The role of passion, satisfaction of needs and conflict in the perception of burnout in athletes
Subject Areas : Sports Management Studies
1 - Physical Education Department, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Keywords: "athlete burnout", "need satisfaction", "passion", "Conflict",
Abstract :
Objective: The general purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of passion, satisfaction of needs and conflict in the perception of burnout in athletes.Methodology: The current research was a descriptive correlational research based on structural equation modeling, and the data was collected in the survey and through a questionnaire. The statistical population of this research was made up of all volleyball players aged 13 to 17 in Tehran, whose number was 295. In this research, the questionnaires of passion (Wallerand et al. 2003), satisfaction of needs in sports (Lopez et al. 2020), conflict (Wallerand et al. 2010), athlete burnout (Raedeke and Smith, 2001) were used.Results: The results showed that adaptive passion has a significant negative effect on conflict in athletes. While harmonious passion has a significant positive effect on the satisfaction of needs in athletes. Also, obsessive passion has a significant positive effect on conflict in athletes. While extreme passion has a significant negative effect on the satisfaction of needs in athletes. In addition, contrast has a significant positive effect on attrition in athletes. Satisfaction of needs has a significant negative effect on burnout in athletes.Conclusion: Basic psychological needs should be considered as the necessary energy to help actively engage with the environment, develop skills and healthy growth. Because when players receive more positive energy from attending training and matches and have a desire for more active interactions in training and match environments, in this case, their burnout rate will decrease.
Alizadeh, S. & Zeinali, A. (2017). Predicting sport burnout based on competitive anxiety, sport perfectionism and impulsivity in professional athletes. Sport Psychology Studies, 6(22), 99-112. (Persian)
Arce, C., De Francisco, C., Andrade, E., Seoane, G., & Raedeke, T. (2012). Adaptation of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire in a Spanish Sample of Athletes. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15, 1529-36. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n3.39437
Chen, K., Chang, C., & Wang, C. (2019). Frontline employees’ passion and emotional exhaustion: The mediating role of emotional labor strategies. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 76, 163-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.05.006
Courneya, S. & Hellsten, M. (1998). Personality correlates of exercise behavior, motives, barriers and preferences: An application of the five-factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 24(5), 625-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869 (97)00231-6.
Dana, A., Vaezmousavi, S., & Mokhtari, P. (2012). The effect of instructional and motivational self-talk on motor performance in adults and adolescents. Advances in Environmental Biology, 6(3), 981-989.
Dana, A., VaezMousavi, M., & Mokhtari, P. (2012). Relationship between belief in self-talk and motor performance. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2(4), 953-959.
Davis, C., Fox, J., Brewer, H., & Ratusny, D. (1995). Motivations to exercise as a function of personality characteristics, age, and gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 19(2), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869 (95)00030-A
Gilliland, S. W., Steiner, D. & Skarlicki, D. P. (2003). Emerging Perspectives on Values in Organizations. IAP.
Golestaneh, F. (2017). The effect of mindfulness intervention (MPSE) on motivation and burnout in athletes. Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning, 9(2), 273-285. (Persian)
Jafari Siavashani, F., Nikbakhsh, R., & Safania, A. (2018). Validating and normalizing passion questionnaire among athletes. Journal of Psychological Science, 17(68), 471-479. (Persian)
Iskandar Nejad, & Abedini, M. (2017). Comparison of burnout among karate and swimming trainers. Journal of Sport Management and Motor Behavior, 11(22), 85-94. (Persian)
Jafari Siavashani, F., Nikbakhsh, R., Safania, A. (2019). Athletes behaviors with meditation of pride: Based on Passion Model Test. Journal of Psychological Science, 17(72), 907-917. (Persian)
Labbrozzi, D., Robazza, C., Bertollo, M. Bucci, I., & Bortoli, L. (2013). Pubertal development, physical self-perception, and motivation toward physical activity in girls. Journal of Adolescence, 36(4), 759-765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.06.002
Lalande, D., Vallerand, R. J., Lafrenière, Marc-André K. Verner-Filion, J., Laurent, F. Forest, J., & Paquet, Y. (2017). Obsessive passion: A compensatory response to unsatisfied needs: Passion and need satisfaction. Journal of Personality, 85(2), 163-178. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12229
Lopes, M., & Vallerand, R. J. (2020). The role of passion, need satisfaction, and conflict in athletes’ perceptions of burnout. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 48, 101674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101674
Madigan, D. J., Stoeber, J., & Passfield, L. (2015). Perfectionism and burnout in junior athletes: A three-month longitudinal study. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37(3), 305-315. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0266
Martin, E. M., & Horn, T. S. (2013). The role of athletic identity and passion in predicting burnout in adolescent female athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 27(4), 338-348. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.27.4.338
Miquelon, P., Vallerand, R. J., Grouzet, M. E., & Cardinal, G. (2005). Perfectionism, academic Mmotivation, and psychological adjustment: An integrative model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(7), 913-924. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204272298.
