Effect of Pix regulator on growth parameters of antioxidant enzymes and oxidative indices of seedlings of two cultivars of Sahel and Shayan cotton plant (Gossypium spp.) under different drought levels
Subject Areas : Geneticshahrbano ghafouri 1 , maryam niakan 2 , omran alishah 3 , Mohammad Reza Zangi 4
1 - Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan Branch, Gorgan, Iran
2 - Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan Branch, Gorgan, Iran
3 - National Cotton Research Institute, Research, Agricultural Education, and Promotion Organization, Gorgan, Iran
4 - National Cotton Research Institute, Research, Agricultural Education, and Promotion Organization, Gorgan, Iran
Keywords: Stress, antioxidant enzyme, Cotton, Morphophysiological indices, mepiquat chloride,
Abstract :
Mepiquat chloride (PIX) is an important management tool to reduce stress damage in cotton plants during germination. In this study, the effects of different drought levels and the amount of mepiquat chloride (PIX) were investigated on growth indices and antioxidant enzymes as well as the malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents of seedlings in two cotton cultivars under laboratory conditions. The study was laid in a completely randomized design using 0, 5, and 10 g/l Pix and also under different drought levels using 0, -4, and -8 bar polyethylene glycol 6000 in petri dishes on two cultivars of cotton plant, namely Sahel (drought sensitive) and Shayan (drought resistant). Germination indices as well as physiological parameters of seedlings were measured under drought and Pix treatment after 4 days. Results showed that the use of Pix increased the germination percentage, root length, dry and fresh weights of seedlings, and the activity of peroxidase and catalase enzymes of cotton cultivars under drought stress while drought stress alone reduced these parameters. Drought also increased oxidative indices such as malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in seedlings of Sahel and Shayan cultivars while Pix application reduced these indices. In general, the results of this study showed that the use of Pix improved growth responses and antioxidant system of the two cotton cultivars and the response of cultivar Shayan was better than Sahel.
Albers, D.W. and Cothren, J.T. (1981). Electrical conductivity, ion leakage, and subsequent germination studies on cotton seed treated with mepiquat chloride. Proc. Eighth Ann. Plant Growth Regul. Soc. Am. Plant Growth Regulator Soc. Am., Lake Alfred, FL. Pp. 23.
Alishah, O., Niakan, M. and Ghafouri, M. (2012). The effect of pixel regulator priming on growth parameters and antioxidant system of cotton seedlings in different levels of salinity. Journal of Iranian Plant Research, 23(6): 22-33.
Anjum, S.A., Saleem, M.F., Cheema, M.A., Bilal, M.F. and Khaliq, T. (2012). An assessment to vulnerability, extent, characteristics and severity of drought hazard in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Science. 64(2): 138-145.
Arbona, V., Manzi, M., De Ollas, C. and Cadenas, G.A. (2013). Metabolomics as a tool to investigate abiotic stress tolerance in plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14: 4885-911.
Aslezaeem, F., Niknam, V., Ebrahimzadeh, H. and Sharifi, G. (2017). Comparative study of drought stress and salicylic acid effects on different accessions of saffron (Crocus Sativus L.). Journal of Iranian Plant Research , 29(4): 717-729.
Beltagi, M.S. (2008). Exogenous ascorbic acid (vitamin C) induced anabolic changes for salt tolerance in chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants. African Journal of Plant Science, 2(10): 118-123.
Chance, B. and Machly, C. (1995). Assay of catalase and peroxidase.Methodes Enzymology. 11:764-755
Dietz, K.J. and Pfannschmidt, T. (2011). Novel regulators in photosynthetic redox control of plant metablism and gene expression. Plant Physiology. 155: 1477-1485.
Fernandez, C.J., Cothren, J.T. and Mcinnes, K.J. (1991). Partitioning of biomass in well watered and water stressed cotton plants treated with Mepiquat Chloride. Crop Science. 31: 1224-1228.
Furukawa, S., Fujita, T., Shimabukuro, M., Iwaki, M., Yamada, Y., Nakajima,Y., Nakayama,O., Makishima,M., Matsuda,M. and Shimomura, L. (2017). "Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome." The Journal of clinical investigation 114(12): 1752-1761.
