The impact of blockchain technology on the role of consumers in the electricity system in the electricity legal system of Iran and the European Union

Subject Areas : International Legal Research

mohamad taqi rafiei ¹ , vahid vazariyan ²

1 - Associate Professor, Department of Private Law, Farabi School, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran.
2 - PhD student in oil and gas law, Farabi School, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran (corresponding author).

Received: 2021-09-21 Accepted : 2022-07-16 Published : 2022-09-23

Keywords: Consumer, smart grid, Electricity, Blockchain, Peer-To-Peer,

Abstract :

Field and Aims: One of the most important legal issues in the electricity supply chain is how to activate consumers who start producing electricity in the electricity market. At the time of writing, the presence and activity of electricity consumers in the Iranian electricity market has been very passive. Because their role as independent market participants has been flawed or not facilitated. How Blockchain technology can help customers in the lowest position in the electricity supply chain in Iran to have an active presence in the electricity sector as independent market participants? What legal and political consequences will follow the application of blockchain technology in the electricity industry in the country?Method: This research has studied the relevant sources and collected information by descriptive-analytical methodFindings andConclusion: Using emerging technologies such as Blockchain, which uses a peer-to-peer trading method, in addition to activating consumers in the electricity market, the idea of creating an electricity market with the presence of consumers can be pursued. Transactions are now facilitated by third parties, suppliers, and system operators whose primary task is to collect and centralize information about cargo and the production and contracting of supply and distribution services. Instead, blockchain technology provides new ways to organize decentralized people without the immediate need for an intermediary. The use of this technology requires legislative policy in order to validate these technologies, legislative policy in order to implement emerging technologies and implementation policy in order to install and use these technologies by executive agencies.

References:

 - اسدی، علیرضا و آئین، سهیل. (1397). بررسی مسائل کلیدی و مشکلات مالی صنعت برق و اصلاحات موردنیاز. معاونت پژوهش‌های زیربنایی و امور تولیدی دفتر: مطالعات انرژی، صنعت و معدن، 31 – 1.

https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/report/show/1097723

- اسلامی تبار، امیر و ناصر، مهدی. (1399). کارکرد بلاک‌چین در حمایت از کپی‌رایت. پژوهش حقوق خصوصی، 8(30)، 38 – 9.

http://ensani.ir/fa/article/428064/

- افشار، کریم و ریاحی، رضا. (1388). تجدید ساختار در صنعت برق و گذری بر بازار برق ایران. چاپ اول. شرکت مدیریت شبکه برق ایران، دفتر روابط عمومی و امور بین‌الملل.

افشار، ناصر؛ آجرپزی کریمی، عباس؛ پیر حق‌شناس، هادی. (1388). اصلاح زنجیره تأمین صنعت برق ایران و نقش فن‌آوری اطلاعات در بهبود آن. اجلاس شبکه‌های توزیع نیروی برق، 4.

https://civilica.com/doc/71179/

- آقایی طوق، مسلم و ناصر، مهدی. (1398). سازوکار چالش‌های پیاده‌سازی بستر بلاک‌چین در توسعه دولت الکترونیکی و آثار آن بر نظام مالیاتی. حقوق اداری، 6(19)، 33 – 9.

https://qjal.smtc.ac.ir/article-1-423-fa.html

پزشکی نجف‌آبادی، فرشته؛ ربیعه، مسعود؛ بهمنی، مهدی. (1392). طراحی مدل زنجیره تأمین برق با رویکرد مدیریت شبکه هوشمند. مدیریت زنجیره تأمین، 15(39)، 29 – 22.

https://journals.ihu.ac.ir/article_203498.html

دشت بزرگ ، محمود و علی‌آبادی، حسن. (1393). تجدید ساختار و ایجاد رقابت در صنعت برق، مطالعه موردی بازار برق ایران. کنفرانس نیروگاه‌های برق، 7.

https://civilica.com/doc/368928/

رستمی، ولی و مقیمی، لیلی. (1396). بررسی چگونگی تشکیل نهادهای تنظیم مقررات انرژی در کشور با رویکرد تطبیقی. مطالعات حقوق انرژی، 3(2)، 254 – 219.

https://jrels.ut.ac.ir/article_65816.html

فقیه عبدالهی، ام لیلا و مؤذنی، روح‌الله. (1397). بررسی نهادهای تنظیم‌کننده بازار برق در حقوق ایران و ایالات‌متحده آمریکا. پژوهش حقوق عمومی، 19(58)، 220 – 193.

https://qjpl.atu.ac.ir/article_8610.html

گزارش سالیانه دبیرخانه هیئت تنظیم بازار برق ایران، 1393.

منظور، داود و عسکری آزاد، حمید. (1388). ارزیابی الگوی اصلاحات صنعت برق در ایران. مطالعات اقتصاد انرژی، 5(16)، 79 – 35.

http://ensani.ir/fa/article/70441/

منظور، داوود و نوروزی، احمد. (1398). کاربردهای فناوری بلاک‌چین در کسب‌وکارهای صنعت انرژی:فرصت‌ها و چالش‌ها. انرژی ایران، 22(70)، 58 – 23.

http://ensani.ir/fa/article/427971/

هادی‌فر، داود. (1389). نهادهای حقوقی تنظیم مقررات ساختار و سازوکار اجرایی. چاپ اول. انتشارات عترت نو.

