Jurisprudential and Legal Foundations of Article 111 of the Constitution Regarding the Withdrawal of the Leader
Subject Areas : Private lawValiollah Hedarnejad 1 , Mahmod Jamal-aldin Zanjani 2
1 - PhD Candidate, Faculty of Law, department of public Law, Imam Sadiq University, Tehran, Iran, Corresponding Author
2 - Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, department of public Law, Imam Sadiq University, Tehran, Iran
Keywords: Leadership, Imamiyah Jurisprudence, : resignation, Assembly of Leadership Experts, incumbency of Velayat-e-Amr,
Abstract :
After the revision of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, for the first time, the issue of "resignation of the leader" from the position of Velayat-e-Faqih was forseen in article 111 of the Constitution. In the overall assessment and analysis of the constitution, it becomes clear that the withdrawal is meant to be the same as the so-called resignation which must be approved by the Assembly of Leadership Experts. However, the lack of anticipation of the mechanism for the resignation of the Supreme Leader, authority for its acceptance and its quorum in the Constitution and the internal regulations of the Assembly of Leadership Experts is a source of criticism. From the point of view of Imamiyyah jurists, leadership (velayah) is one of the categories of decrees, so it cannot be revoked and handed over and it is not possible for the ruler to resign. On the other hand, acceptance and continuation of the position of Velayat-e-Faqih is a religious duty. If the position of Velayat-e-Amr is determined in a single and specific person, the obligation of Velayat-e-Amr will be an imperative obligation and he can not refrain from continuing it. However, if there are numerous people who are qualified and leadership is not exclusively assigned to a specific person, and the resignation of the leader does not have a corrupt consequence in the maintaining of the system and is not against the interests of the Islamic society, after the approval of the Assembly of Leadership Experts, resignation of the leader is possible. A governmental study of the life of Imam Ali (PBUH) also shows that in the most difficult circumstances, as a divine duty, he was in charge of the Islamic society with strength, submission and leadership, and the doubt in his resignation from the government after the third caliph is lacking in prestige. There is no consensus among Sunnis on the permission and posibility of the caliph's resignation, but generally the permission to resign has not been accepted in the first place, and it is generally held that the resignation of the caliph is not permissible if there is no one to replace him. The caliph is restricted even among Sunnis.
_||_
Akhund Khorasani, M.K. (1406). Hashiyah al-makasib (1st ed.). Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance.
Al-Barzanji, M. T. (1428). Sahih va zaief tarikh al-Tabari (1st ed., Vol.8) (Mohammad Sobhi Hassan Halaq). Damascus - Beirut: Dar Ibn Kathir.
Al-Gharavi Isfahani (Company), M. (1425 AH). Hashiyah Al-Makasib (1st ed.). Qom: Base of Knowledge
Al-Gharavi, M. (1425). Al-Tanqih fi sharh al-Makasib: Kitab al-Bay'a (Taqrirat al-Muhaqiq al-Khoii) (1st ed.). Qom: Eya Asar al-Emam al-Khoii.
Al-Ha'iri, K. (1403 AH). Fiqh al-oughod (2nd ed., Vol. 1). Qom: Islamic Thought Assembly.
Al-Tabrizi, J. (1416 AH). Irshad al-talib ila al-ta'liq ala al-makasib (3rd ed.). Qom: Ismailian Press Institute.
Al-Taftazani, S. (1981). Sharh al-muqassid fi elam al-kalam (Vol. 2). Pakistan: Dar al-Ma'arif al-Numaniya.
Al-Zahili, W. (1405). Al-fiqh al-islami wa adalatehi (2nd ed.). Damesqus: Dar al-Fikr.
Amini, A. (1369). Al-Ghadir (V. 16) (A. Sabut, Trans.). Tehran: Besat Foundation.
Ansari, M. (1410 AH). Kitab al-makasib. Beirut: Al-Nu'man Institute.
Arshi, E.A. (2014). Nahj al-balaghah citation (2nd ed.). Tehran: Mutaba al-Heydari.
Askari, M. (1999). 110 False Companions (Vol. 1). (A. Sardarnia, researcher). Qom: Faculty of Principles of Religion
Askari, Morteza (1983). Abdullah bin Saba va asatir okhra (Vol. 1 & 2). Beirut: Dar Al-Zahra - Al-Taba'a Al-Khamseh.
Brockelman, K. (1969). History of Arabic Literature (2nd ed.) (Abdul Halim Al-Najjar, Trans.). Cairo: Dar Al-Ma'aref Al-Masr.
Etratdoost, M., & Vaziri Fard, S. M. (2013). A Study of the jurisprudential evidence of the opponants of women's political leadership in Shiite jurisprudence. Quarterly Journal of Islamic Jurisprudence and Law Research, 9(33),
Gharavi Naeini, M. (1373 AH). Manieh al-Talib fi hashiyah al-Makasib (1st ed.,Vol. 1). Tehran: Al-Kumtaba Al-Muhaddiyyah.
Gorji, A. (1993). Legal Articles (2nd ed.). Tehran: Tehran University Press.
Gorji, A. (2008). Fundamentals of Islamic Law (Correction: A. Ahmadzadeh) (1st ed.). Tehran: Majd Scientific and Cultural Association.
Hashemi Khoei, M. H. (1400). Minhaj al-bara'a fi sharh Nahj al-balaghah (4th ed.). Tehran: Islamic School.
Hashemi, S. M. (2014). Constitutional law of the Islamic Republic of Iran (25th ed.,Vol. 2). Tehran: Mizan Publications.
Heidarnejad, V., et al. (1395). Council leadership from the Imamiyah jurisprudence perspective and basic law of IRI. Public Law Knowledge, 5 (13),
Hosseini, A. (1409). Masder Nahj al-balaghah wa asanideh. Beirut: Dar al-Zahra.
