An interpolation technique, ordinary Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), was used to obtain the spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters in Damghan plain of Iran. According to Scofield guidelines for TDS   value, 60% of the water samples were harmful for irrigation purposes. Regarding to EC parameter, more than 60% of studied area was laid in bad range for irrigation purposes. The most dominant anion was Cl- and 10% of water samples showed a very hazardous class. According to  Doneen  guidelines for  chloride value, 100%  of  collected  water  from the  aquifer  had  slight to moderate problems  for  irrigation water purposes. The predominant cations in Damghan plain aquifer were according to Na+> Ca++> Mg++> K+. Sodium ion was the dominant cation and regarding to Na+ content guidelines, almost all groundwater samples had problem for foliar application. Calcium ion distribution was within usual range. The magnesium ion concentration is generally lower than sodium and calcium. The majority of the samples showed   Mg++amount within usual range. Also K+ value ranged from 0.1 to 0.23 meq/L and all the water samples had potassium values within the permissible limit. Based on SAR criterion 80 % of collected water had slight to moderate problems. The SSP values were found from 2.87 to 6.87%. According to SAR value, thirty percent of ground water samples were doubtful class. The estimated amounts of RSC were ranged from 0.4-2 and based on RSC criterion, twenty percent of groundwater samples had slight to moderate problems Manuscript profile

In order to study the freezing resistance of some barley varieties using rates of electrolyte leakage this experiment was carried out on three barley variety, including Reyhan, kavir, and Nosrat. These varieties are the most important varieties that cultivated in Semnan province. For this experiment, barely seeds were sown in small containers. The current experiment was carried out as Factorial experimental design plan based on completely randomized design (CRD).The first factor in this study was barley variety in three levels. The second factor was temperature in 5 levels including +4°C, -4°C, -8°C, -12°C and -15°C. Seedlings in the stage of tillering, was sprayed by water and then were put in the incubator for two hours. Then two gram samples was selected and 20 mm deionized water was added and shakes for 24 hours. Then every day for a week EC in solution was measured. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine significant (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) differences between barley genotypes. The differences between means of barley varieties were inspected using Duncan test . The results showed that the percentage of ion leakage between the three cultivars had significant differences .The effect of temperature on the percentage of ion leakage in all days, had significant difference.The highest percentage of ion leakage measurements on all days was at the -15°C and the lowest percentage of leakage occurred at 4 °c . Kavir variety in comparison with other varieties had lower cold tolerance. Interaction of temperature and genotype factors on ion leakage measurements showed that all varieties had significant differences. Manuscript profile