The evaluation of carbohydrate, phenol compounds changes and anti-oxidant enzymes activity during the release of dormancy in Persian walnut lateral buds by different chilling treatments
Subject Areas : Geneticژیلا Gholizadeh 1 , حمیدرضا صادقی پور 2 , احمد عبدل زاده 3 , خدایار همتی 4
1 - گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه گلستان، گرگان، ایران
2 - دانشیار گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه گلستان
3 - استاد گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه گلستان
4 - دانشیار گروه تولیدات گیاهی، دانشکده باغبانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
Keywords: enzyme activity, Chilling hours, Release of dormancy, forcing condition, carbohydrate metabolism,
Abstract :
The purpose of this study was assessing the impacts of different chilling periods on the release of dormancy in walnut lateral buds, carbohydrates metabolism, phenol compounds content, and activities of soluble and cell wall peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. In this line, one-year-old shoots were collected randomly from ten-year-old trees of Ziyarat village (Gorgan) in defoliation which were then cut into 9 cm pieces each with a single lateral bud and were subjected to different chilling treatments (0, 700, 1400 hour) at 4±1 °C and then forcing condition (25 ± 2 ◦C, 12 h light:12 h dark photoperiod, 20 µmol m−2 s−1). Results showed that 700 and 1400 chilling hours significantly increased percentage and rate of walnut lateral bud dormancy release and decreased time of initiation bud break in comparison with control. Chilling caused starch and non-reducing sugar degradation and resulted in the increase of reducing sugars. This had a positive significant relationship with the percentage of bud dormancy release. Phenols content, soluble and cell wall peroxidase activities increased up to 700 hour chilling while polyphenol oxidase activity increased up to 1400 hour as compared with control. It seems that the buildup of reducing sugars provides the required energy for dormancy release, and the increase of phenols and soluble and cell wall peroxidase activities result in decrease of oxidative stress and development of cold tolerance in buds. Moreover, rising polyphenol oxidase activity caused removing phenolic inhibitors and/or synthesis of antioxidant phenols. These processes in parallel promoted dormancy release of Persian walnut lateral buds.
Bohnert, H.J. and Jensen R.G. (1996). Strategies for engineering water stress tolerance in plants, Trends in Biotechnilogy. Elsevier Science. 14: 89-97.
Bota J., Flexas J. and Medrano H. (2004). Is photosynthesis limited by decreased Rubisco activity and RuBP content under progressive water stress? New Phytology. 162: 671–681.
Ghaderi, N., Normohammadi, S. and Javadi, T. (2015). Morpho-physiological responses of strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa) to exogenous salicylic acid application under drought stress. Journal of Agricaltural and Technology. 17 (1):167-178.
Hare, P.D., Cress W.A. and van Staden. J. (1997). The involvement of cytokinin in plant responses to environmental stress. Plant Growth Regulation. 23: 79–103.
Hassani, A., Omid Beighi, R. (2002). Effects of water stress on some morphological, physiological and metabolical characteristics of basil (Ocimum basilicum). Agricultural Knowledge. 12 (3): 47-59.
Hissao, T. (1973). Plant responses to water stress. Annual ReviewofPlant Physiology. 24: 519-570.
Ibrahim, M.E., Bekheta M.A., El-Moursi A., and Gaafar N.A. (2007). Improvement of growth and seed yield quality of Vicia faba L. Plants as affected by application of some bioregulators. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 1 (4): 657-666.
Jenson, A. (1978). Chlorophyll and carotenoid. PP. 147-158. In: Hellebust, J.A. and J.S. Craigie (Eds.), Handbook of Phycological Methods: Physiological and Biochemical Methods, Cambridge Univ. Press
Kaya, C., Tuna. A.L. and Abdulkadir, M.O. (2010). Effect of foliar applied kinetin and indole acetic acid on maize plants grown under saline conditions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture. 34 : 529-538.
Kaya, M.D., Okçub G., Ataka M., Çıkılıc Y., and Kolsarıcıa Ö. (2006) Seed treatments to overcome salt and drought stress during germination in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). European Journal of Agronomy. 24: 291–295
Kerepesi, I. (1998). Osmotic and salt stresses induced differential alternation in water-soluble carbohydrate content in wheat seedling. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 3(4):5347-5354.
Kochert, G. (1978). Carbobydrate determination by the phenoel sulfuric acid method in: Helebust., J.A .Craig, J.s. (ed) :Hand book of phycologia method :56-97. Cambridge univ. Press. Gambridge.
Moshtaghi Niaki, M. (2008). The effect of water deficit stress on some morphological and physiological characteristics of three onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars. M.Sc. Thesis in Horticultural Science. Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, pp. 62.
