As a result of the tendency of the Qajar and Pahlavi kings toward modernity, the lifestyle of Iranians transformed at an incredible speed. The changes in the way of life affected the architecture of the houses and caused shifts in the direction of the desire for extroversion and reducing the amount of privacy. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to study the effect of the spatial organization of houses in creating privacy. Accordingly, the main question of this research is how the concept of privacy in Mashhad houses has been affected by the characteristics of the spatial organization of houses in the transition period. The research method is based on the Space Syntax. In general, the methods used in the current research are divided into two main categories: documentary and field. The statistical population of study includes the houses built from 1895 to 1941, within the historical context of Mashhad. The results show that the houses of Mashhad during the transition period had an introverted spatial organization, which the level of introversion of the houses was gradually reduced. In general, it can be observed that the political, social, and cultural changes in this city quickly and during a short period were represented in the architecture of the houses. Even the presence of an element as powerful as religion could not practically keep the sanctuary of the holy city away from major social changes and transformations, which were taking place at the country level. Manuscript profile

The culture of the West gradually penetrated the traditional Persian world and during transition period (late Qajar and Pahlavi I dynasty), the speed of westernization was doubled. The research problem is that due to changes, the lifestyle has undergone some changes, which has affected in particular housing entrances. This research examines the process of changes in the entrances of houses in eastern Iran during the transition period with an approach towards the principles of privacy. The statistical population includes over 200 identified houses built during the transition period, in the east of Iran. Forty houses (about 20 %) are selected as examples. The results show that the changes in the political, social and cultural structures provided the grounds for changes in the physical structure of cities. For various reasons, the physical changes of houses were less frequent and slower. The people of eastern Iran resisted as much as possible the social and cultural transformation as well as the physical changes it caused. Since the principle of Privacy in architecture is inextricably linked to religious beliefs and the lifestyle of the people of this area, the changes could not eliminate the privacy of entrances of the Iranian eastern houses. Manuscript profile

چکیده پاکیزگی، که از روزگاران کهن اهمیت داشت، با ظهور اسلام، ضرورتی دوچندان یافت و حمام‌ها به تدریج جای خود را در ساختار شهری پیدا کردند. مطالعه سیر تاریخی حمام‌ها، متکی بر مستندات مکتوب است زیرا گرمابه‌ها به دلیل تغییر شرایط اجتماعی، در معرض آسیب و تخریب قرار داشته‌اند. حمام‌های تاریخی مشهد وضعیتی اسفبارتر دارند. متأسفانه از حمام‌های دوره ناصری کمتر اثری برجای مانده است. لذا هدف این تحقیق، بازشناسی حمام‌های مشهد در دوره ناصری بر اساس متون تاریخی و نقشه‌های برجای مانده از آن روزگار است. در مطالعه حاضر از روش تاریخی بهره گرفته شده که اطلاعات لازم را به روش اسنادی و میدانی فراهم آورده شده است. منابع تحقیق عبارتند از متون تاریخی مطلع الشمس و نفوس ارض اقدس، و نقشه جولیس. نتایج تحقیق، نشان از اختلاف تعداد حمام‌ها در سه سند مذکور دارد. دلایل اختلاف، مشخص نبودن مرزهای محله‌ها و غیر بومی بودن جولیس و اعتمادالسلطنه می‌باشد. Manuscript profile