The development of an appropriate kinetic model for cracking reactions is essential for simulation and process optimization. These results are to be potentially used for proper reactor design. The complexities of oil gas inlet combinations have led to an increase in the challenges while defining and depicting kinetics on an intrinsic scale. Hence, complicated chemical reaction circumstances are characterized by combining many possible pathways into more modest groups of comparable chemical substances. In addition, cracking kinetic demonstrations is frequently carried out in lumped forms. This is due to the complex nature of the feedstock, which is known to contain enormous hydrocarbon associated with series and parallel reaction networks. The representation of complicated compounds by consolidating a large chemical component into small amounts of apparent components has been generally utilized in industry to generate a straightforward approach to stoichiometry, thermodynamics, and kinetics. Considering the importance of this lumped method, this study focused on studying the development of a kinetic lump approach to solve kinetic problems and cracking mechanisms. Manuscript profile

Modification of sodium montmorillonite was conducted using zirconium phosphate. The effect of a series of phosphate precursors such as dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, and sodium phosphate was observed. The catalyst was used in the conversion of methanol dimethyl ether using 1 g of catalyst at a temperature range of 150-350 ˚C with a Liquid Hourly Space Velocity (LHSV) monitored to 2.54 h−1 and N2 as carrier gas. The product was analyzed directly with a reactor system connected to gas chromatography. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), N2 adsorption-desorption, and Temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD) were utilized to characterize the catalyst. The characterization showed that the modified sodium montmorillonite-zirconium phosphate was successfully synthesized. The study showed that modified montmorillonite using zirconium phosphate significantly increased the catalytic activity of sodium montmorillonite by providing medium and strong acid sites also increased the surface area. The modified sodium montmorillonite-zirconium phosphate from dihydrogen phosphate precursor exhibited the highest catalytic activity with the methanol conversion of 96.76%, dimethyl ether selectivity of 96.8%, and dimethyl ether yield of 93.67%, whereas the modified sodium montmorillonite-zirconium phosphate from diammonium hydrogen phosphate showed good stability towards methanol conversion. Manuscript profile

In this work, diisopropyl ether (DIPE) was produced through catalytic dehydration of isopropanol over zirconium phosphate-modified phosphate modified natural zeolite. The catalyst was prepared via the wet impregnation method. They were tested at 150 ˚C for 3 hours under a reflux system. The effect of zeolite-Zr(H2PO4)4 metal loading and zeolite-Zr without phosphate incorporation on dehydration isopropanol was also assessed. The results showed the natural zeolite was successfully modified as confirmed by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, N2 physisorption, and catalyst acidity by the gravimetric technique. The highest isopropanol conversion (66.73%) was accomplished by 8 mEq/g zeolite-Zr(H2PO4)4 followed by the DIPE yield and selectivity up to 35.81% and 47.8%, respectively. Further reusability investigation showed that zeolite-Zr(H2PO4)4 catalyst provided adequate reusability up to the fourth reused with relatively decreased catalytic activity towards isopropanol dehydration. Manuscript profile