carbohydrate content of the microalgae Spirulina in culture by nutrient starvation and the addition of residues of whey protein concentrate. Bioresource Technology, 209:133-141.
28. Santos‐Parker J., Harrison B., McQueen M., Seals D. 2014. Age‐related differences in the plasma proteome in healthy adults: modulatory effect of regular aerobic exercise (LB178). The FASEB Journal, 28:LB178.
29. Soltani M., Aghaei Bahmanbeglou, N., Ahmadizad S. 2020. High-intensity interval training irrespective of its intensity improves markers of blood fluidity in hypertensive patients. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 42(4):309-314.
30. Suliburska J., Szulińska M., Tinkov A., Bogdański P. 2016. Effect of Spirulina maxima supplementation on calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc status in obese patients with treated hypertension. Biological Trace Element Research, 173(1):1-6.
31. Talman V., Ruskoaho H. 2016. Cardiac fibrosis in myocardial infarction-from repair and remodeling to regeneration. Cell and Tissue Research, 365(3):563-581.
32. Unamuno X., Gómez-Ambrosi J., Ramírez B., Rodríguez A., Becerril, S., Valentí V., Frühbeck G. 2020. Dermatopontin, a novel adipokine promoting adipose tissue extracellular matrix remodelling and inflammation in obesity. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(4):1069.