Introduction: A recent over expression model demonstrated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) regulates the expression of fibronectin type III domain containing protein 5 (FNDC5); a novel myokine with a potential role in stimulating brown-fat-like development in white adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks of aerobic training with different intensities on FNDC5 protein in soleus muscle tissue of obese male Wistar rats. Methods: 24 adult rats (weight: 250 to 300 gr, BMI >30g/cm2) were divided into three groups: aerobic training with 70 to 75% Vo2max (moderate intensity), aerobic training with 80 to 85% Vo2max (high intensity) and, control group. All training groups carried out exercise training for 8 weeks running on treadmill (5 sessions/per-week for 60 min per session). After the training period, the level of FNDC5 protein was measured. Statistical test of ANOVA was used for data analysis to determine the difference between groups and post hoc test of Tukey was used for paired comparisons (p≤0.05). Results: The levels of FNDC5 in soleus muscle tissue in both moderate intensity and high intensity aerobic training group increased significantly (P=0.001). Conclusion: According to the results, increasing of FNDC5 as a result of eight weeks of moderate and high intensity aerobic training with moderate and high intensity, it seems that FNDC5 can mediate conversion of white to brown tissue and so affect losing weight and thermogenesis. Manuscript profile

Introduction: Adhesion molecules and lipid profile play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined training (aerobic-resistance) on vascular adhesion molecules and lipid profile in inactive elderly men. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 30 elderly men were divided randomly into three equal groups: resistance group (n=10), aerobic training (n=10) and control groups (n=10). The combined training (aerobic-resistance) included running on a treadmill for 20 minutes per session, 3 sessions per week, for 8 weeks, at an intensity of 60 to 70% of HRR. Furthermore, the resistance training comprised 10 circling stationary movements of leg flexion, leg extension, leg press, scott, underarm stretch, chest press, iron cross with dumbbells, biceps flexion, triceps extension, and rowing motion with rope. This training included an intensity of 60 to 70% of one maximum repetition with extra load and 10 repetitions in 2 successive times with 30-second rest between each repetition and 2-minute rest between each movement. To make intra and between groups comparison, paired and independent sample t-test was used. Results: The levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in both aerobic (p=0.001) and resistance groups (p=0.002) rather than control group reduced significantly. The amount of LDL-C, TG, TC in both aerobic and resistance groups rather than control group reduced significantly; while the levels of HDL-C in both exercise groups increased significantly. However, a significant difference was seen between 3 groups with regard to serum TG, TC and HDL-C levels (P<0.05). Conclusion: The levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in both aerobic and resistance groups compared to control group reduced significantly. Therefore, combined training can be used as a good method to improve inflammatory markers in elderly people. Manuscript profile