Niakan, M. and Ahmadi, A. (2014). Effects of foliar spraying kinetin on growth parameters and photosynthesis of tomato under different levels of drought stress. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology. 4(2): 939- 947.
Oliviera-Neto, C.F., Silva-Lobato, A.K., Goncalves-Vidigal, M.C., Costa, R.C.L., Santos. Filho. B.G., Alves, G.A.R. and Silva-Maia, W.J.M (2009). Carbon compounds and chlorophyll contents in sorghum submitted to water deficit during three growth stages. Science and Technology. 7: 588-593.
Pereira, J.S. and Chaves, M.M. (1993). Plant water deficits in mediteranian ecosystems. In: Water Deficits and Plant Growth. Eds. By Kozlowski, T.T. IV: 237-251. Academic Press New York.
Pospisilova, J., Vagner. M., Malbeck. J., Travnickova. A. and Batkova. P. (2005). Interactions between abscisic acid and cytokinin during water stress and subsequent rehydration. Biologia Planta. 49: 533-540.
Reddy, A., Chaitanya, K. and Vivekanandan, M. (2004). Drought-induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. Journal of Plant Physiology. 16(11): 1189–1202.
Saeidi, M. and Abdoli, M. (2015). Effect of drought stress during grain filling on yield and its components, gas exchange variables, and some physiological traits of wheat cultivars. Journal of Agricaltural and Tecnology. 17 (4): 885-898.
Sairam, R.K., Veerabhadra Rao, K. and Srivastava, G.C. (2002). Differential response of wheat genotypes to long term salinity stress in relation to oxidative stress, antioxidant activity and osmolyte concentration. Plant Science, 163: 1037-1046
Shinozaki, K. and Shinozaki, K.Y. (2007) Gene networks involved in drought stress and Tolerance. Experimental Botany. 58: 221-227.
Shudo, K. (1994). Chemistry of phenylelurea cytokinins.In cytokinik: Chemistry, activity and function (Ed by D.V. Mokk and MC Mok), CRC Press, Boca Raton. pp: 35-42.
Skilny, K., Hilary, R., and Lott John, N.A. (1992). Mineral analyses of storage reserves of Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita andreana pollen. Canadian Journal of Botany. 70(3): 491–495.
Stavir, K., Gupta, A.K. and Kaure, N. (1998). Gibberelic A3 reverses the effect of salt stress in chick pea (Cicer arientinun L.) seedlings by changing amylas activity and mobilization of starch in cotyledo. Plant Growth Regulation. 26: 85-90.
Tardieu, F. and Davies, W.J. (1993) Integration of hydraulic and chemical signaling in the control of stomatal conductance and water status of droughted plants. Plant Cell Environment. 16: 341–349.
Turkan, I., Bor, M., Ozdemir, F. and Koca, H. (2005). Differential responses of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in the leaves of drought - tolerant P. acutifolius Gray and drought-sensitive P. vulgaris L. subjected to polyethylene glycol mediated water stress. Plant Science. 168:223-231.
Wahid, A. and Rasul, E. (2005). Photosynthesis in leaf, stem, flower and fruit In: Pessarakli M. (Ed). Hand book of Photosynthesis, 2nd Ed. PP: 235.
Wang, J.R., Hu, H., Wang, GH., Li, J., Chen, J.Y. and Wu, P. (2009). Expression of PIN genes in rice (Oryza sativa L.): tissue specificity and regulation by hormones. Molecular Plant. 2:823–831.
Watanabe, Sh., Kojima.K., Ide, Y. and Sasaki. S. (2000). Effects of saline and osmotic stress on proline and sugar accumulation in Populus euphratica In vitro. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 63:199-206.
Werner, T., Nehnevajova, E., Köllmer, I., Novák, O., Strnad, M., Krämer, U. and Schmülling, T. (2010). Root-Specific reduction of cytokinin causes enhanced root growth, drought tolerance, and leaf mineral enrichment in Arabidopsis and Tobacco.Plant Cell . 22 (12): 3905-3920.
Xiaotao, D., Yuping, J., Hong, W., Haijun, J., Hongmei, Z., Chunhong, C. and Jizhu, Y. (2013). Effects of cytokinin on photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, antioxidative system and carbohydrate accumulation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under low light. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 35(5): 1427–1438.
Yin, Y.G., Kobayashi, Y., Sanuki, A., Kondo, S., Fukuda, N., Ezura, H. and Matsukura, CH. (2010). Salinity induces carbohydrate accumulation and sugar-regulated starch biosynthetic genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. ‘Micro-Tom’) fruits in an ABA- and osmotic stress-independent manner. Journal of Experimental Botany.61 (2): 563-574.
