Airports that once were located out of the city because of the community needs, have gradually created challenges with the physical growth of the city and being surrounded by the urban areas. Inner-city airport on the one hand leads to environmental, social and other issues for residents of the surrounding areas and on the other hand, the airport is in the bottleneck for developmentin line with the increasing growth of cargo and passengers. Organizing inner-city airport issues in its affecting area requires limitation on the functioning of the airport. By reducing the airport performance, air travel demand should be offset through other modes of transport that in addition to responding to passenger demand, improve issues related to the surrounding urban areas. Development of high-speed rail network on an inter-city scale is one of the alternatives for air transport need. The study aimed to investigate the relation between rail and air transportation in Mehrabad inner-city airport to meet air transportation demand and adjusting its negative effects on the surrounding urban areas. Pursuing research objective is based on an approach to study concepts and experiences through the comparative analytical method. The results show that developing high-speed rail transport is an appropriate alternative to air transportation at distances less than 800 km. Finally, by studying and detecting Mehrabad issues in its affected urban area, requirements and the way of developing the rail network in relation to Mehrabad airport are described. Manuscript profile

The necessity of citizen’s participation in the process of cities’ spatial development is obvious. Having the necessary infrastructure to achieve this goal is one of the important challenges for policymakers in urban communities. Requirements for the rights of citizens and residents in the process of city development have been predicted in Iran’s city council election laws which go back to about 100 years ago, at the time of the Constitutional Revolution in Iran. In the current century, the election law of the city councils and villages has undergone some changes and has developed over time. With all these developments and reforms in the city councils’ law, there is still a large gap between the voters (citizens) and the candidates (city council members). The main objective of this research is to analyze the barriers to realization of citizens’ participation in the context of city council election law in the city of Tehran and to propose a solution to eliminate these obstacles and realizing the participation of citizens in the true sense. In this research and in order to achieve the specified objective in the case study of Tehran, descriptive- analytical methodology using logical reasoning techniques were used to analyze the organization, duties and selection of Islamic councils’ law. The results of the analysis of the laws and the study of resources show that the gap between citizens and the urban management (municipal administration) is the absence of citizens' constitutional demands realization mechanism and lack of city council and municipality performance evaluation process by citizens in different districts of Tehran. Manuscript profile