- Bellekom, S., Arentsen, M., van Gorkum, K. (2016). Prosumption and the distribution and supply of electricity. Energy Sustain, 6 (22), 1–17.

https://energsustainsoc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13705-016-0087-7

- Bocek, Thomas; Stiller, Burkhard. (2018). Smart Contracts – Blockchains in the Wings. Digital Marketplaces Unleashed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 169-184.

https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/136294/

- Buterin, V., (2015). On Public and Private Blockchains. Ethereum Blog.

https://blog. ethereum.org/2015/08/07/on-public-and-private-blockchains

- Choi, T.-M., Wen, X., Sun, X. & Chung, S.-H. (2019). The Mean-Variance Approach for Global Supply Chain Risk Analysis with Air Logistics in the Blockchain Technology Era. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 127, 178-191 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1366554519302601.

- Davidson, S., De Filippi, P., Potts, J., (2016). Economics of Blockchain. SSRN Papers,  1 – 23.

https:// papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? Abstract_id=2744751

- Frenken, K., Schor, J., (2017). Putting the sharing economy in perspective. Environ. Innov Soc Transit, 23, 3–10.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2017.01.003

- Frenken, K., Schor, J., (2017). Putting the sharing economy in perspective. Environ. Innov Soc Transit, 23, 3–10.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2017.01.003.

- Galera Rodrigo, S., (2016). Changing the energy model: step back on the Europe 2050 strategy? Eur. Energy Environ. Law Rev, 65–72.

https://www.academia.edu/18216838/Changing_the_Energy_Model_Step_Back_on_the_Europe_2050_Strategy

- Galera Rodrigo, S., (2016). Changing the energy model: step back on the Europe 2050 strategy?. Eur Energy Environ Law Rev, 65–72.

https://www.academia.edu/18216838/Changing_the_Energy_Model_Step_Back_on_the_Europe_2050_Strategy

- Gangale, F., Mengolini, A., Onyeji, I., (2013). Consumer engagement: an insight from smart grid projects in Europe. Energy Policy, 60, 621–628.

https://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeeenepol/v_3a60_3ay_3a2013_3ai_3ac_3ap_3a621-628.htm

- Gifford, J., (2016). Power Ledger Expands Trials of Blockchain Electricity Trading. RenewEconomy.

https://reneweconomy.com.au/power-ledger-expands-trials-blockchain-electricity-trading-38771/

- Huhta, K. (2017). Prioritising energy efficiency and demand side measures over capacity mechanisms under EU energy law. J. Energy Nat. Law, 35 (1), 7–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2016.1250414.

- Irannezhad, Elnaz. (2019). Is blockchain a solution for logistics and freight transportation problems?.  World Conference on Transport Research, (48), 290 – 306.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146520304397

-  Kondziella, H., Bruckner, T., (2016). Flexibility requirements of renewable energy based electricity systems – a review of research results and methodologies. Renew. Sustain Energy Rev, 53, 10–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.199

- Kolokathis, Christos; Hogan, Michael. (2018). New Research: Europe’s Electricity Networks are underused and can cope with Electric Cars. Energy Post, 36, 1 – 19.

https://energypost.eu/new-research-europes-electricity-networks-are-underused-and-have-ample-capacity-to-cope-with-electrification-of-cars/

- Lavrijssen, S., (2017). Power to the energy consumers. Eur. Energy Environ. Law Rev, 172–186.

https://research.tilburguniversity.edu/en/publications/power-to-the-energy-consumers-2

- Lammers, I., Diestelmeier, L. (2017). Experimenting with law and governance for decentralized electricity systems: adjusting regulation to reality? Sustainability, 9 (2), 212.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/212

- Li, X., Wang, F. & Zou, X. (2019). Current Situation and Trend of Research on Application of Blockchain Technology in Logistics Field. 5th International Conference on Economics, Business, Finance, and Management.

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Current-Situation-and-Trend-of-Research-on-of-in-Li-Wang/8d46a5ae8089f6b20db11a8f4e6e06c9e9bd95c4

- Luca Lena Jansen, Nikoleta Andreadou,Ioulia Papaioannou,Antonios Marinopoulos. (2017). Smart Grids Projects Outlook. EU Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy and Transport.

https://ec.europa.eu/info/news_en?department=880

- Pankaj Dutta, Tsan-Ming Choi, Surabhi Somani, Richa Butala. (2020). Blockchain technology in supply chain operations: Applications, challenges and research opportunities. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 142, 1 – 5.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7522652/

- Powerledger. (2018). Whitepaper. https://tge.powerledger.io/media/Power-Ledger- Whitepaper-v8.pdf

- Santoro, G., Vrontis, D., Thrassou, A., & Dezi, L. (2018). The Internet of Things: Building a knowledge management system for open innovation and knowledge management capacity. TechnologicalForecasting and Social Change, 136, 347-354.

https://fardapaper.ir/mohavaha/uploads/2017/09/The-Internet-of-Things.pdf

- Seebacher, S., & Schüritz, R. (2017). Blockchain technology as an enabler of service systems: A structured literature review. The International Conference on Exploring Services Science, 12 – 23.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-56925-3_2

- Tenne, T. (2017 b). Europe’s first blockchain project to stabilize the power grid launches. saur energy.

https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/europes-first-blockchain-project-stabilize-power-grid-launches

- Tenne, T. (2017 a). TenneT unlocks Distributed Flexibility via Blockchain. saur energy.

https://www. tennet.eu/news/detail/tennet-unlocks-distributed-flexibility-via-blockchain/