Gender-based Violence against Women in the Cyberspace and Human Rights Obligations of Governments in this regard

Subject Areas : International Legal Research

Farangis Mansoori ^{1 *} , آناهیتا سیفی ²

1 -
2 - عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی

Received: 2024-11-18 Accepted : 2025-01-14 Published : 2025-08-19

Keywords: Gender-based violence, sexual violence, cyber space, human rights, women, empowerment,

Abstract :

 

One of the problems of today's world is the spread of crimes and violence against women in cyberspace. While having positive effects, the cyberspace has created new forms of sexual violence and facilitated the occurrence of classic crimes against vulnerable groups such as women. The extent of the cyberspace has made women's situation more vulnerable in matters related to sexual crimes, and the crimes that occur due to their gender have caused the most psychological and emotional damage to them. Today, with the expansion of virtual networks, these harms against women have continued at a faster rate. The expansion of access to the Internet, the wide and rapid dissemination of information, and the existence of social networks, have caused violence against women to find a wider and newer dimension. Violence and harassment of women in cyberspace can be psychological at first and eventually, if there is no control and prevention, in some cases it may lead to physical violence. Dealing with cybercrimes will have a significant impact on helping women benefit from cyberspace facilities in line with their empowerment. Therefore, in the present research, descriptive-analytical method, while studying crimes against women in the cyber space, especially sexual violence, provides empowering and preventive strategies to prevent these crimes and human rights obligations of governments in this field, emphasizing human rights. The role of virtual education and literacy has been mentioned as the most important preventive solutions.

References:

