Effects of cadmium on growth characteristics, photosynthetic pigments and some biochemical parameters of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
Subject Areas : GeneticH. Mahmoodzadeh 1 , M. Amirgilaki 2
1 - Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
2 - Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
Keywords: Cadmium, Guaiacol peroxidase, Polyphenol oxidase, Carthamus tinctorius, Soluble and insoluble sugars,
Abstract :
Cadmium is regarded as one of the most toxic elements for living organisms that plays no positive biological role. In order to study the effect of cadmium heavy metal on growth factors of Carthamus tinctorius, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in open-air conditions. Different levels of cadmium sulphate applied to the pots in the experiment were 150, 300, 450, 600, 750, 900, and 1000 µM solutions. Based on the results of the present study, the dry weights of roots and shoots significantly decreased in response to varying levels of cadmium but shoot lengths and relative growth rates were not significantly different compared to control. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the amount of chlorophyll a,b and total chlorophyll significantly decreased compared with the control while the decrease in carotenoid compounds content and relative water content in Carthamus tinctorius with increasing cadmium concentration was not significantly different comparing with the control. The amount of soluble sugars in the roots and shoots of Carthamus tinctorius plants treated with cadmium increased, but the amount of insoluble sugars in the aforementioned organs decreased. The results of the analysis of variance also revealed that with increasing the concentration of cadmium, the cadmium levels of shoots increased. Findings also showed that with the increase in cadmium concentration at some levels (300, 750, 900, and 1000 µM) the activity of guaiacol peroxidase enzyme showed no significant difference compared to control. In addition, the amount of polyphenol oxidase enzyme increased which was significant at all levels comparing to control and only at 150 µM level no significant difference was observed compared to control. The results of this research showed that safflower is able to absorb cadmium in its tissues and it can be used for phytoremediation of cadmium heavy metal.
Abraham, K., Sridevi, R., Suresh, B. and Damodharam, T. (2013). Effect of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu) on seed germination of Arachis hypogeae. L. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research. 3(1): 10-12.
Ahmad, I., Akhtar, M.J., Zahir, Z.A. and Jamir, A. (2012). Effect of cadmium on seed germination and seedling growth of four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 44(5): 1569-1574.
Arnon, D.I. (1956). Photosynthesis by isolated chloroplast, Iv, Central concept and comparison of three photochemical reactions. Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics Acta. 20:440-446.
Bauddh, K., and Singh, P.R. (2011). Differential toxicity of cadmium to mustard (Brassica juncia L.) genotypes under higher metal levels. Journal of Environmental Biology. 32(3): 355-62.
Behtash, F., Tabatabai, S., Malakooti, M., Sorouredin, M. and Ustan, S. (2010). Effect of cadmium and silisium on growth and physiological characters of Beta vulgaris. Journal of Agricultural Knowledge. 2(1): 53-67.
Bian, Sh. and Jiang, Y. (2008). Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression patterns in leaves and roots of Kentucky bluegrass in response to drought stress and recovery. Scientia Horticulturae, 3118 :10-17
Chen, X., Wang, J., Shi, Y., Zhao, M.Q. and Chi, G.Y. (2011). Effects of cadmium on growth and photosynthetic activities in pakchoi and mustard. Botanical Studies. 52: 41-46.
Gouia, H., Ghorbal M.H. and Meyer, C. (2001). Effect of cadmium on activity of nitrate reductase and on other enzymes of the nitrate assimilation pathway in bean. Plant physiology. 38: 629-638.
Mae- Adam, J.W. and Nelson sharp, C.J. (1992). Peroxidase activity in leaf elongation zone of tall feseue. Journal Plant Physiology. 10: 872-878.
Mishra, S., Srivastava, S. and Tripathi, P.D. (2006). Phytochelatin synthesis and response of antioxidants during cadmium stress in Baccopa monnieri L.. Journal Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 44: 25-37.
Mobin, M. and Khan, N.A. (2007). Photosynthetic activity pigment composition and antioxidative response of two mustard cultivars differing in photosynthetic capacity subjected to cadmium stress. Journal of Plant Physiology. 164: 601- 610.
Raymond, J., Pakariyathanm, N. and Azanza, J.L. (1993). Purification and some properties of poly phenol oxidases from Sunflower seeds. Phytochemistry. 34: 927-931.
Riffat, J., Ahmad, P., Gadgi, K. and Sharma, S. (2007). Antioxidative response of Lemna polyrrhiza L. to cadmium stress. Journal of Environmental Biology. 28(3): 583-589.
Sadalio, L.M., Dalurzo, H.C., Gomez, M., Romero- Puertas, M.C. and Del Rio, L.A. (2001). Cadmium-induce changes in the growth and oxidative metabolism of pea plants. Journal of Experimental Botany. 52: 2115-2126.
Safarzadeh, S., Ronaghi, A., Karimian, N., Yasrebi, J. and Emam, Y. (2012). Poisnous effect of cadmium on nitrogen and phosphorous uptake and shoot vegetative characters of seven cultivars of rice. Sciences of Greenhouse Planting. 3(9): 107-117.
