Evaluation of quantity and quality of Linum usitatissimum L. fatty acids under the influence of boric acid, salicylic acid, and urea foliar application during the day
Subject Areas :
Medicinal Plants
mahtab
pouyanfar
1
(Department of Horticulture, Factuly of Agriculture, Miyaneh branch, Islamic Azad University)
Naser
Mohebalipour
2
(Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture)
Hassan
Nourafcan
3
(Department of Horticulture, Factuly of Agriculture, Miyaneh branch,
Islamic Azad University)
Ali
Faramarzi
4
(Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture)
Received: 2021-08-29
Accepted : 2021-11-03
Published : 2021-12-18
Keywords:
Foliar application,
nutrients,
n-Hexane,
alpha-linolenic acid,
Linum usitatissimum L,
Abstract :
Linum usitatissimum L. is one of the most important oilseed crops in the world and moreover, its oil is a valuable source of essential fatty acids composed of omega-3 such as alpha-linolenic acid. This plant is sensitive to fertilizer that is poured near the stem. Therefore, foliar application of nutrients is used as an efficient method with a major impact on the growth, quantity and quality of active ingredients in this product. This factorial experiment was performed based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Medicinal Plants Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh Branch, during 2019 to assess the effect of foliar application of different concentrations of boric acid, salicylic acid and urea at different hours of the day on increasing the quantity and quality of essential fatty acids. Treatments were applied at ten-day intervals in three periods after the beginning of flowering and the final harvest was performed to extract the oil with N-hexane solvent after capsule maturity. The percentage of fatty acid profile of flaxseed oil were determined using GC and GC-MS connected to mass spectrometer. Based on the results, the foliar application 50 mg/l salicylic acid on the percentage of alpha-linolenic acid and 3 liters of boric acid on linoleic acid after sunset, and 100 mg/l salicylic acid on eicosadienoic acid before sunrise and 5 g/l urea on palmitoleic acid after sunset were effective. Therefore, a combination of environmental effects on the plant before and during foliar application and plant physiology during and after uptake determines the effect of foliar application.
References:
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Bakry, B.A., El-Hariri D.M., Sadak, M. and El-Bassiouny, H.M.S. 2012. Drought stress mitigation by foliar application of salicylic acid in two linseed varieties grown under newly reclaimed sandy soil. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 8(7): 3503-3514.
Baux, A., Colbach, N., Allirand, J.M., Jullien, A., Ney, B. and Pellet, D. 2013. Insights into temperature effects on the fatty acid composition of oilseed rape varieties. European Journal of Agronomy, 49: 12–19.
Borowski, E. and Michałek, S. 2008. The effect of nitrogen form and air temperature during foliar fertilization on gas exchange, the yield and nutritive value of spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Folia Horticulturae Journal, 20(2): 17-27.
Brdar-Jokanovic, M. 2020. Boron toxicity and deficiency in agricultural plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(4): 1424.
Bunga, A.P. and Patlolla, P.R. 2020. Linseed (Linnum usitatissimum) an oilseed crop with potential to be used in many ways: review article. Acta Scientific Agriculture, 4(10): 42-46.
Ezati, N., Maleki, A. and Fathi, A. 2020. Effect of drought stress and spraying of gibberellic acid and salicylic acid on the quantitative and qualitative yield of Canola (Brassica napus). Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 14(56): 96-109. (in Persian).
Fernández, V., Sotiropoulos, T. and Brown, P. 2012. Foliar fertilization scientific principles and field practices. International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA) Paris, France, p: 53-70.
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Ghobadi, R., Rostami Ahmadvandi, H., Zeinodini, A. and Akbarabadi, A. 2021. Nutritional properties and benefits of camelina oil and meal. Agrotechniques in Industrial Crops, 1(2): 71-76.
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Motesharezade, B., Rezaezadeh, S. and Fekri, M. 2016. The effect of nitrogen application on Boron toxicity reduction in pistachio (Pistacia vera Badami-Zarand Saplings). Journal of Water and Soil (Agricultural Science and Technology), 30(2): 472-483. (In Persian).
Mahmoodi Sourestani, M. 2016. The study on diurnal changes in leaf gas exchange of lemon balm, Catnip, Holy basil and Sweet basil in Ahvaz. Journal of Horticultural Science, 30(3): 395-405.
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Noreen, S. and Ashraf, M. 2010. Modulation of salt (NaCl)-induced effects on oil composition and fatty acid profile of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) by exogenous application of salicylic acid. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90(15): 2608-2616.
Orbovic, V., Achor, D., Petracek, P. and Syvertsen, J.P. 2001. Air temperature, humidity, and leaf age affect penetration of Urea through grapefruit leaf cuticles. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 126(1): 44–50.
Patil, B. and Chetan, H.T. 2018. Foliar fertilization of nutrients. Marumegh, 3(1): 49-53.
Parwaiz Alam, Md., Menka, K., Sulochna, Md., Naiyar, A. and Lakra, R.K. 2020. Effect of zinc and boron on uptake, yield and quality of linseed (Linum usitatissimum). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9(12): 3512-3519.
