Forest grazing of cattle, horse and sheep is allowed under certain strict regulations. Black locust forests have major importance amongst domestic forestry (Central Europe), as their habitat are situated on less productive sand soils. In most cases there are no other option than setting trees next to the grazing areas. Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) leaves and the herbage of Gramineae amongst the trees provide excellent supplemental feed at the beginning and in the last period of grazing season. It can be well integrated into rotational grazing system, thus grazing season can be prolonged with two months. Digestibility of black locust is significantly lower than alfalfa because of its high lignin content. The protein level however is remarkably high (20%) during spring. Despite its lower feeding value it is still a considerable forage due to its role as rumen filling feed, and also because other valuable plants also available during forest grazing. Black locust trees contain poisonous compounds in the crust. Such compounds are robiine and fazine. Diverse rangelands with clump act major role in healthy grassland ecosystems. Foliage provides basic forage and shade at once. Ground water usage of trees also discussed as they might be competitors of the basic grassland association. Manuscript profile

In the summer of 2019 digitally recorded climatic data of shelterbelts and open pastures were compared to create a database. Our aim was to clarify the extent to which the herding needs of free-range flocks in the pasture meet the climatic conditions of the shelterbelts. It is considered important to graze sheep in the grazing forest, as special attention needs to be paid during the daytime due to their low heat stress tolerance, which can increase the comfort zone of sheep, thus ensuring grassland sustainability and increasing grassland diversity. Based on our investigations, it can be concluded that the shelterbelts occupies a key position in the examined area in the daily rhythm of the flock's presence on the pasture. Our results showed that the soil surface temperature measured in the shelterbelt was lower on average 6.44 ° C (p-value: 1.36E-08 at 13:00 hrs.) and 5.18 ° C (p-value: 7.8E-07 at 15:00 hrs.) than in the control area. Our studies also showed that the temperature in the shelterbelt was lower in the early afternoon hours than in the control area (p-value: 0.001 at 13:00 hrs.; and p-value: 0.0007 at 15:00 hrs.). Furthermore, the protective role of the shelterbelt was demonstrated, with a lower wind speed (83% avg.), humidity (13% avg.) and temperature (4% avg.) values. Manuscript profile