Evaluation of Urban Resiliency in Physico-Structural Dimension of Karaj Metropolis

Subject Areas : Space Ontology International Journal

Mohammadsaber  Eslamlou ¹ (Ph.D. Candidate in Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran)
Mahta  Mirmoghtadaee ² (Assistant Professor, Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center- Tehran, Iran)

Received: 2017-06-17 Accepted : 2017-06-17 Published : 2017-03-01

Keywords:

References:

1. Adger, W.N. (2000) ‘Social ecological resilience: Are they related?’, Progres in Human Geography 24(3): 347- 364.


2. Batty, M. (2007) ‘Complexity in city systems: Understanding, evolution, and design’, MA: MIT Press.


3. Bettencourt, L. and Geoffrey, W. (2010) ‘A unified theory of urban living’, Nature 467: 912–913.


4. Bruneau, M. and Tierney, K.J. (2007). ‘Conceptualizing and measuring resilience: A key to disaster loss reduction’, TRNews 250: 14-17.


5. Cardona, O.D. (2003) The Notions of Disaster Risk: Conceptual framework for Integrated Management. Manizales: Information and Indicators Program for Disaster Risk Management.Inter-American Development Bank.


6. Carpenter, S.R & Burby. (2001) ‘From metaphor to measurement: resilience of what to what?’, Ecosystems4: 765–781.


7. Coaffee, J. (2009). Terrorism, Risk and the Global City, Towards Urban Resilience. UK: Ashgate Publishing. Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, University of Birmingham.


8. COAFFEE, J. and Moore, C. and Fletcher, D. and Bosher, L. (2008) ‘Resilient design for community safety and terror-resistant cities’, Proceedings of the ICE: Municipal Engineer 161 (2): 103-110


9. Colten, C. and Kates, R. and Laska, S. (2008) ‘Three years after Katrina: Lessons for community resilience’. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 50: 36-47.


10. Comfort, L. (1999) Shared Risk: Complex Systems in Seismic Response. New York: Pergamon,


11. Cutter, L. and Burton, C. and Emrich, C. (2010) ‘Disaster ResilienceIndicators for Benchmarking Baseline Conditions’, HomelandSecurity and Emergency Management 7(1): 1-22


12. Cutter, S & Boruff, B & Shirley, W.L. (2010) Socialvulnerability to environmental hazards. Social ScienceQuarterly. 84. pp. 242–261.


13. Cutter, S. and Boruff, B. and Shirley, W.L. (2003) ‘Socialvulnerability to environmental hazards’, Social ScienceQuarterly 84: 242–261.


14. Cutter, S. L and Barnes, L. and Berry, M. and Burton, C. and Evans, E. and Tate, E. and Webb, J. (2008) ‘A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters’, Global Environmental Chang 18: 598-606


15. Cutter, S.L. and Johnson, L.A. and Finch, C. and Berry, M. (2007) ‘The US hurricane coasts: increasingly vulnerable?’, Environment 47 (7): 8–20.


16. Davis, I. and Izadkhah, Y.O. (2006) "Building Resilient Urban Communities", Special Issue


17. De Roo, G. and Juotsiniemi, A. (2010) “Planning and complexity”, In Book of abstracts: 24th AESOP annual conference (p. 90). Finland.


18. DFID. (2005) 2005 Autumn Performance Report. Colegate, Norwich: Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for International Development by Command of Her Majesty.


19. Farzad Behtash, Mohammadreza and Aghababayi, Mohammad taghi and Keynejad, Mohammad ali, and Pirbabayi, Mohammad taghi. (2012) ‘Resiliency: concepts and models’, 1^st National Conference of improvement and retrofitting of urban contexts in neighborhood of active faults, Tabriz.


20. Farzad Behtash, Mohammadreza and Keynejad, Mohammad ali, and Pirbabayi, Mohammad taghi and Askari, Ali. (2013) ‘Evaluation and Analysis of Dimensions and Components of Tabriz Metropolis Resiliency’, Journal of fine arts – architecture and urbanization 18(3): 33-42.


21. Folke, C. and Carpenter, S. and Elmqvist, T.H. and Gunderson, L. and Holling, C.S. and Walker, B. (2002) ‘Resilience and sustainabledevelopment: building adaptive capacity in a world oftransformations’, Ambio31(5): 437–440.


22. Geoffrey, Hinton. (2010) A Practical Guide to Training Restricted Boltzmann Machines (version 1). Canada: Department of Computer Science University of Toronto.


23. Godschalk, D. (2003) ‘Urban hazard mitigation: Creatingresilient cities’, Natural Hazards Review 4: 136–143


24. Gunderson, L. (2009) ‘Comparing Ecological and HumanCommunity Resilience’. CARRI Research, Report 5, OakRidge: Community and Regional Resilience Institute,[online]http://www.resilientus.org/library/Final_Gunderson_11209_123177474.pdf.


25. Gunderson, L. and Holling, C.S. (2002) Panarchy:UnderstandingTransformations In Human NaturalSystems. Washington: Island Press.


26. Holling, C.S. (1973) ‘Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems’, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4: 1-23.


27. Horne, J.F. and J.E. Orr. (1998) ‘Assessing Behaviours that Create Resilient Organisations’, Employment Relations Today24(4): 29–39.