Salt, D.E., Blaylock, M., Kumar, P.B., Dushenkov, V., Ensley, B.D., Chet, I. and Raskin, I. (1995). Phytoremediation: A novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from the environment using plants. Biotechnology. 13: 468-475.
Shanker, A.K., Djanaguiraman, M., Sudhagar, R., jayarma, K. and Pathmanabhar, G. (2004). Expression of metallothioneins like protein mRNA in sorghum cultivars under chromium (VI) stress. Current Science. 86: 901-902.
Soltani, F., Ghorbanli, M. and Manouchehri, K. (2006). Effect of cadmium on photosynthetic pigments, sugars and malonedealdehyde in canola. Iran Biology Journal. 9(2):134-136.
South, D.B. (1995). Relative growth rate: A Critique. South African Forestry Journal. 173: 43- 48.
Zargari, A. (1989). Medicinal plants. Tehran University Publication.
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Abraham, K., Sridevi, R., Suresh, B. and Damodharam, T. (2013). Effect of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu) on seed germination of Arachis hypogeae. L. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research. 3(1): 10-12.
Ahmad, I., Akhtar, M.J., Zahir, Z.A. and Jamir, A. (2012). Effect of cadmium on seed germination and seedling growth of four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 44(5): 1569-1574.
Arnon, D.I. (1956). Photosynthesis by isolated chloroplast, Iv, Central concept and comparison of three photochemical reactions. Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics Acta. 20:440-446.
Bauddh, K., and Singh, P.R. (2011). Differential toxicity of cadmium to mustard (Brassica juncia L.) genotypes under higher metal levels. Journal of Environmental Biology. 32(3): 355-62.
Behtash, F., Tabatabai, S., Malakooti, M., Sorouredin, M. and Ustan, S. (2010). Effect of cadmium and silisium on growth and physiological characters of Beta vulgaris. Journal of Agricultural Knowledge. 2(1): 53-67.
Bian, Sh. and Jiang, Y. (2008). Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression patterns in leaves and roots of Kentucky bluegrass in response to drought stress and recovery. Scientia Horticulturae, 3118 :10-17
Chen, X., Wang, J., Shi, Y., Zhao, M.Q. and Chi, G.Y. (2011). Effects of cadmium on growth and photosynthetic activities in pakchoi and mustard. Botanical Studies. 52: 41-46.
Gouia, H., Ghorbal M.H. and Meyer, C. (2001). Effect of cadmium on activity of nitrate reductase and on other enzymes of the nitrate assimilation pathway in bean. Plant physiology. 38: 629-638.
Mae- Adam, J.W. and Nelson sharp, C.J. (1992). Peroxidase activity in leaf elongation zone of tall feseue. Journal Plant Physiology. 10: 872-878.
Mishra, S., Srivastava, S. and Tripathi, P.D. (2006). Phytochelatin synthesis and response of antioxidants during cadmium stress in Baccopa monnieri L.. Journal Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 44: 25-37.
Mobin, M. and Khan, N.A. (2007). Photosynthetic activity pigment composition and antioxidative response of two mustard cultivars differing in photosynthetic capacity subjected to cadmium stress. Journal of Plant Physiology. 164: 601- 610.
Raymond, J., Pakariyathanm, N. and Azanza, J.L. (1993). Purification and some properties of poly phenol oxidases from Sunflower seeds. Phytochemistry. 34: 927-931.
Riffat, J., Ahmad, P., Gadgi, K. and Sharma, S. (2007). Antioxidative response of Lemna polyrrhiza L. to cadmium stress. Journal of Environmental Biology. 28(3): 583-589.
Sadalio, L.M., Dalurzo, H.C., Gomez, M., Romero- Puertas, M.C. and Del Rio, L.A. (2001). Cadmium-induce changes in the growth and oxidative metabolism of pea plants. Journal of Experimental Botany. 52: 2115-2126.
Safarzadeh, S., Ronaghi, A., Karimian, N., Yasrebi, J. and Emam, Y. (2012). Poisnous effect of cadmium on nitrogen and phosphorous uptake and shoot vegetative characters of seven cultivars of rice. Sciences of Greenhouse Planting. 3(9): 107-117.
Salt, D.E., Blaylock, M., Kumar, P.B., Dushenkov, V., Ensley, B.D., Chet, I. and Raskin, I. (1995). Phytoremediation: A novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from the environment using plants. Biotechnology. 13: 468-475.
Shanker, A.K., Djanaguiraman, M., Sudhagar, R., jayarma, K. and Pathmanabhar, G. (2004). Expression of metallothioneins like protein mRNA in sorghum cultivars under chromium (VI) stress. Current Science. 86: 901-902.
Soltani, F., Ghorbanli, M. and Manouchehri, K. (2006). Effect of cadmium on photosynthetic pigments, sugars and malonedealdehyde in canola. Iran Biology Journal. 9(2):134-136.
South, D.B. (1995). Relative growth rate: A Critique. South African Forestry Journal. 173: 43- 48.
Zargari, A. (1989). Medicinal plants. Tehran University Publication.