Ghaderi, A.A., Fakheri, B.A. and Mahdi Nezhad, N. (2018). Evaluation of the morphological and physiological traits of thyme under water deficit stress and foliar application of ascorbic acid. Journal of Crops Improvement. 13: 21-29
Guo, Z., Lu, W. Ou, S. and Zhong, Q.(2006). Differential responses of antioxidative system to chilling and drought in four rice cultivars differing in sensitivity. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 44: 828-836.
Gupta, A., Dadlani, M., Arun Kumar, M.B., Roy, M., Naseem, M., Choudhary, VK. and Maiti, R.K. (2008). Seed priming: the aftermath. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB). 1: 199-209.
Habibi, D., Mashdi Akbar Boojar, M., Mahmoudi, A., Ardakani, M.R. and Taleghani, D. (2004). Antioxidative enzyme in sunflower subjected to drought stress. 4th International Crop Science Congress,Brisbane,Australia, 26 September-1Octobr pp. 1-4.
Heidari, N., poryosof, M. and Tavakoli, A. (2015). Effects of drought stress on photosynthesis, its parameters and relative water content of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). Journal of Plants researches, 27(5): 829-839.
Harris, D., Rashid, A., Miraj, G., Arif, M. and Shah, H. (2007). Priming seeds with zinc sulphate solution increases yield of maize (Zea mais L.) on zinc-deficient soils. Field Crops Reserch, 102:119-127.
Iqbal, M. and Ashraf, M. (2007). Seed preconditioning modulates growth, ionic relations, and photosynthetic capacity in adult plants of hexaploid wheat under salt stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 30(3): 381-396.
Iqbal, M., Nissar, N., Khan, R.S.A. and Hayat, K. (2005). Contribuition of mepiquat chloride in drought tolerance in cotton seedlings. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 4(5): 530-532.
Jafari, M., Saadatmand, S., Zangi, M.R. and Iranbakhsh, A.R. (2018). Effect of pix (mepiquat chloride) on the salinity resistance of the new cultivars of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the seedling stage. Applied Ecology and Enviromental Reserch, 16(4): 4097-4114.
Jaleel, C.A., Manivannan, P., Wahid, A., Farooq, M., Somasundaram, R.and Panneerselvam, R. (2009). Drought stress in plants: a review on morphological characteristics and pigments composition International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 11:100-5.
Kamaran, S., Imran, M., Khan, T.M., Munir, M.Z., Rashid, M.A. and Muneer,M.A. (2016). Genetic studies of genotypic responses to water stress in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research . 8(6): 1-9.
Keyhani, J., Keyhani, E. and Kamali, J.(2002). Thermal Stability of Catalases Active in Dormant Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Corms. Molecular Biology Reports, 29:125-128.
Kheradmand, M.A., Shahmoradzadeh Fahraji, S., Fatahi, E. and Raoofi, M.M. (2014). Effect of water stress on oil yield and some characteristics of Brassica napus. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 8: 1447–53.
Koroi, S.A.A. (1989). Gel elektrophores tische and spectral photometris chose unter unchngen zomein fiusee der temperature auf straktur and peroxidase isoenzyme. Physiological Vegetables, 20:15-23.
Liu, Z., Zhou, T., Ziegler, A.C., Dimitrion, P. and Zuo, L. (2017). Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases: from molecular mechanisms to clinical applications. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. Pp. 55
Loreto, F. and Velikova, V.(2001). Isoprene produced by leaves protects the photosynthetic apparatus against ozone damage, quenches ozone products, and reduces lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes. Journal of Plant Physiology, 127: 1781-1787.
Mafakheri, A., Siosemardeh, A., Bahramnejad, B., Struik, P.C. and Sohrabi, E. (2010). Effect of drought stress on yield, proline and chlorophyll contents in three chickpea cultivars. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 4: 580–5.
Michel, B.E. and Kaufmann, M.R. (1973). The Osmotic Potential of Polyethylene Glycol 6000. Plant Physiology, 51: 914-916
Mittler, R. (2002). Oxidative stress , antioxidant and stress tolerance. Annual Reviews in Plant Science, 7: 405-415.