28. Jabareen, Yosef. (2013) ‘Planning the resilient city: Concepts and strategies for coping with climate change and environmental risk’, Cities 31: 220-229.


29. Kavian, Farzane. (2011) ‘Investigating role of land use planning in improving urban communities resiliency against earthquake (case study: Sabzevar town)’, Supervisor: Mohammad Salmani Moghaddam, dissertation of M.A degree in geography and urban planning, Faculty of geography and environmental sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar.


30. Kendra, M.J. and T. Wachtendorf. (2003) ‘Elements of Resilience After the World Trade Center Disaster: Reconstructing New York City’s Emergency Operation Center’, Disasters27(1): 37–53.


31. Klein, R.J.N. and Thomalla, F. (2003) ‘Resilience to naturalhazards: how useful is this concept?’, Environmental Hazard5(1–2): 35–45.


32. Kobayashi. (2004) ‘Subjects of preparation and reducing consequences in crisis management’, Textbooks of specialized workshop of experience exchange for secure life and reducing risk taking against earthquake.


33. Mallak, L. (1998) ‘Resilience in the Healthcare Industry’, Paper presented at the Seventh Annual Engineering Research Conference, Banff, Alberta, Canada.


34. Manyena, S.B. (2006) ‘The concept of resilience revisite’, Disasters 30(4): 433–450.


35. Mayunga, JS. (2007) Understanding and Applying theConcept of Community Disaster Resilience: A capitalbasedapproach. A draft working paper prepared for thesummer academy for social vulnerability and resiliencebuilding. Munich.


36. Miletti, D.S. (1999) Disasters by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States. Washington: Joseph Henry Press.


37. Mitchell, T. and Harris, K. (2012) Resilience: a risk management approach. background note, ODI.


38. Mohammadi Dah Cheshmeh, Mostafa. (2011) ‘Modeling effective risk taking elements in promoting urban safety of Karaj town’, Supervisors: Keramatollah Ziari, Ph.D Thesis in geography and urban planning, Faculty of geography, Tehran University, Tehran.


39. Mohammadzade, Rahmat. (2005) ‘Role of urban planning in reducing effects of earthquake’, Collection of articles in International Conference of Geological risks, Natural disasters and approaches to cope with them. Tabriz University.


40. Norris, F.H. and Stevens, SP. and Pfefferbaum, B. and Wyche, KF. and Pfefferbaum, R.L. (2008) ‘Community resilience as a metaphor,theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness’,American Journal of Community Psychology 41:127–150.


41. on South Asian Tsunami.‘Open House International Journal31(1): 11-21.


42. Pais, J. and Elliot, J. (2008) ‘Places as recovery machines: Vulnerability and neighborhood change after major hurricanes’, Social Forces 86: 1415–1453.


43. Paton, D. and L. Smith and J. Violanti. (2000) ‘Disasters Response: Risk, Vulnerabilities and Resilience’, Disaster Prevention and Management 9(3): 173–179.


44. Pelling, M. (2003) The Vulnerability of Cities: Natural Disasters and Social Resilience. London: Earthscan.


45. Pendall, R. and Foster, K.A. and Cowell, M. (2007) ‘Resilience andregions:Building understanding of the metaphor’, A workingpaper for building resilience network, Institute of urbanregional development, University of California


46. Rafieian, Mojtaba and Rezaei, Mohammadreza, and Askari, Ali, and Parhizkar, Akbar and Shayan, Siavash. (2011) ‘Conceptual explanation of resiliency and its indexing in community-based disaster management (CBDM)’, Modares journal of Humanities 4(15): 19-41.


47. Rezaei, Mohammadreza. (2010) ‘Explaining resiliency in urban communities in order to decrease effects of natural disasters (earthquake), case study: Tehran Metropolis’, Supervisors: Mojtaba Rafieian and Ali Askari, Ph.D thesis in Geography and urban planning, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran.


48. Timmerman, P. (1981) Vulnerability. Resilience and the Collapse of Society: A Review of Models and Possible Climatic Applications. Canada: Institute for Environmental Studies. University of Toronto.


49. Tobin, G. (1999) ‘Sustainability and community resilience: theholy grail of hazards planning?’, Environmental Hazards 1: 13-25.


50. UN/ISDR. (2005) ‘Hyogo framework for 2005-2015: Buildingthe resilience of the nations and communities todisasters’. Japan: World Conference on Disaster Reduction. http://www.unisdr.org/2005/wcdr/intergover/official-doc/L-docs/Hyogo-framework-for-action-english.pdf


51. UNISDR. (2010) ‘Information kit for ISDR 2010-2011 World Disaster Reduction’. UNISDR, Geneva. http:// www.unisdr.Org/english/campaigns/campaign2010-2011/documents/ca,paign-kit-pdf.Accessed on Mar 5, 2011


52. Vale, L. & Campanella, T. (2005) ‘The Resilient City: How ModernCities Recover from Disaster’. New York: Oxford UniversityPress. www.unisdr.org/wcdr/intergover/official-docsHyogo- frameworkaction- english .pdf. accessed. January 04


53. Wildavsky, A. (1991) Searching for Safety. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.


54. Zhou, H. and Wang, J. and Wan, J. and Jia, H. (2009) ‘Resilience to natural hazards: ageographic perspective’, Nat Hazards. DOI 10.1007/s11069-009-9407-y


55. www.unescap.org