Moradi, J., Bahrami, A., & Amir, D. (2020). Motivation for participation in sports based on athletes in team and individual sports. Physical Culture and Sport, 85(1), 14-21. (Persian)
Nikbakhsh, R., Mirzaei, A., & Jahansa, N. (1393). The relationship between personality traits and exercise behaviors:self-determination theory. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10(2), 275-284. (Persian)
Parastatidou, S., Doganis, G., Theodorakis, Y., & Vlachopoulos, S. P. (2012). Exercising with passion: Initial validation of the passion scale in exercise. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 16(2), 119-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2012.657561
Pelletier, L. G., Rocchi, M. A., Vallerand, R. J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Validation of the revised sport motivation scale (SMS-II). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(3), 329-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.12.002
Raedeke, T., & Smith, A. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 23, 281-306. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.23.4.281
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2011). A Self-Determination Theory Perspective on Social, Institutional, Cultural, and Economic Supports for Autonomy and Their Importance for Well-Being. In V. I. Chirkov, R. M. Ryan, & K. M. Sheldon (eds.), (V. I. Chirkov, R. M. Ryan, & K. M. Sheldon, eds.), Human Autonomy in Cross-Cultural Context: Perspectives on the Psychology of Agency, Freedom, and Well-Being (pp. 45-64). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9667-8_3
Vallerand, R. J., Genevie`ve, A., Mageau, C., Maude Le ́onard, B., Koestner, R., Maryle`ne, G., & Jose ́e, M. (2003). Les passions de l’Aˆ me: On obsessive and harmonious passion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(4), 756 –767.
Vallerand, R. J. (2012). The role of passion in sustainable psychological well-being. Psychology of Well-Being: Theory, Research and Practice, 2(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/2211-1522-2-1
Vallerand, Robert J. Ntoumanis, Nikos; Philippe, Frederick L. Lavigne, Geneviève L. Carbonneau, Noémie; Bonneville, Arielle; Lagacé-Labonté, Camille; & Maliha, Gabrielle. (2008). on passion and sports fans: A look at football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(12), 1279-1293. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410802123185
Vallerand, R. J., Rousseau, F. L., Grouzet, M. E., Dumais, A., Grenier, S., & Blanchard, C. M. (2006). Passion in sport: A look at determinants and affective experiences. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 28(4), 454-478. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.28.4.454
Verner-Filion, J., & Vallerand, R. J. (2018). A longitudinal examination of elite youth soccer players: The role of passion and basic need satisfaction in athletes’ optimal functioning. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 39, 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.07.005
_||_Alizadeh, S. & Zeinali, A. (2017). Predicting sport burnout based on competitive anxiety, sport perfectionism and impulsivity in professional athletes. Sport Psychology Studies, 6(22), 99-112. (Persian)
Arce, C., De Francisco, C., Andrade, E., Seoane, G., & Raedeke, T. (2012). Adaptation of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire in a Spanish Sample of Athletes. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15, 1529-36. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n3.39437
Chen, K., Chang, C., & Wang, C. (2019). Frontline employees’ passion and emotional exhaustion: The mediating role of emotional labor strategies. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 76, 163-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.05.006
Courneya, S. & Hellsten, M. (1998). Personality correlates of exercise behavior, motives, barriers and preferences: An application of the five-factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 24(5), 625-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869 (97)00231-6.
Dana, A., Vaezmousavi, S., & Mokhtari, P. (2012). The effect of instructional and motivational self-talk on motor performance in adults and adolescents. Advances in Environmental Biology, 6(3), 981-989.
Dana, A., VaezMousavi, M., & Mokhtari, P. (2012). Relationship between belief in self-talk and motor performance. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2(4), 953-959.
Davis, C., Fox, J., Brewer, H., & Ratusny, D. (1995). Motivations to exercise as a function of personality characteristics, age, and gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 19(2), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869 (95)00030-A
Gilliland, S. W., Steiner, D. & Skarlicki, D. P. (2003). Emerging Perspectives on Values in Organizations. IAP.