منابع و مآخذ: الف- منابع فارسی: -حسینی، فاطمه،(1402)، بررسی پیشگیری ازبزه دیدگی زنان و کودکان در فضای مجازی، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوقی، شماره 34،صفحات 46-26.
-زهرا باقری، سیدرضا نقیب السادات،، منصوره زارعان (1401)، گفتمان شناسی فرهنگی ـ اجتماعی زنان در اینستاگرام جایگاه خواسته های مادران، فصلنامه رهپویه ارتباطات و فرهنگ، دوره دوم، شمارۀ سوم.
-زهرا صادقی آرانی ، دکتر سید حبیب اله میرغفوري، زهرا ثابت،(1391)، تصمیم گیري هاي اخلاقی در فضاي سایبري و عوامل جمعیت شناختی مؤثر بر آن: بررسی ارتکاب به جرایم اینترنتی در کاربران اینترنت شهرستان یزد، فصلنامه اخلاق در علوم و فنّاوري، سال هشتم، شماره ،1.
-سید جمال موسوی ، مریم آقایی بجستانی،محمد روحانی مقدّم،(1401)، تدابیر پیشگیری از جرائم سایبری با تأکید بر اقدامات پلیسي با رویکردی فقهي، مطالعات فقه و حقوق اسلامي سال14 ـ شماره 26 ـ بهار 1401 .
-سیدیاسر ضیایی ، احسان شکیب نژاد،(1396)، قانونگذاری در فضای سایبر: رویکرد حقوق بین الملل و حقوق ایران،مجله حقوقی بین المللی/دوره سی وچهارم/شماره /75 .
-علیرضا خطیبی ، سیدمحمدصادق احمدی ،عباس شیخ االسلامی،(1397)، تعهدات نهادهای حکومتی در پیشگیری از وقوع جرم بررسی مقایسه ای تجربه های بین المللی،پژوهشنامه ایرانی سیاست بین الملل سال ،7 شماره ،1 .
-غلامی، حسین، احمدی مقدم، جواد ،(1396)، پیشگیری از خشونت جنسی علیه زنان در شبکه های اجتماعی مجازی، همایش پیشگیری از خشونت، چالش ها و راهکارها.
- غنی، مهرداد، سید زاده ثانی، سید مهدی،(1401)، بررسی میزان بزه دیدگی آزار و اذیت جنسی دیجیتال بر روی بزرگسالان با نگاه به افراد تراجنسی، پژوهشنامه حقوق کیفری، سال سیزدهم، شماره اول، پیاپی 25،
-فتاحیان، مریم، (1396)، بررسي علل جهاني افزايش خشونت سايبري عليه زنان، فصلنامه علمی- حقوقی قانون یار - دوره سوم.
-فريبا سيدان، طلعت سادات كمالي،(1396)، بازنمايي خشونت عليه زنان در فضاي مجازي، همايش پيشگيري از خشونت؛ چالش ها و راهكارها، معاونت اجتماعی و پیشگیری از وقوع جرم قوه قضاییه.
-مشهدی، علی، شکیب نژاد، احسان، کرمی،موسی،(1397)، ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻂ (آﻧﻼﯾﻦ) ﻋﻠﯿﻪ زﻧﺎن از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺑﺸر، مطالعات جنسیت و خانواده، سال ششم، شماره دوم.
ب- منابع انگلیسی: . -Monika Jain,(2017), (Victimization Of Women Beneath Cyberspace In Indian Upbringing), Bharati Law Review, Published in Articles section of www.manupatra.com.
-Mac Allister, Julia M. 2017. " e Doxing Dilemma: Seeking a Remedy for the Malicious Publication of Personal Information." 85 Fordham Law Review 2451(2017).
-Nadjiba Badi Boukemidja,(2018), (Cyber Crimes against Women: Qualification and Means), European Journal of Social Sciences, September-December 2018 Volume 1, Issue 3.
-Nelsy Reyhanne Marikel Affoum, Isabel Micaela Santagostino Recavarren, Nayantara Vohra, and Quentin Wodon,2023, Protecting Women and Girls from Cyber Harassment: A Global Assessment of Existing Laws, Wold Bank Group Development Economics, Global Indicators Briefs No. 18.
-Brody, N., and A. L. Vangelisti. 2017. “Cyberbullying: Topics, Strategies, and Sex Di¬erences.” Computers in Human Behavior 75: 739–48.
-Henry, N., and A. Powell. 2016. “Sexual Violence in the Digital Age: e Scope and Limits of Criminal Law.” Social & Legal Studies 25 (4): 397-418.
-Jane, Emma A. 2020. " Online Abuse and Harassment." ¬ International Encyclopedia of Gender, Media, and Communication.
-Jaspreet Singh,(2015),( Violence Against Women In Cyber World: A Special Reference To India), International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, Vol. 4 | No. 1 .
-OSCE, (New Challenges to Freedom of Expressio: Countering online Abuse of Female Journalists), Office of the Representative on Freedom of the Media Organization for Security and Cooperation on Europe,Luxembourg, 2016.
- Zamfir IoneI,2024, Combating violence against women and domestic violence, European Parliamentary Research Service available at https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2023)739392.
-Documents: -CEDAW, General Recommendation, No.34 ,(on the Rights of Rural Women),4 March 2016. -Commission on the status of Women, Report on the fifty-Seventh session,4-15 march 2013,E/2013/27.
-Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women 1979. -Declaration on the Elimination of Violance against Women,(1993).
-HRC, Promotion and Protection of all Human Rights,Civil Political, Economic, Spcial and Cultural Right, including the Right to Development,4 July 2018,A/HRC/38/l10/Rev.
-International Telecommunications Union (ITU), “ICT facts and figures 2016.
-Protecting Women And Girls From Violence In The Digital Age, December 2021 Adriane Van Der Wilk, Council Of Europe.
-Protocol of Maputo (Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights on the Rights of women in Africa),Africa union,2003.
-UN Protocol to Prevent,Suppress and punish trafficking in persons,especially women and children, supplementing the un convention against transnational organized crime (palermo protocol),2000.
-United Nations , General Assembly, A/HRC/38/47 , Distr.: General 18 June 2018, Human Rights Council Thirty-eighth session 18 June 6 July 2018 Agenda item 3 Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences on online violence against women and girls from a human rights perspective.