Mohanty, N. (2003). Photosynthetic characteristics and enzymatic antioxidant capacity of flag leaf and the grain yield in two cultivars of Triticum aestivum (L.) exposed to warmer growth conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology, 160: 71-74.
Nascimento,W.M. and Aragao, F.A.S.(2004). Muskmelon seed priming in relation to seed vigor. Scientia Agricola . 61(1):114-117.
Niakan, M., Habibi, A.R. and Ghorbanli,M.(2012). Study of Pix regulator effect on physiological responses in cotton plant. Annals of Biological Research, 3 (11): 5229-5235
Oosterhuis, D.and Robertson, W. (2000). The Use of plant Growth Regulators And Other Additives In Cotton Production Proceeding of the 2000 Cotton Research Meeting
Pace, P.F., Cralle, H.T., El-Halawany, S.H.M., Cothren, J.T. and Senseman, S.A. (1999). Drought-induced changes in shoot and root growth of young cotton plants. 3:183-187.
Parida, A.K., Dagaonkar, V.S., Phalak, M.S. and Aurangabadkar, L.P.(2008). Differential responses of the enzymes involved in proline biosynthesis and degradation in drought tolerant and sensitive cotton genotypes during drought stress and recovery. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 30(5): 619-627.
Pilon, C., Oosterhuis, D.M., Ritchie, G.L. and Paiva, E.A. (2015). photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant activity of cotton under drought stress during early floral Bud development. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 9(6): 1-13
Plaut, Z., Carmi, A. and Grava, A. (1996). Cotton root and shoot response to subsurface drip irrigation and partial wetting of the upper soil profile. Irrigation Science . 16 (3):107-113..
Rahdari, P. and Hoseini, S.M. (2012). Drought stress: a review. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 3: 443-6.
Ravash, R., Shiran, B., Ebrahimi, E. and Houshmand, S. (2013). Study of S-Like RNase expression in wheat and its wild relatives under drought stress. Agricultural Biotechnology Journal. 5(1): 27-38
Salehi-lisar, S.Y., Motafakkerazad, R., Hossain, M.M. and Rahman, I.M.M. (2012). Water stress in plants:causes, effects and responses, water stress. In: Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman, editor. InTech. 1: 290-297
Salvino, C.H., Meneses, G., Bruno, R.L.A., Fernandes, P.D., Pereira, W.E., Lima, L.H., Lima, M.M. and Vida, M.S. (2011). Germination of cotton cultivar seeds under water stress induced by polyethyleneglycol-6000. Scientia Agricola . 68(2):131-138.
Sun, Y., Niu, G., Zhang, J. and Vallethe, P.D. (2015). Growth responses of an interspecific cotton breeding line and its parents to controlled drought using an automated irrigation system. Journal of Cotton Science. 19: 290-297
Vaidyanthan, H., Sivakumar, P., Chakrabarty, R.and Thomas, G. (2003). Scavenging of reactive oxygen species in NaCl – Stressed rice Oryza sativa L. 1-Diffrentil response in salt- tolerant an_d sensitive varieties. Plant Science: 165: 1411-1418.
Valentovic, P., Luxova, M., Kolarovi, L. and Gasparikora, O. (2006). Effect of osmotic stress on compatible solutes content, memberane stability and water relation in two maize cultivars. Plant Soil and Enviromental, 52 (4):186-191.
Vories, E.D., Stevens, W.E.G., Sudduth, K.A., Drummond, S.T.and Benson, N.R. (2015). Impact of soil variability on irrigated and rainfed cotton. Journal of Cotton Science. 19: 1-14
Vranova, E., Inze, D. and Van Breusegem, F. (2002). Signal transduction during oxidative stress. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53:1227-1236.
Wanichan, P., Kirdmanee, C., and Vutyano, C. (2003). Effect of salinity on biochemical and physiological characteristics in correlation to selection of salttolerance in Aromatic rice (Oriza sativa L.). Science Asian. 29: 333-339.
Wang, S., Wang, J.W., Yu, N., Li, C.H., Luo, B., Gou, J.Y., Wang, L.J. and Chen, X.Y. (2004). Control of plant trichome development by a cotton fiber MYB gene. Plant Cell, 16(9): 2323-2334.
