FM bandwidth Modulation is an important parameter in voltage-controlled oscillators. The importance of this parameter is especially evident in cases in which the loop bandwidth of phase locked loops is comparable with the FM bandwidth of the oscillator. In this paper, a practical method for measuring the FM bandwidth of a voltage-controlled oscillator is presented. Manuscript profile

One of the most important components in telecommunication systems and radar activities are frequency synthesizers. Among the important parameters of a frequency synthesizer are phase noise, frequency resolution, programming speed, scanning rate and spur level in the output spectrum of the system. Typically, it is not possible for a frequency synthesizer to reach all of these parameters simultaneously. In other words, there are trade-offs between desired parameters. Among the structures of frequency synthesizers that can be used to achieve the optimal point for these parameters are multi-loop phase lock loop. In this paper, by presenting the noise model of different elements of a frequency synthesizer, simulations related to the achievable phase noise for a sample synthesizer in the X band are presented and finally the results of implementation of a sample synthesizer are presented. Manuscript profile

A component or system's output signal level is often the critical factor in the design and ultimately the purchase and performance of almost all RF and microwave equipment. Because signal power level is so important to the overall system performance, it is critical when specifying the component that builds up the system. Most of power sensors convert high frequency power to a DC or low frequency signal that the power meter can then measure and relate it to a certain RF power level. The three main types of sensors for sensing power are thermistor, thermocouple and diode detector. In this paper, we explain a new method used for power measurement in the frequency range of 10MHz to 1GHz. In this method, a D-type flip-flop was used to convert the main signal to a low frequency signal. Manuscript profile