Pettigrew, W.T. 2008. Potassium influences on yield and quality production for maize, wheat, soybean and cotton. Physiology Plant, 133: 670-681.
Piva, G.S., Weschenfelder, T.A., Franceschi, E., Cansian, R.L., Paroul, N. and Steffens, C. 2018. Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) oil extraction
using different solvents. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 56(3): 366–372.
Rahimi, M. and Nourmohammadi, G. 2010. Effects of planting date and different nitrogen level on linseed (Linum usitatissimum). Crop Production in Environmental Stress, 2(1-2(serial 4)): 11-22. (In Persian).
Rasouli, D., Solouki, M., Fakheri, B.A. and Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi., S. 2014. The effect of manganese and salicylic acid on gene expression of Menthone reductase and menthol content in Mentha piperita. Genetic Engineering and Biosafety Journal, 3(1): 1-8. (in Persian).
Reed, D.W. and Tukey, H.B.J.R. 1982. Light intensity and temperature effects on epicuticular wax morphology and internal cuticle ultrastructure of carnation and Brussels sprouts leaf cuticles. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 107: 417-420.
Rojo, J., Orlandi, F., Ben Dhiab, A., Lara, B., Picornell, A., Oteros, J., Msallem, M., Fornaciari, M. and Pérez-Badia, R. 2020. Estimation of chilling and heat accumulation periods based on the timing of olive pollination. Forests, 11: 835.
Stover, E.W. and Greene, D.W. 2005. Environmental effects on the performance of foliar applied plant growth regulators: a review focusing on tree fruits. Hort Technology, 15(2): 214-221.
Sabokroofoomani, K., Safarzadeh, M., Ranjbarchoobeh, M., Daneshian, J. and Sabokroofoomani, K. 2020. Effect of time and values of methanol foliation on growth and yield of Coker 347 type tobacco. New Findings in Agriculture, 4(3(15)): 217-229. (in Persian).
Saeidi, G. 2002. Effect of seeding date on seed yield and yield components in edible oil genotypes of flax in Isfahan. Water and Soil Science (Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources), 6(3): 175-187. (in Persian).
Tadesse, T., Singh, H. and Weyessa, B. 2009. Correlation and pathccoefficient analysis among seed yield traitsand oil content in ethiopian linseed germplasm. International Journal of Sustainable Crop Production, 4: 8-16.
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Andronie, L., Pop, I.D., Sobolu, R., Diaconeasa, Z., Truţă, A., Cristina, H. and Ancuta R. 2021. Characterization of flax and hemp using spectrometric methods. Applied Sciences, 11(18):8341.
Bakry, B.A., El-Hariri D.M., Sadak, M. and El-Bassiouny, H.M.S. 2012. Drought stress mitigation by foliar application of salicylic acid in two linseed varieties grown under newly reclaimed sandy soil. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 8(7): 3503-3514.
Baux, A., Colbach, N., Allirand, J.M., Jullien, A., Ney, B. and Pellet, D. 2013. Insights into temperature effects on the fatty acid composition of oilseed rape varieties. European Journal of Agronomy, 49: 12–19.
Borowski, E. and Michałek, S. 2008. The effect of nitrogen form and air temperature during foliar fertilization on gas exchange, the yield and nutritive value of spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Folia Horticulturae Journal, 20(2): 17-27.
Brdar-Jokanovic, M. 2020. Boron toxicity and deficiency in agricultural plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(4): 1424.
Bunga, A.P. and Patlolla, P.R. 2020. Linseed (Linnum usitatissimum) an oilseed crop with potential to be used in many ways: review article. Acta Scientific Agriculture, 4(10): 42-46.
Ezati, N., Maleki, A. and Fathi, A. 2020. Effect of drought stress and spraying of gibberellic acid and salicylic acid on the quantitative and qualitative yield of Canola (Brassica napus). Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 14(56): 96-109. (in Persian).
Fernández, V., Sotiropoulos, T. and Brown, P. 2012. Foliar fertilization scientific principles and field practices. International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA) Paris, France, p: 53-70.
Ganjineh, E., Babaii, F., Mozafari, A., Heydari, M. and Naseri, R. 2019. Effect of urea, compost, manure and bio-fertilizers on yield, percentage and composition of fatty acids of sesame seed oil (Sesamum indicum). Journal of Cellular and Molecular Biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France), 65(5): 64-72.
García-Inza, G.P., Hall, A.J. and Rousseaux, M.C. 2018. Proportion of oleic acid in olive oil as influenced by the dimensions of the daily temperature oscillation. Scientia Horticulturae, 227: 305–312.
Ghobadi, R., Rostami Ahmadvandi, H., Zeinodini, A. and Akbarabadi, A. 2021. Nutritional properties and benefits of camelina oil and meal. Agrotechniques in Industrial Crops, 1(2): 71-76.
Green, A. 2000. Variation for oil quantity and quality in linseed. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 32(4): 599-607.
Harper, C.R., Edwards, M.J., DeFilipis, A.P. and Jacobson, T. 2006. Flaxseed oil increases the plasma concentrations of cardioprotective (n–3) fatty acids in humans. The Journal of Nutrition, 136(1): 83-87.