Wassmann, S., Wassmann, K. and Nickening, G. (2004). Moduletion of Oxidant and Qntioxidant Enzyme Expression and Function in Vascular Cells: National Center for biotecnology Information. 44(4): 381-6.
Zare, M., Azizi , M.H. and Bazrafshan, F. (2011). Effect of drought stress on some agronomic traits in ten barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivars. Journal of Applied Science & Engineering Technology. 13(1): 163-172
Zhang, L., Ma, HJ, Chen, T.T., Pen, J., Yu, S.X., Zhao, X.H. (2014). Morphological and physiological responses of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants to salinity.Plos One, 9: 1-14.
Zhao, D. and Oosterhuis, D.M. (2000). Pix plus and mepiquat chloride effects on physiology, growth, and yield of field-grown cotton Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 19: 415-422.
Zlatev, Z., Lidon, F.C. (2012). An overview on drought induced changes in plant growth, water relations and photosynthesis. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 24: 57-72.
_||_
Albers, D.W. and Cothren, J.T. (1981). Electrical conductivity, ion leakage, and subsequent germination studies on cotton seed treated with mepiquat chloride. Proc. Eighth Ann. Plant Growth Regul. Soc. Am. Plant Growth Regulator Soc. Am., Lake Alfred, FL. Pp. 23.
Alishah, O., Niakan, M. and Ghafouri, M. (2012). The effect of pixel regulator priming on growth parameters and antioxidant system of cotton seedlings in different levels of salinity. Journal of Iranian Plant Research, 23(6): 22-33.
Anjum, S.A., Saleem, M.F., Cheema, M.A., Bilal, M.F. and Khaliq, T. (2012). An assessment to vulnerability, extent, characteristics and severity of drought hazard in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Science. 64(2): 138-145.
Arbona, V., Manzi, M., De Ollas, C. and Cadenas, G.A. (2013). Metabolomics as a tool to investigate abiotic stress tolerance in plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14: 4885-911.
Aslezaeem, F., Niknam, V., Ebrahimzadeh, H. and Sharifi, G. (2017). Comparative study of drought stress and salicylic acid effects on different accessions of saffron (Crocus Sativus L.). Journal of Iranian Plant Research , 29(4): 717-729.
Beltagi, M.S. (2008). Exogenous ascorbic acid (vitamin C) induced anabolic changes for salt tolerance in chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants. African Journal of Plant Science, 2(10): 118-123.
Chance, B. and Machly, C. (1995). Assay of catalase and peroxidase.Methodes Enzymology. 11:764-755
Dietz, K.J. and Pfannschmidt, T. (2011). Novel regulators in photosynthetic redox control of plant metablism and gene expression. Plant Physiology. 155: 1477-1485.
Fernandez, C.J., Cothren, J.T. and Mcinnes, K.J. (1991). Partitioning of biomass in well watered and water stressed cotton plants treated with Mepiquat Chloride. Crop Science. 31: 1224-1228.
Furukawa, S., Fujita, T., Shimabukuro, M., Iwaki, M., Yamada, Y., Nakajima,Y., Nakayama,O., Makishima,M., Matsuda,M. and Shimomura, L. (2017). "Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome." The Journal of clinical investigation 114(12): 1752-1761.
Ghaderi, A.A., Fakheri, B.A. and Mahdi Nezhad, N. (2018). Evaluation of the morphological and physiological traits of thyme under water deficit stress and foliar application of ascorbic acid. Journal of Crops Improvement. 13: 21-29
Guo, Z., Lu, W. Ou, S. and Zhong, Q.(2006). Differential responses of antioxidative system to chilling and drought in four rice cultivars differing in sensitivity. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 44: 828-836.
Gupta, A., Dadlani, M., Arun Kumar, M.B., Roy, M., Naseem, M., Choudhary, VK. and Maiti, R.K. (2008). Seed priming: the aftermath. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB). 1: 199-209.
Habibi, D., Mashdi Akbar Boojar, M., Mahmoudi, A., Ardakani, M.R. and Taleghani, D. (2004). Antioxidative enzyme in sunflower subjected to drought stress. 4th International Crop Science Congress,Brisbane,Australia, 26 September-1Octobr pp. 1-4.