Ibn Dawud, H. A. H. (1342). Al-rijal l-ibn-Dawood (1st ed.). Tehran: University of Tehran.
Jahanbein, A. (2017). Series of detailed review meetings of the negotiations of article 111 of the constitutional review council. Tehran: Guardian Council Research Institute
Javadi Amoli, A. (2006). Right and duty in Islam (2nd ed. ). Qom: Esraa Publishing.
Javadi Amoli, A. (2014). Velayat-e-faqih velayat-e-faqahat va adalat (16th ed.). Qom, Esraa.
Javadieh Amoli, A. (1989). Velayat-e Faqih. Tehran: Raja Cultural Publishing Center
Jibraili, S.Y. (1398). Maxims of leadership in the relations between the republic and Islam in the election of the supreme leader (4th ed.). Tehran: Nasim Enqelab Related to the Publications of the Islamic Revolution.
Khansari, A. (1424 AH). Maniyeh al-talib in sharh al-makasib (Lectures by Mirza Naeini) (2nd ed.). Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
Khomeini, S. R. (1421). Kitab al-Bayi (1st ed.). Tehran: Imam Khomeini Publishing House.
Khomeini, S. R. (n.d.). Tahrir al-waseela (1st ed.,Vol. 1). Qom: Dar Al-Alam Press Institute.
Lakzaei, S. (2006). Comparative study of velayat-e-faqih theories. Qom: Institute of Islamic Sciences and Culture Institute.
Madani, S. J. (1373). Constitutional law and political institutions of the Islamic Republic of Iran (2nd ed.).Tehran: Hamrah Publishing.
Majlisi, M. (1403). Behar al-anwar (2nd ed., Vol. 32). Beirut: Dar Al-Ahya Al-Tarath Al-Arabi.
Makarem Shirazi, N. (1374). Tafsir nemoune (1st ed.). Tehran: Islamic Library.
Makarem Shirazi, N. (1375). Anwar al-fiqhaha (1st ed.). Tehran: Islamic Library.
Makarem Shirazi, N. (1424). Kitab al-nikah (1st ed., Vol.4). Qom: Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib School.
Makarem Shirazi, N. (2002). Message of Imam Amir al-Mo'menin (PBUH) (1sted. Vol. 4). Tehran: Islamic Library.
Mawardi, A. (1909). Al-Ahkam al-sataniya. Cairo: Al-Qaeda.
Mehrpour, H. (2008). Constitutional law of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1st ed.). Tehran: Justice Publishing Institute.
Mesbah Yazdi, M. (2012). A transient look at the theory of Velayat-e Faqih (26th ed.). Qom: Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute.
Mohaghegh Damad, S. M. (1406). Rules of jurisprudence (12th ed.). Tehran: Islamic Sciences Publishing Center.
Mohammad, M. (1413). Billogah al-faqih (Vol. 1). Tehran: Manshourat Maktab al-sadiq.
Montazeri Najafabadi, H. (1409). Jurisprudential principles of Islamic government (1st ed.) ( M. Salavati & A. Shakoori, Trans.). Qom: Kayhan Institute.
Mousavi Khoei, S. A. (n.d.). Al-makaseb-mesbah al-fiqah (Vol. 2). no place: no publication
Mufid, M.(1413). Al-Jamal wa al-nusra le sayyed al-itrah fi harb al-Basra (1st ed.). Qom: Sheikh Mufid Congress.
Naraghi, A. (1420). Awaed al-ayyam fi bayan al-qawa'ed al-istenbat al-ahkam (1st ed., Vol. 2). Beirut: Dar al-Hadi.
Qomi, A. (1367). Qomi's commentary (4th ed.). Qom: Dar al-Kitab.
Sanhouri, A. A. (2010). Government theories in Sunni jurisprudence (H. Karami, H. & D. Mohebbi, Trans.) ( 1st ed.). Tehran: Mizan.
Secretariat of the Assembly of Leadership Experts (1997). Detailed negotiations of the Assembly of Leadership Experts, Seventh Session. Qom: Etemad
Seyyed Razi (2011). Nahj al-balaghah (1st ed.) (A. Shirvani, Trans.).Tehran: Maaref Publishing House.
Shabani, Q. (2005). Fundamental law and structure of the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Tehran: Etellaat
Tabari, A. J. (1387 AH). History of nations and kings (2nd ed., Vol. 4). Beirut: Dar al-Torath.
Tabarsi, F. H. (1993). Majma al-bayan fi tafsir al-Quran (3rd ed.). Tehran: Nasser Khosrow Publications.
Tabatabai Yazdi, S. M. (1421). Hashiya al-makasib (2nd ed., Vol. 1). Qom: Ismailian Institute.
Tabatabai, S. M. (1417). Al-Mizan fi tafsir al-Quran (5th ed.). Qom: Islamic Publications of the Society of Teachers of the Seminary of Qom.
Tawhidi, M. A. (1412). Mesbah al-fiqhaha fi moamellat (Vol. 2) (lectures by Ayatollah Khoei). Beirut: Dar al-Hadi
Tusi, M. (1373). Rijal al-Tusi. Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute, Library for the Society of Teachers
Tusi, M. (n.d.). Al-Tibyan fi tafsir al-Quran. Beirut: Dar al-Ihya al-Torath al-Arabi.
Yazdi, M.(1996). Constitution for all (1st ed.). Tehran: Amirkabir Publications.
Zahabi, A.M.A.U. (1963). Mizan al-I'tidal fi naqd al-rijal (Muhammad al-Bajawi). Beirut: Beirut Dar al-Ma'rifah.
Zahabi, A.M.A.U. (1991). Tarikh al-Islam (O. Tadmari, researcher). Beirut: Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi.