Chemical composition, anti-fungal properties, anti-oxidant activity and cytotoxicity of Thymus daenensis Celak. essential oil

Subject Areas : Medicinal Plants

abdelnasser mohammadi kholami ¹ (Assistant Professor of Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran)
Sima Shiravand ² (Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran)
Katrin Ebrahimi ³ (3Department of Biology, Payam-e-Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran)

Received: 2017-10-21 Accepted : 2018-02-25 Published : 2018-08-23

Keywords: Thymus daenensis, Cytotoxicity, Antifungal activity, Essential oil,

Abstract :

Thyme daenensis, scientifically known as Thymus daenensis Celak belongs to the Lamiaceae family. The aerial part of Thymus daenensis encompasses phenolic compounds and has powerful antifungal and antioxidant properties. Due to its potential to produce the secondary metabolites, it also has anti-mutation and anti-cancer properties. In this study, in order to investigate the phytochemicals, antioxidant, antifungal properties and also the cell cytotoxicity, the aerial parts of Thymus daenensis were collected from Zagheh area in Lorestan province Khorramabad, in June 2017. The chemical compounds of the essential oil were extracted using water distillation and analyzed using Chromatography (GC) and Gass Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Broth microdilution, MTT, and DPPH methods were utilized to determine the antifungal and antioxidant properties and cell cytotoxicity, respectively. In the essential oil, the most significant compounds were thymol (24.7%) and carvacrol (38.5%) and the Minimum inhibitory concentration against Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger were respectively 0.5 and 1 μg/ml. The radical inhibitory effect increased as the density of the essential oil increased (IC50=63/23). The MTT assay indicated that the impact of the essential oil cytotoxicity on human lymphocyte cells was insignificant. According to the results obtained, it can be concluded that the essential oil of Thymus daenensis, as one of Iran’s indigenous plants, has considerable antioxidant properties that have potential to be used in pharmaceutical industrieTs and act as a good candidate in the fungal diseases’ treatment.

References:

.Ahmad, A., Khan, A., Yousuf, S., Khan, L.A. and Manzoor, N. 2010. Proton translocating ATPase mediated fungicidal activity of eugenol and thymol. Fitoterapia, 81: 1157-62.

 2.Ajith, T.A. and Janardhanan, K.K. 2007. Indian medicinal mushroom as a source of antioxidant and antitumor agents. Journal Clin. Biochem. Nutr., 40(3): 157-62.

3.Amin, Gh.R. 2002. The most common traditional medicinal plants of Iran. Tehran: Tehran University of  Medical Sciences and  Health Services.

4.Ayoghi, F., Bazgarfaravi., M, Sahari, M.A. and Naghdibody, H.A. 2009.  Antioxidant activity of essential oil Anethum graveolens in soybean oil and its comparison with chemical antioxidants. Iranian Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2(30): 71-83.

5.Borra, S.K., Gurumurthy, P., Mahendra, J., Jayamathi, K.M., Cherian, C.N. and Chand, R. 2013. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of curcumin determined by using different in vitro and ex vivo models. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 7(36): 2680-2690.

6.Braga, P.C., Alfieri, M., Culici, M. and Dal Sasso, M. 2007. Inhibitory activity of thymol against the formation and viability of Candida albicans hyphae. Mycoses, 50(6): 502-506.

7.Chakraborty, A., Marak, R.S.K., Sing, S., Gupta, S.O., Hurst, S.F. and Padhye, A.A. 2006. Brain abscess due to Aspergillus nidulans. Journal of Medical Mycology, 16: 100-104.

8.Chang, K.H., Park, J.S., Choi, J.H., Kim, C.J. and Paik, H.D. 2007. Cytotoxic effects of partially purified substances from Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD supernatant toward a varity of tumor cell lines. Food Sci. Biotechnol, 16:163-6.

9.CLSI. 2008. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi; Approved Standard-Second Edition. CLSI document M38-A2 .Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.

 10.Dadashpour, M., Rasooli, I., Sefidkon, F., Taghizadeh, M. and Darvish Alipour Astaneh, S. 2011. Comparison of Ferrous Ion Chelating, Free Radical Scavenging and Anti Tyrosinase Properties of Thymus daenensis Essential Oil with Commercial Thyme Oil and Thymol. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 19(77): 41-52.

11.Dadashpour, M., Rasooli, I., Sorouri, Z.R., Sefidkon, F., Taghizadeh, M. and Darvish, S.A.A. 2011. Antimicrobial, nitric oxide radical scavenging and cytotoxic properties of Thymus daenensis essential oil. Modarres Journal Medical. Sciences, 14(1): 37–47.

 12.Dubey, A., Patwardhan, R.V., Sampth, S., Santoshi, V., Kolluri, S. and Nanda, A. 2006. Intracranial fungal granuloma: analysis of 40 patients and review of the literature.Surgical Neurology, 63: 254-260.

 13.Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Bahmani, M. and Avijgan, M. 2009a. Anti-candida activity of Iranian medicinal plants. Electric Journal Biotechnologhy, 5: 85-88.

 14.Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Taheri, M., Raisee, M., Bahrami, H.R. and Abdizadeh, R. 2009c. In vitro antifungal activity of plant extracts on Saprolegnia parasitica from cutaneous lesion of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs. Journal Food Agric Environ, 7: 94-96.

15.Haghiroalsadat, F., Vahidi, A., Sabor, M.H. Azimzadeh,  M.,   Kalantar, S.M. and Faldini,  M.S. 2011. Bunium persicum(Green Caraway) native of Yazd province: chemical assessment and Evaluation of its antioxidant effects. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,19(4): 472-481.

16.Karimi, A., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Malekpoor, F., Yousefi, M. and Golparvar, A.R. 2010. Evaluation of ecotype and chemotype diversity of Thymus daenensis Celak. on Isfahan and Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari provinces. Journal of Herbal Drugs (An International Journal on Medicinal Herbs), 1(3): 1-10.

17.Khan, M.S.A. and Ahmad, I. 2011. Antifungal activity of essential oils and their synergy with fluconazole against drug-resistant strains of Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton rubrum. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 90(3): 1083-1094.

 18.Khoshsokhan, F., Babalar, M., Pourmeidani, A. and Fatahi, M. 2015. antioxidant activity, total phenolics and oil content of some Thymus kotschyanus and thymus daenensis populations. Plant Production Technology, 15(1): 153-162.

 19.Kim, J., Woo, H.J., Kim, Y.S., Kim, K.H. and Lee, H.J. 2003. Cell cycle dysregulation induced by cytoplasmic of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis in SNUC2A, a colon cancer cell line. Nutr Cancer, 46:197-201.

 20.Kris-Etherton, P.M., Hecker, K.D., Bonanome, A., Coval, S.M., Binkoski, A.E., Hilpert, K.F., Griel, A.E. and Etherton, T.D. 2002. Bioactive compounds in foods: their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. The American journal of medicine, 113(9): 71-88.

 21.Mashjur, S., Azan, Z., Kazemian, E. and Biniaze, M. 2016. Evaluation of cytotoxic effects of Medicinal plant extracts of Thyme and Satureja on Artemia salina. Scientific Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 5(3): 145-150.

22.Mehran, M., Hosseini, H., Hatami, A., Taghizade, M. and Safaei, A. 2015. Evaluation of essential oil compounds of seven species of Thyme and comparing their antioxidant properties. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 15(2): 135-140.

 23.Mohammadi, A., Amiri, H., Khodayari, H.,  Zarei, A., Eghbali, D. and Azarbani, F. 2015. Study of Phytochemical and anti-Candidiasis of essential oil of Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas against Candida species in three growth steps. Journal of Ecophytochemistry of Medicinal Plants, 3(2): 8-17.

24.Moshafi, M.H. Mansouri, S., Sharififar, F. and Khoshnoodi, M. 2007. Antibacterial  and antioxiidant effect of the essential oil and extract of Zataria multiflora Bioss. Journal Food Science and Technology. 14: 33-43.

25.Nickavar, B. and Esbati, N. 2012. Evaluation of the antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of three Thymus species. Journal of acupuncture and meridian studies, 5(3): 119-125.

26.Nikavar, B., Mojab, F. and Doolatabadi, R. 2004. Study of component of Thymus daenensis flowering branches. Iranian Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4(13): 45-49.

27.Rahimmalek, M. and Goli, S.A.H. 2013. Evaluation of six drying treatments with respect to essential oil yield, composition and color characteristics of Thymys daenensis subsp. daenensis. Celak leaves. Industrial Crops and Products, 42: 613–619.

 28.Rahimmalek, M., Bahreininejad, B., Khorrami, M. and Sayed Tabatabaei, B.E. 2009b. Genetic variability and geographical differentiation in Thymus daenensis subsp. daenensis Cleak, an endangered aromatic and medicinal plant as revealed by Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. Biochem Genet, 47: 831-842.

  29.Rustaiee, A., Sefidkon, F., Tabatabaei, S.M.F., Omidbaigi, R. and Mirahmadi, S.F. 2011. Chemical polymorphism of essential oils from five populations of Thymus daenensis Celak. subsp. Daenensis endemic to Iran. Journal Essent Oil Research, 23(3): 6–11.

 30.Sadeghi, S.F., Sazegar, H. and Ghasemi, P.A. 2016. Cytotoxic effect of  hydroalcholic extracts of Kelussia odaratissm. Pars Journal of Medical Sciences, 14(2): 59-67.

 31.Safaei, L., Sharifi Ashoorabadi, E and Afuni, D. 2017. Effect of application of chemical fertilizers, livestock and their integration on the performance of compounds   Phytochemical Essential Oil of Medicinal Herbs Thymus daenensis Celak. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 5(2): 13-24.

 32.Saidi, M. 2014. Antioxidant activities and chemical composition of essential oils from Satureja khuzestanica, Oliveria decumbens and Thymus daenensis. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 17(3): 513-521.

33.Talebi, E., I. Nasrollahi, I., Khosravinezhad, M., Shivakumar, S. and  Nemati, Z. 2017. A comparative analysis of some essential oil plant species, composition, antimicrobial properties and their applicability in the field of drug discovery - a review. International Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 2(2):77-82.

 34.Teimouri, M., 2012. Antimicrobial activity and essential oil composition of Thymus daenensis Celak from Iran. J Med Plants Res, 6(4): 631–635.