Heidari, N., poryosof, M. and Tavakoli, A. (2015). Effects of drought stress on photosynthesis, its parameters and relative water content of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). Journal of Plants researches, 27(5): 829-839.
Harris, D., Rashid, A., Miraj, G., Arif, M. and Shah, H. (2007). Priming seeds with zinc sulphate solution increases yield of maize (Zea mais L.) on zinc-deficient soils. Field Crops Reserch, 102:119-127.
Iqbal, M. and Ashraf, M. (2007). Seed preconditioning modulates growth, ionic relations, and photosynthetic capacity in adult plants of hexaploid wheat under salt stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 30(3): 381-396.
Iqbal, M., Nissar, N., Khan, R.S.A. and Hayat, K. (2005). Contribuition of mepiquat chloride in drought tolerance in cotton seedlings. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 4(5): 530-532.
Jafari, M., Saadatmand, S., Zangi, M.R. and Iranbakhsh, A.R. (2018). Effect of pix (mepiquat chloride) on the salinity resistance of the new cultivars of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the seedling stage. Applied Ecology and Enviromental Reserch, 16(4): 4097-4114.
Jaleel, C.A., Manivannan, P., Wahid, A., Farooq, M., Somasundaram, R.and Panneerselvam, R. (2009). Drought stress in plants: a review on morphological characteristics and pigments composition International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 11:100-5.
Kamaran, S., Imran, M., Khan, T.M., Munir, M.Z., Rashid, M.A. and Muneer,M.A. (2016). Genetic studies of genotypic responses to water stress in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research . 8(6): 1-9.
Keyhani, J., Keyhani, E. and Kamali, J.(2002). Thermal Stability of Catalases Active in Dormant Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Corms. Molecular Biology Reports, 29:125-128.
Kheradmand, M.A., Shahmoradzadeh Fahraji, S., Fatahi, E. and Raoofi, M.M. (2014). Effect of water stress on oil yield and some characteristics of Brassica napus. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 8: 1447–53.
Koroi, S.A.A. (1989). Gel elektrophores tische and spectral photometris chose unter unchngen zomein fiusee der temperature auf straktur and peroxidase isoenzyme. Physiological Vegetables, 20:15-23.
Liu, Z., Zhou, T., Ziegler, A.C., Dimitrion, P. and Zuo, L. (2017). Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases: from molecular mechanisms to clinical applications. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. Pp. 55
Loreto, F. and Velikova, V.(2001). Isoprene produced by leaves protects the photosynthetic apparatus against ozone damage, quenches ozone products, and reduces lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes. Journal of Plant Physiology, 127: 1781-1787.
Mafakheri, A., Siosemardeh, A., Bahramnejad, B., Struik, P.C. and Sohrabi, E. (2010). Effect of drought stress on yield, proline and chlorophyll contents in three chickpea cultivars. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 4: 580–5.
Michel, B.E. and Kaufmann, M.R. (1973). The Osmotic Potential of Polyethylene Glycol 6000. Plant Physiology, 51: 914-916
Mittler, R. (2002). Oxidative stress , antioxidant and stress tolerance. Annual Reviews in Plant Science, 7: 405-415.
Mohanty, N. (2003). Photosynthetic characteristics and enzymatic antioxidant capacity of flag leaf and the grain yield in two cultivars of Triticum aestivum (L.) exposed to warmer growth conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology, 160: 71-74.
Nascimento,W.M. and Aragao, F.A.S.(2004). Muskmelon seed priming in relation to seed vigor. Scientia Agricola . 61(1):114-117.
Niakan, M., Habibi, A.R. and Ghorbanli,M.(2012). Study of Pix regulator effect on physiological responses in cotton plant. Annals of Biological Research, 3 (11): 5229-5235
Oosterhuis, D.and Robertson, W. (2000). The Use of plant Growth Regulators And Other Additives In Cotton Production Proceeding of the 2000 Cotton Research Meeting
Pace, P.F., Cralle, H.T., El-Halawany, S.H.M., Cothren, J.T. and Senseman, S.A. (1999). Drought-induced changes in shoot and root growth of young cotton plants. 3:183-187.