Golestaneh, F. (2017). The effect of mindfulness intervention (MPSE) on motivation and burnout in athletes. Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning, 9(2), 273-285. (Persian)
Jafari Siavashani, F., Nikbakhsh, R., & Safania, A. (2018). Validating and normalizing passion questionnaire among athletes. Journal of Psychological Science, 17(68), 471-479. (Persian)
Iskandar Nejad, & Abedini, M. (2017). Comparison of burnout among karate and swimming trainers. Journal of Sport Management and Motor Behavior, 11(22), 85-94. (Persian)
Jafari Siavashani, F., Nikbakhsh, R., Safania, A. (2019). Athletes behaviors with meditation of pride: Based on Passion Model Test. Journal of Psychological Science, 17(72), 907-917. (Persian)
Labbrozzi, D., Robazza, C., Bertollo, M. Bucci, I., & Bortoli, L. (2013). Pubertal development, physical self-perception, and motivation toward physical activity in girls. Journal of Adolescence, 36(4), 759-765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.06.002
Lalande, D., Vallerand, R. J., Lafrenière, Marc-André K. Verner-Filion, J., Laurent, F. Forest, J., & Paquet, Y. (2017). Obsessive passion: A compensatory response to unsatisfied needs: Passion and need satisfaction. Journal of Personality, 85(2), 163-178. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12229
Lopes, M., & Vallerand, R. J. (2020). The role of passion, need satisfaction, and conflict in athletes’ perceptions of burnout. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 48, 101674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101674
Madigan, D. J., Stoeber, J., & Passfield, L. (2015). Perfectionism and burnout in junior athletes: A three-month longitudinal study. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37(3), 305-315. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0266
Martin, E. M., & Horn, T. S. (2013). The role of athletic identity and passion in predicting burnout in adolescent female athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 27(4), 338-348. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.27.4.338
Miquelon, P., Vallerand, R. J., Grouzet, M. E., & Cardinal, G. (2005). Perfectionism, academic Mmotivation, and psychological adjustment: An integrative model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(7), 913-924. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204272298.
Moradi, J., Bahrami, A., & Amir, D. (2020). Motivation for participation in sports based on athletes in team and individual sports. Physical Culture and Sport, 85(1), 14-21. (Persian)
Nikbakhsh, R., Mirzaei, A., & Jahansa, N. (1393). The relationship between personality traits and exercise behaviors:self-determination theory. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10(2), 275-284. (Persian)
Parastatidou, S., Doganis, G., Theodorakis, Y., & Vlachopoulos, S. P. (2012). Exercising with passion: Initial validation of the passion scale in exercise. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 16(2), 119-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2012.657561
Pelletier, L. G., Rocchi, M. A., Vallerand, R. J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Validation of the revised sport motivation scale (SMS-II). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(3), 329-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.12.002
Raedeke, T., & Smith, A. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 23, 281-306. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.23.4.281
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2011). A Self-Determination Theory Perspective on Social, Institutional, Cultural, and Economic Supports for Autonomy and Their Importance for Well-Being. In V. I. Chirkov, R. M. Ryan, & K. M. Sheldon (eds.), (V. I. Chirkov, R. M. Ryan, & K. M. Sheldon, eds.), Human Autonomy in Cross-Cultural Context: Perspectives on the Psychology of Agency, Freedom, and Well-Being (pp. 45-64). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9667-8_3
Vallerand, R. J., Genevie`ve, A., Mageau, C., Maude Le ́onard, B., Koestner, R., Maryle`ne, G., & Jose ́e, M. (2003). Les passions de l’Aˆ me: On obsessive and harmonious passion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(4), 756 –767.
Vallerand, R. J. (2012). The role of passion in sustainable psychological well-being. Psychology of Well-Being: Theory, Research and Practice, 2(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/2211-1522-2-1
Vallerand, Robert J. Ntoumanis, Nikos; Philippe, Frederick L. Lavigne, Geneviève L. Carbonneau, Noémie; Bonneville, Arielle; Lagacé-Labonté, Camille; & Maliha, Gabrielle. (2008). on passion and sports fans: A look at football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(12), 1279-1293. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410802123185
Vallerand, R. J., Rousseau, F. L., Grouzet, M. E., Dumais, A., Grenier, S., & Blanchard, C. M. (2006). Passion in sport: A look at determinants and affective experiences. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 28(4), 454-478. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.28.4.454
Verner-Filion, J., & Vallerand, R. J. (2018). A longitudinal examination of elite youth soccer players: The role of passion and basic need satisfaction in athletes’ optimal functioning. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 39, 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.07.005