Hamidi Moghadam, A., Fakhr Tabatabai, S.M. Kashi, A. and Omidbegi, R. 2010. The effect of boric acid foliar application on the amount of boron accumulated in the seeds and some active compounds of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo Pepo var. Styriaca). National Conference on Medicinal Plants, Sari, Academic Jihad, Mazandaran Branch. (in Persian).
Izadi, Z. and Tadayoun, M.R. 2015. Effect of salicylic acid and spermine on yield and yield components of castor seed (Ricinus communis) under drought stress conditions. Journal of Environmental Stresses in Crop Science, 8(2): 167-159. (in Persian).
Jakovljevic, D., Momcilovic, J., Bojovic, B., and Stankovic, M. 2021. The Short term metabolic modulation of basil (Ocimum basilicum cv. ‘Genovese’) after exposure to cold or heat. Plants, 10: 590.
Khajehpour, M. 2010. Industrial plants. University Jihad, Isfahan Branch. Chapter 9, p: 300-280. (in Persian).
Khani Basiri, H., Sedghi, M. and Seyed Sharifi, R. 2017. Effect of salicylic acid on the quality of edible oil and fatty acids composition in different regions of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) heads. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, 8(1): 2285-2292.
Motesharezade, B., Rezaezadeh, S. and Fekri, M. 2016. The effect of nitrogen application on Boron toxicity reduction in pistachio (Pistacia vera Badami-Zarand Saplings). Journal of Water and Soil (Agricultural Science and Technology), 30(2): 472-483. (In Persian).
Mahmoodi Sourestani, M. 2016. The study on diurnal changes in leaf gas exchange of lemon balm, Catnip, Holy basil and Sweet basil in Ahvaz. Journal of Horticultural Science, 30(3): 395-405.
Mishra, D.K. and Awasthi, H. 2021. Quality evaluation of flaxseed obtained from different locations. Biology and Life Sciences Forum, 4(1):70.
Noreen, S. and Ashraf, M. 2010. Modulation of salt (NaCl)-induced effects on oil composition and fatty acid profile of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) by exogenous application of salicylic acid. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90(15): 2608-2616.
Orbovic, V., Achor, D., Petracek, P. and Syvertsen, J.P. 2001. Air temperature, humidity, and leaf age affect penetration of Urea through grapefruit leaf cuticles. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 126(1): 44–50.
Patil, B. and Chetan, H.T. 2018. Foliar fertilization of nutrients. Marumegh, 3(1): 49-53.
Parwaiz Alam, Md., Menka, K., Sulochna, Md., Naiyar, A. and Lakra, R.K. 2020. Effect of zinc and boron on uptake, yield and quality of linseed (Linum usitatissimum). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9(12): 3512-3519.
Pettigrew, W.T. 2008. Potassium influences on yield and quality production for maize, wheat, soybean and cotton. Physiology Plant, 133: 670-681.
Piva, G.S., Weschenfelder, T.A., Franceschi, E., Cansian, R.L., Paroul, N. and Steffens, C. 2018. Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) oil extraction
using different solvents. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 56(3): 366–372.
Rahimi, M. and Nourmohammadi, G. 2010. Effects of planting date and different nitrogen level on linseed (Linum usitatissimum). Crop Production in Environmental Stress, 2(1-2(serial 4)): 11-22. (In Persian).
Rasouli, D., Solouki, M., Fakheri, B.A. and Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi., S. 2014. The effect of manganese and salicylic acid on gene expression of Menthone reductase and menthol content in Mentha piperita. Genetic Engineering and Biosafety Journal, 3(1): 1-8. (in Persian).
Reed, D.W. and Tukey, H.B.J.R. 1982. Light intensity and temperature effects on epicuticular wax morphology and internal cuticle ultrastructure of carnation and Brussels sprouts leaf cuticles. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 107: 417-420.
Rojo, J., Orlandi, F., Ben Dhiab, A., Lara, B., Picornell, A., Oteros, J., Msallem, M., Fornaciari, M. and Pérez-Badia, R. 2020. Estimation of chilling and heat accumulation periods based on the timing of olive pollination. Forests, 11: 835.
Stover, E.W. and Greene, D.W. 2005. Environmental effects on the performance of foliar applied plant growth regulators: a review focusing on tree fruits. Hort Technology, 15(2): 214-221.
Sabokroofoomani, K., Safarzadeh, M., Ranjbarchoobeh, M., Daneshian, J. and Sabokroofoomani, K. 2020. Effect of time and values of methanol foliation on growth and yield of Coker 347 type tobacco. New Findings in Agriculture, 4(3(15)): 217-229. (in Persian).
Saeidi, G. 2002. Effect of seeding date on seed yield and yield components in edible oil genotypes of flax in Isfahan. Water and Soil Science (Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources), 6(3): 175-187. (in Persian).
Tadesse, T., Singh, H. and Weyessa, B. 2009. Correlation and pathccoefficient analysis among seed yield traitsand oil content in ethiopian linseed germplasm. International Journal of Sustainable Crop Production, 4: 8-16.