Parida, A.K., Dagaonkar, V.S., Phalak, M.S. and Aurangabadkar, L.P.(2008). Differential responses of the enzymes involved in proline biosynthesis and degradation in drought tolerant and sensitive cotton genotypes during drought stress and recovery. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 30(5): 619-627.
Pilon, C., Oosterhuis, D.M., Ritchie, G.L. and Paiva, E.A. (2015). photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant activity of cotton under drought stress during early floral Bud development. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 9(6): 1-13
Plaut, Z., Carmi, A. and Grava, A. (1996). Cotton root and shoot response to subsurface drip irrigation and partial wetting of the upper soil profile. Irrigation Science . 16 (3):107-113..
Rahdari, P. and Hoseini, S.M. (2012). Drought stress: a review. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 3: 443-6.
Ravash, R., Shiran, B., Ebrahimi, E. and Houshmand, S. (2013). Study of S-Like RNase expression in wheat and its wild relatives under drought stress. Agricultural Biotechnology Journal. 5(1): 27-38
Salehi-lisar, S.Y., Motafakkerazad, R., Hossain, M.M. and Rahman, I.M.M. (2012). Water stress in plants:causes, effects and responses, water stress. In: Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman, editor. InTech. 1: 290-297
Salvino, C.H., Meneses, G., Bruno, R.L.A., Fernandes, P.D., Pereira, W.E., Lima, L.H., Lima, M.M. and Vida, M.S. (2011). Germination of cotton cultivar seeds under water stress induced by polyethyleneglycol-6000. Scientia Agricola . 68(2):131-138.
Sun, Y., Niu, G., Zhang, J. and Vallethe, P.D. (2015). Growth responses of an interspecific cotton breeding line and its parents to controlled drought using an automated irrigation system. Journal of Cotton Science. 19: 290-297
Vaidyanthan, H., Sivakumar, P., Chakrabarty, R.and Thomas, G. (2003). Scavenging of reactive oxygen species in NaCl – Stressed rice Oryza sativa L. 1-Diffrentil response in salt- tolerant an_d sensitive varieties. Plant Science: 165: 1411-1418.
Valentovic, P., Luxova, M., Kolarovi, L. and Gasparikora, O. (2006). Effect of osmotic stress on compatible solutes content, memberane stability and water relation in two maize cultivars. Plant Soil and Enviromental, 52 (4):186-191.
Vories, E.D., Stevens, W.E.G., Sudduth, K.A., Drummond, S.T.and Benson, N.R. (2015). Impact of soil variability on irrigated and rainfed cotton. Journal of Cotton Science. 19: 1-14
Vranova, E., Inze, D. and Van Breusegem, F. (2002). Signal transduction during oxidative stress. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53:1227-1236.
Wanichan, P., Kirdmanee, C., and Vutyano, C. (2003). Effect of salinity on biochemical and physiological characteristics in correlation to selection of salttolerance in Aromatic rice (Oriza sativa L.). Science Asian. 29: 333-339.
Wang, S., Wang, J.W., Yu, N., Li, C.H., Luo, B., Gou, J.Y., Wang, L.J. and Chen, X.Y. (2004). Control of plant trichome development by a cotton fiber MYB gene. Plant Cell, 16(9): 2323-2334.
Wassmann, S., Wassmann, K. and Nickening, G. (2004). Moduletion of Oxidant and Qntioxidant Enzyme Expression and Function in Vascular Cells: National Center for biotecnology Information. 44(4): 381-6.
Zare, M., Azizi , M.H. and Bazrafshan, F. (2011). Effect of drought stress on some agronomic traits in ten barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivars. Journal of Applied Science & Engineering Technology. 13(1): 163-172
Zhang, L., Ma, HJ, Chen, T.T., Pen, J., Yu, S.X., Zhao, X.H. (2014). Morphological and physiological responses of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants to salinity.Plos One, 9: 1-14.
Zhao, D. and Oosterhuis, D.M. (2000). Pix plus and mepiquat chloride effects on physiology, growth, and yield of field-grown cotton Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 19: 415-422.
Zlatev, Z., Lidon, F.C. (2012). An overview on drought induced changes in plant growth, water relations and photosynthesis. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 24: 57-72.
